Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian

Polymer Blends and Composites

Chemistry and Technology

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Because it is critically important to manufacture quality products, a reasonable balance must be drawn between control requirements and parameters for improved processing method with respect to plastics additives. An important contribution to the commercial polymer industry, Polymer Blends and Composites is one of the first books to combine plastics additives, testing, and quality control. The book is a comprehensive treatise on properties that provides detailed guidelines for selecting and using blends and composites for applications. A valuable resource for operators, processors, engineers, chemists, the book serves to stimulate those already active in natural polymer composites.

Produktdetails

• Polymer Science and Plastics Engineering
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 352
• Erscheinungstermin: 27. März 2017
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 156mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 594g
• ISBN-13: 9781118118894
• ISBN-10: 1118118898
• Artikelnr.: 36546346

Autorenporträt

Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian is a plastics technology consultant specializing in materials, additives, and processing equipment, including troubleshooting. The author obtained his BSc in Chemistry from the Madurai Kamaraj University and his MSc (1988) in Polymer Technology from Bharathiar University. He received his Post Graduate Diploma in Plastics Processing Technology from CIPET, Chennai. He has also completed his PhD in Polymer Science from Madurai Kamaraj University. He has worked in the plastic process industry, mainly in R & D, for 13 years before turning to consultancy and building up an international client base. Muralisrinivasan teaches plastics processing seminars as well as being a Board of Studies Expert Member of Colleges in India dealing with curriculum of technology subjects. He is also the author of two other Wiley-Scrivener books: The Basics of Troubleshooting in Plastics Processing (2011); and Plastic Additives and Testing (2013).

