Anbanandam Parthiban

Synthesis and Applications of Copolymers

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Understanding the reactivity of monomers is crucial in creating copolymers and determining the outcome of copolymerization. Covering the fundamental aspects of polymerization, Synthesis and Applications of Copolymers explores the reactivity of monomers and reaction conditions that ensure that the newly formed polymeric materials exhibit desired properties. Referencing a wide-range of disciplines, the book provides researchers, students, and scientists with the preparation of a diverse variety of copolymers and their recent developments, with a particular focus on copolymerization, crystallization, and techniques like nanoimprinting and micropatterning.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 400
• Erscheinungstermin: 23. Juni 2014
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 163mm x 28mm
• Gewicht: 698g
• ISBN-13: 9781118057469
• ISBN-10: 1118057465
• Artikelnr.: 38479823

Autorenporträt

Anbanadam Parthiban is a Research Scientist at the Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences under the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. After receiving his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras Dr. Parthiban worked in a corporate R&D Centre developing thickeners and additives for lubricants. He has 40 journal publications and 9 patents and is an active reviewer of manuscripts for major polymer journals. He also evaluates proposals for government funded research agencies.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xii Contributors xv SECTION I SYNTHESIS OF COPOLYMERS 1 1 Trends in Synthetic Strategies for Making (CO)Polymers 3 Anbanandam Parthiban 1.1 Background and Introduction
3 1.2 Significance of Control Over Arrangement of Monomers in Copolymers
5 1.3 Chain-Growth Condensation Polymerization
5 1.3.1 Sequential Self-Repetitive Reaction (SSRR)
6 1.3.2 Poly(phenylene Oxide)s by Chain-Growth Condensation Polymerization
8 1.3.3 Hydroxybenzoic Acids as AA' Type Monomer in Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Polymerization
8 1.4 Sequence-Controlled Polymerization
9 1.4.1 Sequence-Controlled Copolymers of N-Substituted Maleimides
10 1.4.2 Alternating Copolymers by Ring-Opening Polymerization
10 1.4.3 Selective Radical Addition Assisted by a Template
11 1.4.4 Alternating AB-Type Sequence-Controlled Polymers
11 1.4.5 Metal-Templated ABA Sequence Polymerization
11 1.4.6 Sequence-Controlled Vinyl Copolymers
12 1.4.7 Sequence-Regulated Polymerization Induced by Dual-Functional Template
13 1.5 Processing of Thermoset Polymers: Dynamic Bond Forming Processes and Self-Healing Materials
13 1.5.1 Plasticity of Networked Polymers Induced by Light
14 1.5.2 Radically Exchangeable Covalent Bonds
14 1.5.3 Self-Repairing Polyurethane Networks
15 1.5.4 Temperature-Induced Self-Healing in Polymers
15 1.5.5 Diels-Alder Chemistry at Room Temperature
15 1.5.6 Trithiocarbonate-Centered Responsive Gels
16 1.5.7 Shuffling of Trithiocarbonate Units Induced by Light
16 1.5.8 Processable Organic Networks
17 1.6 Miscellaneous Developments
17 1.6.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) Promoted by Unimolecular Ligand-Initiator Dual-Functional Systems (ULIS)
17 1.6.2 Unsymmetrical Ion-Pair Comonomers and Polymers
20 1.6.3 Imidazole-Derived Zwitterionic Polymers
21 1.6.4 Post-Modification of Polymers Bearing Reactive Pendant Groups
22 1.7 Conclusion
23 References
24 2 Functional Polyolefins from the Coordination Copolymerization of Vinyl Monomers 29 Fabio Di Lena and Jo?ao A. S. Bomfim 2.1 Molecular Aspects of Olefin Coordination to Metals
29 2.2 Fundamentals of Homopolymerization of Alkenes
30 2.3 Copolymerization of Ethene and other Alkenes
34 2.4 Copolymerization of Alkenes and Carbon Monoxide
35 2.5 Copolymerization of Alkenes and Polar Vinyl Monomers
37 2.5.1 Migratory Insertion Polymerization
37 2.5.2 Polymerization via a Dual Radical/Migratory Insertion Pathway
40 2.5.3 Coordinative Group Transfer Polymerization
41 2.6 Copolymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers and Carbon Monoxide
