Maria-Magdalena Titirici

Sustainable Carbon Materials from Hydrothermal Processes

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book will discuss hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for the production of sustainable, versatile and functional carbonaceous materials. The text will cover various synthetic approaches, different biomass based precursors, sustainable production of porous carbons, studies on the mechanism of the HTC process and characterization of the final products, with an important focus on the applications of sustainable carbons in daily life. This book serves as a guide for newcomers in the field, as well as a first source of information for more involved readers.

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The production of low cost and environmentally friendly high performing carbon materials is crucial for a sustainable future. Sustainable Carbon Materials from Hydrothermal Processes describes a sustainable and alternative technique to produce carbon from biomass in water at low temperatures, a process known as Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC).

Sustainable Carbon Materials from Hydrothermal Processes presents an overview of this new and rapidly developing field, discussing various synthetic approaches, characterization of the final products, and modern fields of application for of sustainable carbon materials.

Topics covered include:

Green carbon materials
Porous hydrothermal carbons
HTC for the production of valuable carbon hybrid materials
Functionalization of hydrothermal carbon materials
Characterization of HTC materials
Applications of HTC in modern nanotechnology: Energy storage, electrocatalysis in fuel cells, photocatalysis, gas storage, water purification, sensors, bioapplications
Environmental applications of HTC technology: Biochar production, carbon sequestration, and waste conversion
Scale-up in HTC

Sustainable Carbon Materials from Hydrothermal Processes will serve as a comprehensive guide for students and newcomers in the field, as well as providing a valuable source of information for researchers and investors looking for alternative technologies to convert biomass into useful products.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 357
• Erscheinungstermin: 19. August 2013
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 251mm x 174mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 721g
• ISBN-13: 9781119975397
• ISBN-10: 1119975395
• Artikelnr.: 37323769

Autorenporträt

Dr. Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Germany Maria-Magdalena has been working in the field of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) since 2005. Her laboratory at the Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces has been driving the renewed interest in HTC for the production of high-tech carbonaceous materials. Since 2005 she has published more than 40 scientific papers on this topic, including 2 reviews, as well as a book chapter.