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymer Blends 2 1.2 Polymer Composites 2
1.3 Blends and Composites - Advantages 3 1.4 Summary 4 References 4 2
Polymers 7 2.1 Macromolecules 7 2.2 Types of Polymers 8 2.2.1 Thermoplastic
Polymers 9 2.2.2 Thermoset Polymers 10 2.3 Polymerization 10 2.4
Polymerization Techniques 10 2.5 Synthetic Polymers 14 2.5.1 Thermoplastics
15 2.5.2 Polyolefins 16 2.5.3 Polyethylene (PE) 16 2.5.3.1 Physical
Properties 17 2.5.3.2 Chemical Properties 18 2.5.3.3 Low-Density
Polyethylene (LDPE) 19 2.5.3.4 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 20
2.5.3.5 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 21 2.5.3.6 Ultra-High Molecular
Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 22 2.5.4 Polypropylene (PP) 22 2.5.5
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 23 2.5.5.1 Rigid PVC 24 2.5.6 Polystyrene (PS) 24
2.5.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 25 2.6 Engineering Polymers 26 2.6.1
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 27 2.6.2 Polyamide (PA) 28 2.6.3
Polycarbonate (PC) 29 2.6.4 Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 30 2.6.5
Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 32 2.6.6 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)
33 2.7 Natural Polymers 33 2.7.1 Cellulose 34 2.7.2 Wood 34 2.7.3 Starch 35
2.7.4 Lignin 35 2.7.5 Chitosan 36 2.7.6 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 36 2.7.7
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 37 2.8 Biodegradable Polymers 37 2.8.1
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 38 2.8.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 39 2.8.3
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 39 2.8.4 Thermosets 39 2.8.5 Phenolic
Resins 40 2.8.6 Epoxy Resins 41 2.8.7 Polyurethanes 42 2.8.8 Silicone
Resins 43 2.8.9 Amino Resins 43 2.8.10 Melamine Resins 43 2.8.11
Unsaturated Polyester Resins 43 2.8.12 Bismaleimide (BMI) 44 2.9 Trends 44
2.10 Summary 45 References 45 3 Polymer Properties 57 3.1 Chemistry 58 3.2
Polymer Properties 58 3.2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 60 3.2.2
Crystallinity 61 3.2.3 Tacticity 63 3.2.4 Intermolecular Forces 63 3.2.4.1
Dipole Moment 64 3.2.4.2 Phase Behavior 64 3.3 Surface Properties 65 3.3.1
Viscoelastic Properties 65 3.3.2 Mechanical Properties 67 3.3.3 Tensile
Properties 67 3.3.4 Electrical Properties 68 3.3.5 Thermal Properties 68
3.3.6 Magnetic Properties 68 3.3.7 Barrier Properties 69 3.3.8 Rheological
Properties 69 3.3.9 Elastic Properties 69 3.3.10 Thermodynamic Properties
70 3.4 Catalysis 70 3.5 Factors Affecting Polymer Properties 71 3.6 Summary
72 References 72 4 Additives 77 4.1 Polymer Additives 77 4.2 Additives
Influencing Blends and Composites 78 4.2.1 Antioxidants 78 4.2.2 Light
Stabilizers 80 4.2.3 Heat Stabilizers 80 4.2.4 Plasticizers 81 4.2.5
Lubricants 83 4.2.6 Silp Additives 84 4.2.7 Antiblocking Additives 85 4.3
Processing Aids 85 4.3.1 Viscosity Modifiers 86 4.3.2 Accelerators 86 4.3.3
Mold Release Agents 87 4.3.4 Coupling Agents 87 4.3.5 Fillers 88 4.3.6
Flame Retardants 90 4.3.7 Antistatic Agents 91 4.3.8 Colorants 92 4.3.9
Antimicrobial Agents (Biocides) 92 4.3.10 Crosslinking Agents 93 4.3.11
Peroxides 94 4.3.12 Foaming Agents 95 4.3.13 Coupling/Dispersing Agents 96
4.3.14 Comonomers 97 4.3.15 Impact Modifiers 97 4.3.16 Natural Fibers 98
4.3.17 Copolymers as Additives 99 4.3.17.1 Compatibilizers 99 4.3.18
Interfacial Agents 100 4.3.18.1 Block Copolymers 101 4.3.18.2 Random
Copolymer 103 4.3.18.3 Graft Polymers 103 4.4 Summary 104 References 104 5
Polymer Blends and Composites 113 5.1 Properties of Polymer Blends 114
5.1.1 Physicochemical Properties 115 5.1.2 Morphological Properties 116
5.1.2.1 Blend Structure 116 5.1.2.2 Phase Morphology 117 5.1.2.3
Crystallization and Morphology 119 5.1.2.4 Molecular Weight 120 5.1.2.5
Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 121 5.1.3 Surface Properties
121 5.1.3.1 Surface Tension 121 5.1.3.2 Interfacial Modification 122 5.1.4
Rheological Properties 124 5.1.4.1 Copolymerization and Blending 125 5.1.5
Polymer Composite Properties 131 5.1.5.1 Structure 131 5.1.5.2 Crosslinking
133 5.1.5.3 Reinforcement 133 5.1.5.4 Crystalline Behavior 133 5.1.5.5
Mechanical Properties 134 5.1.5.6 Tribological Properties 134 5.1.5.7
Conductive Properties 135 5.2 Summary 135 References 136 6 Properties of
Polymer Blends and Composites 145 6.1 Properties of Blends and Composites
146 6.1.1 Mechanical Properties 146 6.1.1.1 Tacticity 146 6.1.1.2
Interfacial Adhesion 147 6.1.1.3 Surface Composition and Concentration 147
6.1.2 Tensile Properties 149 6.1.3 Electrical Properties 149 6.1.4 Thermal
Properties 149 6.1.5 Magnetic Properties 150 6.1.6 Viscoelastic Properties
150 6.1.7 Thermodynamic Properties 151 6.1.8 Barrier Properties 151 6.2
Summary 152 References 152 7 Polymer Blends 155 7.2.1 Interaction
