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Sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyse and interpret responses to products perceived through the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. It is used to reveal insights into the way in which sensory properties drive consumer acceptance and behaviour, and to design products that best deliver what the consumer wants. It is also used at a more fundamental level to provide a wider understanding of the mechanisms involved in sensory perception and consumer behaviour.
Quantitative Sensory Analysis is an in-depth and unique treatment of the…mehr
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Sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyse and interpret responses to products perceived through the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. It is used to reveal insights into the way in which sensory properties drive consumer acceptance and behaviour, and to design products that best deliver what the consumer wants. It is also used at a more fundamental level to provide a wider understanding of the mechanisms involved in sensory perception and consumer behaviour.
Quantitative Sensory Analysis is an in-depth and unique treatment of the quantitative basis of sensory testing, enabling scientists in the food, cosmetics and personal care product industries to gain objective insights into consumer preference data - vital for informed new product development.
Written by a globally-recognised learer in the field, this book is suitable for industrial sensory evaluation practitioners, sensory scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in sensory evaluation and sensometricians.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Quantitative Sensory Analysis is an in-depth and unique treatment of the quantitative basis of sensory testing, enabling scientists in the food, cosmetics and personal care product industries to gain objective insights into consumer preference data - vital for informed new product development.
Written by a globally-recognised learer in the field, this book is suitable for industrial sensory evaluation practitioners, sensory scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in sensory evaluation and sensometricians.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 7. Oktober 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 251mm x 177mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 966g
- ISBN-13: 9780470673461
- ISBN-10: 047067346X
- Artikelnr.: 38394685
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 7. Oktober 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 251mm x 177mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 966g
- ISBN-13: 9780470673461
- ISBN-10: 047067346X
- Artikelnr.: 38394685
Dr Harry T. Lawless is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Preface x 1 Psychophysics I: Introduction and Thresholds 1 1.1 Introduction
and Terminology 1 1.2 Absolute Sensitivity 4 1.3 Methods for Measuring
Absolute Thresholds 8 1.4 Differential Sensitivity 13 1.5 A Look Ahead:
Fechner's Contribution 17 Appendix 1.A: Relationship of Proportions, Areas
Under the Normal Distribution, and Z-Scores 18 Appendix 1.B: Worked
Example: Fitting a Logistic Function to Threshold Data 20 References 22 2
Psychophysics II: Scaling and Psychophysical Functions 24 2.1 Introduction
24 2.2 History: Cramer, Bernoulli, Weber, and Fechner 26 2.3 Partition
Scales and Categories 27 2.4 Magnitude Estimation and the Power Law 28 2.5
Cross-Modality Matching; Attempts at Validation 32 2.6 Two-Stage Models and
Judgment Processes 35 2.7 Empirical Versus Theory-Based Functions 39 2.8
Hybrid Scales and Indirect Scales: A Look Ahead 40 2.9 Summary and