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Green Carbon 1 Maria-Magdalena
Titirici 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Green Carbon Materials 3 1.2.1 CNTs and
Graphitic Nanostructures 4 1.2.2 Graphene, Graphene Oxide, and Highly
Reduced Graphene Oxide 11 1.2.3 Activated Carbons 14 1.2.4 Starbons 14
1.2.5 Use of Ionic Liquids in the Synthesis of Carbon Materials 19 1.2.6
HTC 27 1.3 Brief History of HTC 27 References 30 2 Porous Hydrothermal
Carbons 37 Robin J. White, Tim-Patrick Fellinger, Shiori Kubo, Nicolas
Brun, and Maria-Magdalena Titirici 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Templating - An
Opportunity for Pore Morphology Control 39 2.2.1 Hard Templating in HTC 40
2.2.2 Soft Templating in HTC 42 2.2.3 Naturally Inspired Systems: Use of
Natural Templates 49 2.3 Carbon Aerogels 50 2.3.1 Ovalbumin/Glucose-Derived
HTC-Derived Carbogels 52 2.3.2 Borax-Mediated Formation of HTC-Derived
Carbogels from Glucose 56 2.3.3 Carbogels from the Hydrothermal Treatment
of Sugar and Phenolic Compounds 63 2.3.4 Emulsion-Templated "Carbo-HIPEs"
from the Hydrothermal Treatment of Sugar Derivatives and Phenolic Compounds
65 2.4 Summary and Outlook 69 References 70 3 Porous Biomass-Derived
Carbons: Activated Carbons 75 Dolores Lozano-Castello, Juan Pablo
Marco-Lozar, Camillo Falco, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, and Diego
Cazorla-Amoros 3.1 Introduction to Activated Carbons 75 3.2 Chemical
Activation of Lignocellulosic Materials 77 3.2.1 H3PO4 Activation of
Lignocellulosic Precursors 78 3.2.2 ZnCl2 Activation of Lignocellulosic
Precursors 82 3.2.3 KOH and NaOH Activation of Lignocellulosic Precursors
84 3.3 Activated Carbons from Hydrothermally Carbonized Organic Materials
and Biomass 86 3.3.1 Hydrochar Materials: Synthesis, Structural, and
Chemical Properties 88 3.3.2 KOH Activation of Hydrochar Materials 89 3.4
Conclusions 95 Acknowledgments 95 References 96 4 Hydrothermally
Synthesized Carbonaceous Nanocomposites 101 Bo Hu, Hai-Zhou Zhu, and
Shu-Hong Yu 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 HTC Synthesis of Unique Carbonaceous
Nanomaterials 102 4.2.1 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 102 4.2.2 Carbonaceous
Nanocomposites 110 4.3 Conclusion and Outlook 121 Acknowledgments 121
References 121 5 Chemical Modification of Hydrothermal Carbonization
Materials 125 Stephanie Wohlgemuth, Hiromitsu Urakami, Li Zhao, and
Maria-Magdalena Titirici 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 In Situ Doping of
Hydrothermal Carbons 126 5.2.1 Nitrogen 126 5.2.2 Sulfur 130 5.2.3 Boron
132 5.2.4 Organic Monomers Sources 132 5.2.5 Properties of Heteroatom-Doped
Carbon Materials 133 5.3 Postmodification of Carbonaceous Materials 139
5.3.1 Chemical Handles for Functionalization Present on HTC Materials 140
5.3.2 Perspectives on HTC Postmodification Strategies 143 References 145 6
Characterization of Hydrothermal Carbonization Materials 151 Niki Baccile,
Jens Weber, Camillo Falco, and Maria-Magdalena Titirici 6.1 Introduction
151 6.2 Morphology of HTC Materials 152 6.2.1 Morphology of Glucose-Derived
Hydrothermal Carbons 153 6.2.2 Morphology of Other Carbohydrate-Derived
Hydrothermal Carbons 157 6.2.3 Morphology of Cellulose- and Biomass-Derived
Hydrothermal Carbons 159 6.3 Elemental Composition and Yields 161 6.4 FTIR
164 6.5 XPS: Surface Groups 165 6.6 Zeta Potential: Surface Charge 166 6.7
XRD: Degree of Structural Order 169 6.8 Thermal Analysis 170 6.9 Structure
Elucidation of Carbon Materials Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 172
6.9.1 Brief Introduction to Solid-State NMR 172 6.9.2 Solid-State NMR of
Crystalline Nanocarbons: Fullerenes and Nanotubes 174 6.9.3 Solid-State NMR
Study of Biomass Derivatives and their Pyrolyzed Carbons 175 6.9.4
Solid-State NMR Study of Hydrothermal Carbons 178 6.10 Porosity Analysis of
Hydrothermal Carbons 190 6.10.1 Introduction and Definition of Porosity 190
6.10.2 Gas Physisorption 191 6.10.3 Mercury Intrusion Porosity 202 6.10.4
Scattering Methods 204 References 204 7 Applications of Hydrothermal Carbon
in Modern Nanotechnology 213 Marta Sevilla, Antonio B. Fuertes, Rezan
Demir-Cakan, and Maria-Magdalena Titirici 7.1 Introduction 213 7.2 Energy
Storage 214 7.2.1 Electrodes in Rechargeable Batteries 215 7.2.2 Electrodes
in Supercapacitors 229 7.2.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis 234 7.2.4 HTC-Derived
Materials as Catalyst Supports 235 7.2.5 HTC-Derived Materials with Various
Functionalities and Intrinsic Catalytic Properties 239 7.3 Electrocatalysis
in Fuel Cells 241 7.3.1 Catalyst Supports in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 242
7.3.2 Heteroatom-Doped Carbons with Intrinsic Catalytic Activity for the
ORR 250 7.4 Photocatalysis 255 7.5 Gas Storage 260 7.5.1 CO2 Capture Using
HTC-Based Carbons 260 7.5.2 Hydrogen Storage Using HTC-Based Activated
Carbons 264 7.6 Adsorption of Pollutants from Water 265 7.6.1 Removal of
Heavy Metals 265 7.6.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants 271 7.7 HTC-Derived
Materials in Sensor Applications 272 7.7.1 Chemical Sensors 272 7.7.2 Gas
Sensors 274 7.8 Bioapplications 275 7.9 Drug Delivery 276 7.9.1 Bioimaging
279 7.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 282 References 283 8 Environmental
Applications of Hydrothermal Carbonization Technology: Biochar Production,
Carbon Sequestration, and Waste Conversion 295 Nicole D. Berge, Claudia
Kammann, Kyoung Ro, and Judy Libra 8.1 Introduction 295 8.2 Waste
Conversion to Useful Products 297 8.2.1 Conversion of MSW 298 8.2.2
Conversion of Animal Waste 302 8.2.3 Potential Hydrochar Uses 306 8.3 Soil
Application 309 8.3.1 History of the Idea to Sequester Carbon in Soils
Using Chars/Coals 309 8.3.2 Consideration of Hydrochar Use in Soils 311
8.3.3 Stability of Hydrochar in Soils 311 8.3.4 Influence of Hydrochar on
Soil Fertility and Crop Yields 318 8.3.5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
Char-Amended Soils 323 8.3.6 Best-Practice Considerations for
Biochar/Hydrochar Soil Application 325 8.4 HTC Technology: Commercial
Status and Research Needs 325 References 329 9 Scale-Up in Hydrothermal
Carbonization 341 Andrea Kruse, Daniela Baris, Nicole Troger, and Peter
Wieczorek 9.1 Introduction 341 9.2 Basic Aspects of Process Development and
Upscaling 343 9.2.1 Batch/Tubular Reactors 344 9.2.2 CSTRs 345 9.2.3
Product Handling 345 9.3 Risks of Scaling-Up 346 9.4 Lab-Scale Experiments
347 9.4.1 Experimental 347 9.4.2 Results and Discussion 348 9.5 Praxis
Report 348 9.6 Conclusions 352 References 353 Index