41 2.7 Why are Phosphine-Sulfonate Ligands so Special? 43 2.8 Telechelic and End-Capped Macromolecules
44 2.9 On the Use of Chemoinformatics for a More Rapid Development of the Field
44 2.10 Conclusion and Outlook
45 References
46 3 General Aspects of Copolymerization 54 Alex Van Herk 3.1 Copolymerization in Chain Reactions
54 3.1.1 Derivation of the Copolymerization Equation
55 3.1.2 Types of Copolymers
57 3.1.3 Polymerization Rates in Copolymerizations
59 3.2 Measuring Copolymerization Parameters
60 3.3 Influence of Reaction Conditions
63 3.4 Short-Chain Effects in Copolymerization
63 3.5 Synthesis of Block Copolymers With Controlled Chain Architecture
64 References
66 4 Polymers Bearing Reactive
Pendant Cyclic Carbonate (CC) Group: Syntheses
Post-Polymerization Modifications
and Applications 67 Satyasankar Jana 4.1 Introduction
67 4.2 Cyclic Carbonate (CC) Monomers and Polymers
68 4.2.1 Cyclic Carbonate (CC) Monomers and Their Synthesis
68 4.2.2 Polymerization of Cyclic Carbonate (CC) Monomers
75 4.2.3 Alternative Route to Synthesize Pendant CC (Co)polymers by CO2 Addition/Fixation Reaction
83 4.3 Chemical Modification of Pendant CC Polymers
85 4.4 Applications of Pendant CC Polymers
88 4.4.1 Fixing CO2 into Polymer
88 4.4.2 Surface Coating
90 4.4.3 Solid or Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Batteries
90 4.4.4 Enzyme Immobilization
91 4.4.5 Photopolymerization
91 4.4.6 Polymer Blends
92 4.5 Conclusion
92 References
93 5 Monomers and Polymers Derived from Renewable or Partially Renewable Resources 101 Anbanandam Parthiban 5.1 Building Blocks from Renewable Resources
101 5.2 Polyesters Incorporated with Isosorbide
105 5.2.1 Poly(hydroxy ester)s Derived from Macrolides
106 5.2.2 Semicrystalline Polymers from Fatty Acids
107 5.2.3 Cyclic Ester Derived from a Natural Precursor
107 5.2.4 Polymerization of Dilactone Derived from 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid
107 5.2.5 Thermoplastic Elastomers Derived from Polylactide and Polymenthide
108 5.3 Rosin and Developments Associated with Rosin
110 5.3.1 Polyamides and Polyesters Derived from Modified Levopimeric Acid
110 5.3.2 Radical Polymerization of Modified Dehydroabietic Acid
112 5.3.3 ATRP of Vinyl Monomers Derived from Dehydroabietic Acid
112 5.3.4 Block Copolymers Derived from Dehydroabietic Acid Derivative
112 5.4 Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils
113 5.4.1 Polyurethanes Derived from Plant Oil Triglycerides
114 5.4.2 Long-Chain Unsaturated Diisocyanates Derived from Fatty Acids of Vegetable Origin
114 5.5 CO2 as Renewable Resource Comonomer
115 5.6 Renewable Triblock Copolymer-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSA)
115 5.7 Photocurable Renewable Resource Polyester
116 5.8 Renewable Resource-Derived Waterborne Polyesters
116 5.8.1 Polyesters Made Up of Isosorbide and Succinic Acid
117 5.8.2 Polyesters Modified with Citric Acid
117 5.9 Polymers Formed by Combining Renewable Resource Monomers with that Derived from Petroleum Feedstock
117 5.10 Conclusion and Outlook
120 References
121 6 Microporous Organic Polymers: Synthesis
Types
and Applications 125 Shujun Xu and Bien Tan 6.1 Introduction
125 6.2 Preparations of MOPS
126 6.2.1 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
126 6.2.2 Hypercrosslinked Polymer
132 6.2.3 Covalent Organic Frameworks
134 6.2.4 Conjugated Microporous Polymers
138 6.3 Hydrogen Adsorption
141 6.3.1 HCPs for Hydrogen Adsorption
142 6.3.2 PIMs for Hydrogen Adsorption
144 6.3.3 COFs for Hydrogen Adsorption
145 6.3.4 CMPs for Hydrogen Adsorption
145 6.4 Carbon Dioxide Capture
145 6.5 Separations
149 6.5.1 HCPs for Separations
150 6.5.2 PIMs for Separations
153 6.5.3 CMPs for Separations
153 6.6 Catalysis
153 6.7 Prospect
155 References
156 7 Dendritic Copolymers 165 Srinivasa Rao Vinukonda 7.1 Introduction
165 7.2 Synthesis Approaches or Strategies
166 7.2.1 AB2 + A2 Approach
166 7.2.2 AB2 + AB Approach
167 7.2.3 B3 + A2 + B2 Approach (Biocatalyst)
167 7.2.4 Macromonomers Approach
167 7.2.5 Dendrigraft Approach
171 7.2.6 Linear-Dendritic Copolymers
173 7.2.7 Living Anionic Polymerization