Conclusions 41 Appendix 2.A: Decibels and Sones 42 Appendix 2.B: Worked
Example: Transformations Applied to Non-Modulus Magnitude Estimation Data
44 References 45 3 Basics of Signal Detection Theory 47 3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 The Yes/No Experiment 49 3.3 Connecting the Design to Theory 52 3.4 The
ROC Curve 57 3.5 ROC Curves from Rating Scales; the R-Index 62 3.6
Conclusions and Implications for Sensory Testing 67 Appendix 3.A: Table of
p and Z 68 Appendix 3.B: Test for the Significance of Differences Between
d' Values 69 References 69 4 Thurstonian Models for Discrimination and
Preference 71 4.1 The Simple Paired-Choice Model 71 4.2 Extension into
n-AFC: The Byer and Abrams "Paradox" 78 4.3 A Breakthrough: Power Analysis
and Sample Size Determination 80 4.4 Tau Versus Beta Criteria: The
Same-Different Test 84 4.5 Extension to Preference and Nonforced Preference
89 4.6 Limitations and Issues in Thurstonian Modeling 90 4.7 Summary and
Conclusions 94 Appendix 4.A: The Bradley-Terry-Luce Model: An Alternative
to Thurstone 95 Appendix 4.B: Tables for delta Values from Proportion
Correct 96 References 97 5 Progress in Discrimination Testing 99 5.1
Introduction 99 5.2 Metrics for Degree of Difference 104 5.3 Replication in
Choice Tests 108 5.4 Current Variations 110 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 118
Appendix 5.A: Psychometric Function for the Dual Pair Test, Power
Equations, and Sample Size 119 Appendix 5.B: Fun with g 120 References 121
6 Similarity and Equivalence Testing 124 6.1 Introduction: Issues in Type
II Error 124 6.2 Commonsense Approaches to Equivalence 126 6.3 Allowable
Differences and Effect Size 133 6.4 Further Significance Testing 138 6.5
Summary and Conclusions 140 References 141 7 Progress in Scaling 143 7.1
Introduction 143 7.2 Labeled Magnitude Scales for Intensity 147 7.3
Adjustable and Relative Scales 153 7.4 Explicit Anchoring 155 7.5 Post Hoc
Adjustments 158 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 161 Appendix 7.A: Examples of
Individual Rescaling for Magnitude Estimation 162 References 164 8 Progress
in Affective Testing: Preference/Choice and Hedonic Scaling 167 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Preference Testing Options 168 8.3 Replication 173 8.4
Alternative Models: Ferris k-visit, Dirichlet multinomial 176 8.5 Affective
Scales 181 8.6 Ranking and Partial Ranking 185 8.7 Conclusions 188 Appendix
8.A: Proof that the McNemar Test is Equivalent to the Binomial
Approximation Z-Test (AKA Sign Test) 188 References 190 9 Using Subjects as
Their Own Controls 194 Part I: Designs using Parametric Statistics 195 9.1
Introduction to Part I 195 9.2 Dependent Versus Independent t-Tests 198 9.3
Within-Subjects ANOVA ("Repeated Measures") 203 9.4 Issues 206 Part II:
Nonparametric Statistics 208 9.5 Introduction to Part II 208 9.6
Applications of the McNemar Test: A-not-A and Same-Different Methods 209
9.7 Examples of the Stuart-Maxwell 212 9.8 Further Extensions of the Stuart
Test Comparisons 218 9.9 Summary and Conclusions 220 Appendix 9.A: R code
for the Stuart Test 221 References 222 10 Frequency Counts and
Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 224 10.1 Frequency Count Data: Situations --
Open Ends, CATA 224 10.2 Simple Data Handling 227 10.3 Repeated or
Within-Subjects Designs 228 10.4 Multivariate Analyses 230 10.5 Difference
from Ideal and Penalty Analysis 231 10.6 Frequency Counts in Advertising
Claims 235 10.7 Conclusions 236 Appendix 10.A: Proof Showing Equivalence of
Binomial Approximation Z-Test and c2 Test for Differences of Proportions
237 References 239 11 Time-Intensity Modeling 240 11.1 Introduction: Goals
and Applications 240 11.2 Parameters Versus Average Curves 245 11.3 Other