Parameters 157 7.2.2 Colloidal Properties 158 7.2.3 Morphology 158 7.2.4
Phase Separation 159 7.2.5 Crystallinity 159 7.2.6 Dispersion 160 7.2.7
Physicochemical Properties 160 7.3 Compatibilization 161 7.3.1 Reactive
Compatibilizers 161 7.4 Classification 161 7.4.1 Miscible Blends 161 7.4.2
Immiscible Blends 162 7.4.3 Immiscible and Miscible Blends 163 7.4.4 Binary
Blends 163 7.4.5 Ternary Blends 164 7.4.6 Homopolymer and Copolymer Blends
166 7.4.7 Thermoset-Thermoplastic Blends 166 7.4.8 Reactive Copolymer
Blends 166 7.4.9 Commercial Blends 167 7.4.9.1 Polyolefin Blends 167
7.4.9.2 Polyethylene Blends 169 7.4.9.3 Polypropylene Blends 171 7.4.9.4
Poly(ethylene oxide) Blends 172 7.4.9.5 Polystyrene Blends 172 7.4.9.6
Polyvinylchloride Blends 173 7.4.9.7 Polyesters 175 7.4.9.8 Polyamide
Blends 176 7.4.9.9 Acrylics Blends 178 7.4.10
Acrolonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends 180 7.4.11 Polycarbonate Blends 181
7.4.12 Chlorinated Polyethylene Blends 182 7.4.13 Biopolymer Blends 183
7.4.13.1 Poly(lactic acid) Blends 183 7.4.14 Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)
Blends 184 7.4.15 Cyclic Polymer Blends 184 7.4.16 Polyethylene Oxide
Blends 184 7.4.17 Other Polymer Blends 185 7.5 Advantage of Polymer Blends
186 7.6 Summary 186 References 187 8 Polymer Composites 199 8.1 Polymeric
Phase 200 8.2 Reinforcing Phase 200 8.3 Classification 200 8.4
Characteristics 201 8.4.1 Physical Properties 202 8.5 Reinforcing Agents
203 8.5.1 Advantages 203 8.5.2 Shortcomings 203 8.6 Fillers 203 8.6.1
Surface Modification 205 8.6.2 Boron Trinitride 205 8.6.3 Carbon Black 205
8.6.4 Mineral Fillers 206 8.6.4.1 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 206 8.6.4.2
Mica 207 8.7 Fibers 207 8.7.1 Fiber Length 208 8.7.2 Synthetic Fibers 208
8.7.2.1 Carbon Fiber 208 8.7.2.2 Fiberglass 209 8.7.2.3 Aromatic Polyamide
Fibers 210 8.8 Composites Classification 210 8.8.1 Mechanical Properties
211 8.8.2 Thermoplastic Composites 212 8.8.3 Filler Reinforced Polymeric
Composites 212 8.8.4 Conducting Polymer Composites 212 8.8.5 Fiber
Reinforced Composites 213 8.8.6 Continuous Fiber Composites 213 8.8.7
Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced Polymers 214 8.8.8 Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Composites 214 8.9 Thermoset Composites 215 8.9.1 Advantages 216 8.10
Thermoplastic vs Thermoset Composites 216 8.11 Summary 217 References 218 9
Biocomposites 223 9.1 Natural Fillers 223 9.1.1 Wood Flour 224 9.2 Natural
Fibers 224 9.2.1 Treatments of Natural Fibers 225 9.2.1.1 Silanes 225
9.2.1.2 Benzoylation and Acrylation 226 9.2.1.3 Coupling Agents 226 9.2.1.4
Dispersing Agents 226 9.2.2 Wood Fibers 226 9.2.3 Cellulosic Fibers 227
9.2.4 Other Natural Fibers 228 9.2.5 Shortcomings 228 9.3 Thermoplastic
Materials 228 9.4 Natural Polymer Composites 228 9.5 Wood-Polymer
Composites 229 9.5.1 Properties 230 9.5.2 Advantages 230 9.5.3
Disadvantages 231 9.5.4 Applications 231 9.6 Biocomposites 231 9.6.1
Glucose-Based Biocomposites 231 9.6.2 Polylactide Composites 232 9.7 Future
Trends 232 9.8 Summary 233 References 233 10 Processing Technology 237 10.1
Processing Technology 237 10.2 Processing Requirements 238 10.3 Processing
Polymer Blends 239 10.3.1 Devolatilization 239 10.3.2 Mixing 239 10.4
Selection of Polymers 240 10.4.1 Immiscible Polymer Blends 241 10.5 Machine
Selection 241 10.6 Processing Polymer Composites 242 10.6.1 Melt Mixing 242
10.7 Thermoset Polymers 243 10.8 Processing Technology for Polymer Blends
and Composites 243 10.8.1 Injection Molding 243 10.8.2 Extrusion Technology
246 10.8.2.1 Single Screw Extrusion 246 10.8.2.2 Twin Screw Extrusion 248
10.8.3 Thermoforming 250 10.8.4 Reactive Blending 252 10.8.4.1 Reaction
Extrusion 253 10.8.4.1 Prepolymer 254 10.8.5 Curing 254 10.8.5.1 Autoclave
Curing 254 10.8.6 Lay-Up and Spray-Up Techniques 255 10.8.7 Pultrusion 255
10.8.8 Sheet Molding Compound 256 10.8.9 Compression Molding 258 10.8.9.1
Shortcomings 260 10.8.10 Resin Transfer Molding 260 10.9 Wood-Polymer
Composites 261 10.9.1 Injection Molding 262 10.9.2 Extrusion 262 10.9.3
Microcellular Foam Process 264 10.10 Recycling 266 10.11 Summary 267
References 268 11 Blends, Composites and the Environment 275 11.1 Recycling
of Polymer Wastes 276 11.2 Polymer Blends and Composites Recycling 277
11.2.1 Pyrolysis 277 11.2.2 Energy Conversion 278 11.2.3 Recycling of
Polymer Composites 278 11.2.4 Grinding 278 11.2.5 Reinforcing Agent
Separation 280 11.3 Shortcomings 280 11.4 Present Needs 281 11.5 Future
Commitment 282 References 282 12 Future Trends 285 12.1 Blends and
Composites 286 12.2 Blend and Composite Requirements 286 12.3 Future
Benefits 287 12.3.1 Automobile Applications 287 12.3.2 Aerospace
Applications 287 12.3.3 High Strength Particle 287 12.3.4 Tribological
Performance 287 12.4 Greener Processing 288 12.4.1 Use of Recycled Polymer
288 12.4.2 Present Trends 289 12.5 Future Trends 290 12.6 Summary 290
References 291