178 7.2.8 Controlled Living Radical Polymerization
185 7.2.9 Click Chemistry
194 7.3 Properties of Dendritic Copolymers
198 7.3.1 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
198 7.3.2 Degree of Branching (DB)
200 7.3.3 Intrinsic Viscosity
202 7.4 Applications of Dendritic Copolymers
203 References
204 SECTION II APPLICATIONS OF COPOLYMERS 215 8 A New Class of Ion-Conductive Polymer Electrolytes: CO2/Epoxide Alternating Copolymers With Lithium Salts 217 Yoichi Tominaga 8.1 Introduction
217 8.2 Experimental
220 8.2.1 Preparation of Monomers and Catalyst
220 8.2.2 Copolymerization of Epoxides with CO2
220 8.2.3 Preparation of Electrolyte Membranes
222 8.2.4 Measurements
222 8.3 Results and Discussion
222 8.3.1 NMR Characterization
222 8.3.2 Characteristics of Polycarbonates
224 8.3.3 Thermal Analysis of Polycarbonates
225 8.3.4 Impedance Measurement of Copolymers
228 8.3.5 FT-IR Measurement
231 8.3.6 PEC System: Effect of Salt Concentration
232 8.4 Conclusion
235 References
236 9 Block Copolymer Nanopatterns as Enabling Platforms for Device Applications--Status
Issues
and Challenges 239 Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy 9.1 Introduction
239 9.2 Block Copolymer Templates for Pattern Transfer Applications
240 9.2.1 Dimensional Scalability and Fine-Tunability Down to Sub-10 nm Length Scales
240 9.2.2 Directing Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers
241 9.2.3 Block Copolymers for Directed Nanoscale Synthesis and Self-Assembly
244 9.2.4 High Resolution Nanolithography
244 9.2.5 Nanomanufacturing Material Patterns for Applications
245 9.2.6 Top-Down Patterning of Block Copolymer Nanostructures
249 9.3 Specific Instances in Exploitation of Block Copolymers in Device Applications
251 9.3.1 Memory Devices
251 9.3.2 Integrated Circuit Elements
254 9.3.3 Photovoltaic and Optoelectronics Applications
255 9.3.4 Sensors
256 9.3.5 Nanoporous Membranes for Size-Exclusive Filtration or Sensing
261 9.4 Conclusions
263 References
263 10 Stimuli-Responsive Copolymers and Their Applications 274 He Tao 10.1 Introduction
274 10.2 Temperature-Responsive Copolymers and Applications
275 10.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Copolymers Based on LCST
276 10.3 pH-Responsive Copolymers and Applications
284 10.3.1 pH-Responsive Segments
285 10.3.2 Polymer Nanoparticles/Micelles Prepared from pH-Responsive Copolymers
287 10.3.3 pH-Responsive Surfaces and Hydrogels
287 10.3.4 Typical Applications of pH-Responsive Copolymers
289 10.4 Biologically Responsive Copolymers and Applications
290 10.4.1 Glucose-Responsive Copolymers and Applications
290 10.5 Field-Responsive Copolymers and Applications
293 10.5.1 Electric-Responsive Copolymers
294 10.5.2 Magneto-Responsive Copolymers
294 10.5.3 Light-Responsive Copolymers
295 10.6 Conclusion
297 References
297 11 Pharmaceutical Polymers 307 Natarajan Venkatesan and Hideki Ichikawa 11.1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Polymers
307 11.2 Applications of Pharmaceutical Polymers
308 11.2.1 Polymers as Excipients
308 11.2.2 Functional Excipients
317 11.2.3 Drug Delivery Agents
320 11.2.4 Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement
322 11.2.5 Transdermal Drug Delivery
324 11.2.6 Novel Polymeric Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications
324 11.3 Summary
329 References
329 12 Polymer Conjugates of Proteins and Drugs to Improve Therapeutics 334 Parijat Kanaujia and Ajazuddin 12.1 Introduction
334 12.2 Polymers for Therapeutic Conjugation
335 12.2.1 Poly(ethylene Glycol) Protein Conjugate
336 12.2.2 Significance of PEG
337 12.2.3 Chemistry of Protein-PEG Conjugation
338 12.2.4 Biofate of PEGylated Proteins
348 12.3 PEGylated Proteins in Clinical Practice
351 12.3.1 PEG Conjugate with Low Molecular Weight Drugs
351 12.3.2 PEG Structures for Small-Molecule PEGylation
351 12.3.3 Advantages of PEGylated Drugs
355 12.4 N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide (HPMA) Copolymer Conjugate
358 12.5 Poly(l-Glutamic Acid) Conjugates
362 12.6 Polysialic Acid (PSA) Conjugates
363 12.7 Conclusion
364 References
365 Index 373