Methods and Analyses 250 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 254 References 254 12
Product Stability and Shelf-Life Measurement 257 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2
Strategies, Measurements, and Choices 258 12.3 Study Designs 261 12.4
Hazard Functions and Failure Distributions 261 12.5 Reaction Rates and
Kinetic Modeling 267 12.6 Summary and Conclusions 271 References 272 13
Product Optimization, Just-About-Right (Jar ) Scales, and Ideal Profiling
273 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Basic Equations, Designed Experiments, and
Response Surfaces 276 13.3 Just-About-Right Scales 279 13.4 Ideal Profiling
285 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 292 References 294 14 Perceptual Mapping,
Multivariate Tools, and Graph Theory 297 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 Common
Multivariate Methods 299 14.3 Shortcuts for Data Collection: Sorting and
Projective Mapping 308 14.4 Preference Mapping Revisited 309 14.5 Cautions
and Concerns 311 14.6 Introduction to Graph Theory 314 References 319 15
Segmentation 323 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Case Studies 326 15.3 Cluster
Analysis 330 15.4 Other Analyses and Methods 336 15.5 Women, Fire, and
Dangerous Things 337 References 338 16 An Introduction to Bayesian Analysis
340 16.1 Some Binomial-Based Examples 340 16.2 General Bayesian Models 347
16.3 Bayesian Inference Using Beta Distributions for Preference Tests 349
16.4 Proportions of Discriminators 352 16.5 Modeling Forced-Choice
Discrimination Tests 353 16.6 Replicated Discrimination Tests 355 16.7
Bayesian Networks 356 16.8 Conclusions 359 References 360 Appendix A:
Overview of Sensory Evaluation 361 A.1 Introduction 361 A.2 Discrimination
and Simple Difference Tests 363 A.3 Descriptive Analysis 367 A.4 Affective
Tests 372 A.5 Summary and Conclusions 375 References 375 Appendix B:
Overview of Experimental Design 377 B.1 General Considerations 377 B.2
Factorial Designs 379 B.3 Fractional Factorials and Screening 380 B.4
Central Composite and Box-Behnken Designs 383 B.5 Mixture Designs 385 B.6
Summary and Conclusions 385 References 386 Appendix C: Glossary 387 Index
398
and Terminology 1 1.2 Absolute Sensitivity 4 1.3 Methods for Measuring
Absolute Thresholds 8 1.4 Differential Sensitivity 13 1.5 A Look Ahead:
Fechner's Contribution 17 Appendix 1.A: Relationship of Proportions, Areas
Under the Normal Distribution, and Z-Scores 18 Appendix 1.B: Worked
Example: Fitting a Logistic Function to Threshold Data 20 References 22 2
Psychophysics II: Scaling and Psychophysical Functions 24 2.1 Introduction
24 2.2 History: Cramer, Bernoulli, Weber, and Fechner 26 2.3 Partition
Scales and Categories 27 2.4 Magnitude Estimation and the Power Law 28 2.5
Cross-Modality Matching; Attempts at Validation 32 2.6 Two-Stage Models and
Judgment Processes 35 2.7 Empirical Versus Theory-Based Functions 39 2.8
Hybrid Scales and Indirect Scales: A Look Ahead 40 2.9 Summary and
Conclusions 41 Appendix 2.A: Decibels and Sones 42 Appendix 2.B: Worked
Example: Transformations Applied to Non-Modulus Magnitude Estimation Data
44 References 45 3 Basics of Signal Detection Theory 47 3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 The Yes/No Experiment 49 3.3 Connecting the Design to Theory 52 3.4 The
ROC Curve 57 3.5 ROC Curves from Rating Scales; the R-Index 62 3.6
Conclusions and Implications for Sensory Testing 67 Appendix 3.A: Table of
p and Z 68 Appendix 3.B: Test for the Significance of Differences Between
d' Values 69 References 69 4 Thurstonian Models for Discrimination and
Preference 71 4.1 The Simple Paired-Choice Model 71 4.2 Extension into
n-AFC: The Byer and Abrams "Paradox" 78 4.3 A Breakthrough: Power Analysis
and Sample Size Determination 80 4.4 Tau Versus Beta Criteria: The
Same-Different Test 84 4.5 Extension to Preference and Nonforced Preference
89 4.6 Limitations and Issues in Thurstonian Modeling 90 4.7 Summary and
Conclusions 94 Appendix 4.A: The Bradley-Terry-Luce Model: An Alternative
to Thurstone 95 Appendix 4.B: Tables for delta Values from Proportion
Correct 96 References 97 5 Progress in Discrimination Testing 99 5.1
Introduction 99 5.2 Metrics for Degree of Difference 104 5.3 Replication in
Choice Tests 108 5.4 Current Variations 110 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 118
Appendix 5.A: Psychometric Function for the Dual Pair Test, Power
Equations, and Sample Size 119 Appendix 5.B: Fun with g 120 References 121
6 Similarity and Equivalence Testing 124 6.1 Introduction: Issues in Type
II Error 124 6.2 Commonsense Approaches to Equivalence 126 6.3 Allowable
Differences and Effect Size 133 6.4 Further Significance Testing 138 6.5
Summary and Conclusions 140 References 141 7 Progress in Scaling 143 7.1
Introduction 143 7.2 Labeled Magnitude Scales for Intensity 147 7.3
Adjustable and Relative Scales 153 7.4 Explicit Anchoring 155 7.5 Post Hoc
Adjustments 158 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 161 Appendix 7.A: Examples of
Individual Rescaling for Magnitude Estimation 162 References 164 8 Progress
in Affective Testing: Preference/Choice and Hedonic Scaling 167 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Preference Testing Options 168 8.3 Replication 173 8.4
Alternative Models: Ferris k-visit, Dirichlet multinomial 176 8.5 Affective
Scales 181 8.6 Ranking and Partial Ranking 185 8.7 Conclusions 188 Appendix
8.A: Proof that the McNemar Test is Equivalent to the Binomial
Approximation Z-Test (AKA Sign Test) 188 References 190 9 Using Subjects as
Their Own Controls 194 Part I: Designs using Parametric Statistics 195 9.1
Introduction to Part I 195 9.2 Dependent Versus Independent t-Tests 198 9.3
Within-Subjects ANOVA ("Repeated Measures") 203 9.4 Issues 206 Part II:
Nonparametric Statistics 208 9.5 Introduction to Part II 208 9.6
Applications of the McNemar Test: A-not-A and Same-Different Methods 209
9.7 Examples of the Stuart-Maxwell 212 9.8 Further Extensions of the Stuart
Test Comparisons 218 9.9 Summary and Conclusions 220 Appendix 9.A: R code
for the Stuart Test 221 References 222 10 Frequency Counts and
Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 224 10.1 Frequency Count Data: Situations --
Open Ends, CATA 224 10.2 Simple Data Handling 227 10.3 Repeated or
Within-Subjects Designs 228 10.4 Multivariate Analyses 230 10.5 Difference
from Ideal and Penalty Analysis 231 10.6 Frequency Counts in Advertising
Claims 235 10.7 Conclusions 236 Appendix 10.A: Proof Showing Equivalence of
Binomial Approximation Z-Test and c2 Test for Differences of Proportions
237 References 239 11 Time-Intensity Modeling 240 11.1 Introduction: Goals
and Applications 240 11.2 Parameters Versus Average Curves 245 11.3 Other
Methods and Analyses 250 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 254 References 254 12
Product Stability and Shelf-Life Measurement 257 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2
Strategies, Measurements, and Choices 258 12.3 Study Designs 261 12.4
Hazard Functions and Failure Distributions 261 12.5 Reaction Rates and
Kinetic Modeling 267 12.6 Summary and Conclusions 271 References 272 13
Product Optimization, Just-About-Right (Jar ) Scales, and Ideal Profiling
273 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Basic Equations, Designed Experiments, and
Response Surfaces 276 13.3 Just-About-Right Scales 279 13.4 Ideal Profiling
285 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 292 References 294 14 Perceptual Mapping,
Multivariate Tools, and Graph Theory 297 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 Common
Multivariate Methods 299 14.3 Shortcuts for Data Collection: Sorting and
Projective Mapping 308 14.4 Preference Mapping Revisited 309 14.5 Cautions
and Concerns 311 14.6 Introduction to Graph Theory 314 References 319 15
Segmentation 323 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Case Studies 326 15.3 Cluster
Analysis 330 15.4 Other Analyses and Methods 336 15.5 Women, Fire, and
Dangerous Things 337 References 338 16 An Introduction to Bayesian Analysis
340 16.1 Some Binomial-Based Examples 340 16.2 General Bayesian Models 347
16.3 Bayesian Inference Using Beta Distributions for Preference Tests 349
16.4 Proportions of Discriminators 352 16.5 Modeling Forced-Choice
Discrimination Tests 353 16.6 Replicated Discrimination Tests 355 16.7
Bayesian Networks 356 16.8 Conclusions 359 References 360 Appendix A:
Overview of Sensory Evaluation 361 A.1 Introduction 361 A.2 Discrimination
and Simple Difference Tests 363 A.3 Descriptive Analysis 367 A.4 Affective
Tests 372 A.5 Summary and Conclusions 375 References 375 Appendix B:
Overview of Experimental Design 377 B.1 General Considerations 377 B.2
Factorial Designs 379 B.3 Fractional Factorials and Screening 380 B.4
Central Composite and Box-Behnken Designs 383 B.5 Mixture Designs 385 B.6
Summary and Conclusions 385 References 386 Appendix C: Glossary 387 Index
398
Preface x 1 Psychophysics I: Introduction and Thresholds 1 1.1 Introduction
and Terminology 1 1.2 Absolute Sensitivity 4 1.3 Methods for Measuring
Absolute Thresholds 8 1.4 Differential Sensitivity 13 1.5 A Look Ahead:
Fechner's Contribution 17 Appendix 1.A: Relationship of Proportions, Areas
Under the Normal Distribution, and Z-Scores 18 Appendix 1.B: Worked
Example: Fitting a Logistic Function to Threshold Data 20 References 22 2
Psychophysics II: Scaling and Psychophysical Functions 24 2.1 Introduction
24 2.2 History: Cramer, Bernoulli, Weber, and Fechner 26 2.3 Partition
Scales and Categories 27 2.4 Magnitude Estimation and the Power Law 28 2.5
Cross-Modality Matching; Attempts at Validation 32 2.6 Two-Stage Models and
Judgment Processes 35 2.7 Empirical Versus Theory-Based Functions 39 2.8
Hybrid Scales and Indirect Scales: A Look Ahead 40 2.9 Summary and
Conclusions 41 Appendix 2.A: Decibels and Sones 42 Appendix 2.B: Worked
Example: Transformations Applied to Non-Modulus Magnitude Estimation Data
44 References 45 3 Basics of Signal Detection Theory 47 3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 The Yes/No Experiment 49 3.3 Connecting the Design to Theory 52 3.4 The
ROC Curve 57 3.5 ROC Curves from Rating Scales; the R-Index 62 3.6
Conclusions and Implications for Sensory Testing 67 Appendix 3.A: Table of
p and Z 68 Appendix 3.B: Test for the Significance of Differences Between
d' Values 69 References 69 4 Thurstonian Models for Discrimination and
Preference 71 4.1 The Simple Paired-Choice Model 71 4.2 Extension into
n-AFC: The Byer and Abrams "Paradox" 78 4.3 A Breakthrough: Power Analysis
and Sample Size Determination 80 4.4 Tau Versus Beta Criteria: The
Same-Different Test 84 4.5 Extension to Preference and Nonforced Preference
89 4.6 Limitations and Issues in Thurstonian Modeling 90 4.7 Summary and
Conclusions 94 Appendix 4.A: The Bradley-Terry-Luce Model: An Alternative
to Thurstone 95 Appendix 4.B: Tables for delta Values from Proportion
Correct 96 References 97 5 Progress in Discrimination Testing 99 5.1
Introduction 99 5.2 Metrics for Degree of Difference 104 5.3 Replication in
Choice Tests 108 5.4 Current Variations 110 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 118
Appendix 5.A: Psychometric Function for the Dual Pair Test, Power
Equations, and Sample Size 119 Appendix 5.B: Fun with g 120 References 121
6 Similarity and Equivalence Testing 124 6.1 Introduction: Issues in Type
II Error 124 6.2 Commonsense Approaches to Equivalence 126 6.3 Allowable
Differences and Effect Size 133 6.4 Further Significance Testing 138 6.5
Summary and Conclusions 140 References 141 7 Progress in Scaling 143 7.1
Introduction 143 7.2 Labeled Magnitude Scales for Intensity 147 7.3
Adjustable and Relative Scales 153 7.4 Explicit Anchoring 155 7.5 Post Hoc
Adjustments 158 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 161 Appendix 7.A: Examples of
Individual Rescaling for Magnitude Estimation 162 References 164 8 Progress
in Affective Testing: Preference/Choice and Hedonic Scaling 167 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Preference Testing Options 168 8.3 Replication 173 8.4
Alternative Models: Ferris k-visit, Dirichlet multinomial 176 8.5 Affective
Scales 181 8.6 Ranking and Partial Ranking 185 8.7 Conclusions 188 Appendix
8.A: Proof that the McNemar Test is Equivalent to the Binomial
Approximation Z-Test (AKA Sign Test) 188 References 190 9 Using Subjects as
Their Own Controls 194 Part I: Designs using Parametric Statistics 195 9.1
Introduction to Part I 195 9.2 Dependent Versus Independent t-Tests 198 9.3
Within-Subjects ANOVA ("Repeated Measures") 203 9.4 Issues 206 Part II:
Nonparametric Statistics 208 9.5 Introduction to Part II 208 9.6
Applications of the McNemar Test: A-not-A and Same-Different Methods 209
9.7 Examples of the Stuart-Maxwell 212 9.8 Further Extensions of the Stuart
Test Comparisons 218 9.9 Summary and Conclusions 220 Appendix 9.A: R code
for the Stuart Test 221 References 222 10 Frequency Counts and
Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 224 10.1 Frequency Count Data: Situations --
Open Ends, CATA 224 10.2 Simple Data Handling 227 10.3 Repeated or
Within-Subjects Designs 228 10.4 Multivariate Analyses 230 10.5 Difference
from Ideal and Penalty Analysis 231 10.6 Frequency Counts in Advertising
Claims 235 10.7 Conclusions 236 Appendix 10.A: Proof Showing Equivalence of
Binomial Approximation Z-Test and c2 Test for Differences of Proportions
237 References 239 11 Time-Intensity Modeling 240 11.1 Introduction: Goals
and Applications 240 11.2 Parameters Versus Average Curves 245 11.3 Other
Methods and Analyses 250 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 254 References 254 12
Product Stability and Shelf-Life Measurement 257 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2
Strategies, Measurements, and Choices 258 12.3 Study Designs 261 12.4
Hazard Functions and Failure Distributions 261 12.5 Reaction Rates and
Kinetic Modeling 267 12.6 Summary and Conclusions 271 References 272 13
Product Optimization, Just-About-Right (Jar ) Scales, and Ideal Profiling
273 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Basic Equations, Designed Experiments, and
Response Surfaces 276 13.3 Just-About-Right Scales 279 13.4 Ideal Profiling
285 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 292 References 294 14 Perceptual Mapping,
Multivariate Tools, and Graph Theory 297 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 Common
Multivariate Methods 299 14.3 Shortcuts for Data Collection: Sorting and
Projective Mapping 308 14.4 Preference Mapping Revisited 309 14.5 Cautions
and Concerns 311 14.6 Introduction to Graph Theory 314 References 319 15
Segmentation 323 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Case Studies 326 15.3 Cluster
Analysis 330 15.4 Other Analyses and Methods 336 15.5 Women, Fire, and
Dangerous Things 337 References 338 16 An Introduction to Bayesian Analysis
340 16.1 Some Binomial-Based Examples 340 16.2 General Bayesian Models 347
16.3 Bayesian Inference Using Beta Distributions for Preference Tests 349
16.4 Proportions of Discriminators 352 16.5 Modeling Forced-Choice
Discrimination Tests 353 16.6 Replicated Discrimination Tests 355 16.7
Bayesian Networks 356 16.8 Conclusions 359 References 360 Appendix A:
Overview of Sensory Evaluation 361 A.1 Introduction 361 A.2 Discrimination
and Simple Difference Tests 363 A.3 Descriptive Analysis 367 A.4 Affective
Tests 372 A.5 Summary and Conclusions 375 References 375 Appendix B:
Overview of Experimental Design 377 B.1 General Considerations 377 B.2
Factorial Designs 379 B.3 Fractional Factorials and Screening 380 B.4
Central Composite and Box-Behnken Designs 383 B.5 Mixture Designs 385 B.6
Summary and Conclusions 385 References 386 Appendix C: Glossary 387 Index
398
and Terminology 1 1.2 Absolute Sensitivity 4 1.3 Methods for Measuring
Absolute Thresholds 8 1.4 Differential Sensitivity 13 1.5 A Look Ahead:
Fechner's Contribution 17 Appendix 1.A: Relationship of Proportions, Areas
Under the Normal Distribution, and Z-Scores 18 Appendix 1.B: Worked
Example: Fitting a Logistic Function to Threshold Data 20 References 22 2
Psychophysics II: Scaling and Psychophysical Functions 24 2.1 Introduction
24 2.2 History: Cramer, Bernoulli, Weber, and Fechner 26 2.3 Partition
Scales and Categories 27 2.4 Magnitude Estimation and the Power Law 28 2.5
Cross-Modality Matching; Attempts at Validation 32 2.6 Two-Stage Models and
Judgment Processes 35 2.7 Empirical Versus Theory-Based Functions 39 2.8
Hybrid Scales and Indirect Scales: A Look Ahead 40 2.9 Summary and
Conclusions 41 Appendix 2.A: Decibels and Sones 42 Appendix 2.B: Worked
Example: Transformations Applied to Non-Modulus Magnitude Estimation Data
44 References 45 3 Basics of Signal Detection Theory 47 3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 The Yes/No Experiment 49 3.3 Connecting the Design to Theory 52 3.4 The
ROC Curve 57 3.5 ROC Curves from Rating Scales; the R-Index 62 3.6
Conclusions and Implications for Sensory Testing 67 Appendix 3.A: Table of
p and Z 68 Appendix 3.B: Test for the Significance of Differences Between
d' Values 69 References 69 4 Thurstonian Models for Discrimination and
Preference 71 4.1 The Simple Paired-Choice Model 71 4.2 Extension into
n-AFC: The Byer and Abrams "Paradox" 78 4.3 A Breakthrough: Power Analysis
and Sample Size Determination 80 4.4 Tau Versus Beta Criteria: The
Same-Different Test 84 4.5 Extension to Preference and Nonforced Preference
89 4.6 Limitations and Issues in Thurstonian Modeling 90 4.7 Summary and
Conclusions 94 Appendix 4.A: The Bradley-Terry-Luce Model: An Alternative
to Thurstone 95 Appendix 4.B: Tables for delta Values from Proportion
Correct 96 References 97 5 Progress in Discrimination Testing 99 5.1
Introduction 99 5.2 Metrics for Degree of Difference 104 5.3 Replication in
Choice Tests 108 5.4 Current Variations 110 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 118
Appendix 5.A: Psychometric Function for the Dual Pair Test, Power
Equations, and Sample Size 119 Appendix 5.B: Fun with g 120 References 121
6 Similarity and Equivalence Testing 124 6.1 Introduction: Issues in Type
II Error 124 6.2 Commonsense Approaches to Equivalence 126 6.3 Allowable
Differences and Effect Size 133 6.4 Further Significance Testing 138 6.5
Summary and Conclusions 140 References 141 7 Progress in Scaling 143 7.1
Introduction 143 7.2 Labeled Magnitude Scales for Intensity 147 7.3
Adjustable and Relative Scales 153 7.4 Explicit Anchoring 155 7.5 Post Hoc
Adjustments 158 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 161 Appendix 7.A: Examples of
Individual Rescaling for Magnitude Estimation 162 References 164 8 Progress
in Affective Testing: Preference/Choice and Hedonic Scaling 167 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Preference Testing Options 168 8.3 Replication 173 8.4
Alternative Models: Ferris k-visit, Dirichlet multinomial 176 8.5 Affective
Scales 181 8.6 Ranking and Partial Ranking 185 8.7 Conclusions 188 Appendix
8.A: Proof that the McNemar Test is Equivalent to the Binomial
Approximation Z-Test (AKA Sign Test) 188 References 190 9 Using Subjects as
Their Own Controls 194 Part I: Designs using Parametric Statistics 195 9.1
Introduction to Part I 195 9.2 Dependent Versus Independent t-Tests 198 9.3
Within-Subjects ANOVA ("Repeated Measures") 203 9.4 Issues 206 Part II:
Nonparametric Statistics 208 9.5 Introduction to Part II 208 9.6
Applications of the McNemar Test: A-not-A and Same-Different Methods 209
9.7 Examples of the Stuart-Maxwell 212 9.8 Further Extensions of the Stuart
Test Comparisons 218 9.9 Summary and Conclusions 220 Appendix 9.A: R code
for the Stuart Test 221 References 222 10 Frequency Counts and
Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 224 10.1 Frequency Count Data: Situations --
Open Ends, CATA 224 10.2 Simple Data Handling 227 10.3 Repeated or
Within-Subjects Designs 228 10.4 Multivariate Analyses 230 10.5 Difference
from Ideal and Penalty Analysis 231 10.6 Frequency Counts in Advertising
Claims 235 10.7 Conclusions 236 Appendix 10.A: Proof Showing Equivalence of
Binomial Approximation Z-Test and c2 Test for Differences of Proportions
237 References 239 11 Time-Intensity Modeling 240 11.1 Introduction: Goals
and Applications 240 11.2 Parameters Versus Average Curves 245 11.3 Other
Methods and Analyses 250 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 254 References 254 12
Product Stability and Shelf-Life Measurement 257 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2
Strategies, Measurements, and Choices 258 12.3 Study Designs 261 12.4
Hazard Functions and Failure Distributions 261 12.5 Reaction Rates and
Kinetic Modeling 267 12.6 Summary and Conclusions 271 References 272 13
Product Optimization, Just-About-Right (Jar ) Scales, and Ideal Profiling
273 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Basic Equations, Designed Experiments, and
Response Surfaces 276 13.3 Just-About-Right Scales 279 13.4 Ideal Profiling
285 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 292 References 294 14 Perceptual Mapping,
Multivariate Tools, and Graph Theory 297 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 Common
Multivariate Methods 299 14.3 Shortcuts for Data Collection: Sorting and
Projective Mapping 308 14.4 Preference Mapping Revisited 309 14.5 Cautions
and Concerns 311 14.6 Introduction to Graph Theory 314 References 319 15
Segmentation 323 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Case Studies 326 15.3 Cluster
Analysis 330 15.4 Other Analyses and Methods 336 15.5 Women, Fire, and
Dangerous Things 337 References 338 16 An Introduction to Bayesian Analysis
340 16.1 Some Binomial-Based Examples 340 16.2 General Bayesian Models 347
16.3 Bayesian Inference Using Beta Distributions for Preference Tests 349
16.4 Proportions of Discriminators 352 16.5 Modeling Forced-Choice
Discrimination Tests 353 16.6 Replicated Discrimination Tests 355 16.7
Bayesian Networks 356 16.8 Conclusions 359 References 360 Appendix A:
Overview of Sensory Evaluation 361 A.1 Introduction 361 A.2 Discrimination
and Simple Difference Tests 363 A.3 Descriptive Analysis 367 A.4 Affective
Tests 372 A.5 Summary and Conclusions 375 References 375 Appendix B:
Overview of Experimental Design 377 B.1 General Considerations 377 B.2
Factorial Designs 379 B.3 Fractional Factorials and Screening 380 B.4
Central Composite and Box-Behnken Designs 383 B.5 Mixture Designs 385 B.6
Summary and Conclusions 385 References 386 Appendix C: Glossary 387 Index
398