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Wildlife Forensics: Methods and Applications provides an accessible and practical approach to the key areas involved in this developing subject. The book contains case studies throughout the text that take the reader from the field, to the lab analysis to the court room, giving a complete insight into the path of forensic evidence and demonstrating how current techniques can be applied to wildlife forensics. The book contains approaches that wildlife forensic investigators and laboratory technicians can employ in investigations and provides the direction and practical advice required by legal…mehr
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- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 408
- Erscheinungstermin: 8. Februar 2012
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119953135
- Artikelnr.: 38258133
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 408
- Erscheinungstermin: 8. Februar 2012
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119953135
- Artikelnr.: 38258133
Contributors xvii Foreword xxiii Acknowledgements xxv 1 Wildlife Ownership
1 Eric G. Roscoe and Michael McMaster Introduction 1 Ancient Rome and the
Concept of Res Nullius 2 Common Law England: The King's Ownership 3 The New
World: Hunting for the Market 5 Management: The Property Right of States 8
Federal Law and the Regulatory State 10 Globalization: Working toward
Worldwide Conservation Practices 11 Conclusion 13 Cases Cited 13 References
13 2 Society for Wildlife Forensic Science 15 DeeDee Hawk Introduction 15
Formation of the Society 19 The Code of Ethics 22 Membership of the Society
24 Member Labs 25 Proficiency Program 25 Scientific Working Group for
Wildlife Forensic Sciences (SWGWILD) 29 Conclusion 32 References 33 3 The
Application of Forensic Science to Wildlife Evidence 35 John R. Wallace and
Jill C. Ross Introduction 35 Overview of Forensic Science 37 Enforcement of
Wildlife Protection Policy 44 Development of Wildlife Forensic Laboratories
45 Current Perceptions 47 Conclusion 48 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 4
Defining a Crime Scene and Physical Evidence Collection 51 Jason H. Byrd
and Lerah K. Sutton Introduction 51 Definition of a Crime Scene 51
Questions to Be Asked 52 Scene Priority 52 First Responding Officer 53
Securing the Scene 53 Chain of Custody 55 Processing the Scene 55 Initial
Documentation 56 Scene Documentation 58 Remains in an Aquatic Environment
60 Collection of Evidence 61 Review of Scene Processing 62 Final Inspection
62 References 63 5 Forensic Evidence Collection and Cultural Motives for
Animal Harvesting 65 Michelle D. Hamilton and Elizabeth M. Erhart
Introduction 65 Wild Animals as Pharmacopeias 66 Trade in Wild Animals 67
Recovering Evidence at Poaching Scenes 68 Locating the Burial: Anomalies on
the Surface 71 Acknowledgements 76 References 76 6 Forensic Entomology and
Wildlife 81 Jeffery K. Tomberlin and Michelle R. Sanford Introduction 81
Application of Forensic Entomology to Wildlife Crimes 82 Arthropods
Commonly Encountered 86 Diptera 88 Coleoptera 95 Sampling 98 Conclusion 100
Appendix 101 Acknowledgements 102 References 102 7 Wildlife Forensic
Pathology and Toxicology in Wound Analysis and Pesticide Poisoning 109
Douglas E. Roscoe and William Stansley Introduction 109 Wound Analysis 109
Wildlife Poisoning by Insecticides 121 Wildlife Poisoning by Rodenticides
123 References 125 8 The Use of Hair Morphology in the Identification of
Mammals 129 Lisa Knecht Introduction 129 Types of Hair 130 Hair Structure
131 Techniques for Studying Hair Structure 140 Conclusion 142 References
142 9 Plants and Wildlife Forensics 145 Christopher R. Hardy and David S.
Martin Introduction 145 Plants as Trace Evidence 145 Poisonous Plants 149
The Basics of Collecting and Preserving Botanical Evidence 153 Finding a
Forensic Botanist 156 Conclusion 156 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 10
Identification of Reptile Skin Products Using Scale Morphology 161 David L.
Martin Introduction 161 International Trade in Reptile Skins 162 Challenges
to Species Identification of Reptile Skin Products 166 Species and Products
Represented in the Reptile Skin Trade 168 Reptile Scale Morphology Basics
and Current Limitations 170 Identifying Features of Major Reptile Groups
178 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 11 Best Practices in
Wildlife Forensic DNA 201 M. Katherine Moore and Irving L. Kornfield
Introduction 201 The Need for Appropriate Standards 203 Wildlife Forensic
DNA Best Practices 206 Standards and Guidelines for Wildlife Forensics 206
Training 208 Case File 209 Laboratory Facility (QA) 213 Validation 214
Laboratory Protocols 216 Data Analysis 218 Interpretation Guidelines 220
Vouchers/Reference Samples 221 Species Identification 224 Reporting 224
Contents of the Case Report 225 Review 226 Court Testimony 229 The Way
Forward 230 Note 230 Acknowledgements 230 References 231 12 Statistics for
Wildlife Forensic DNA 237 B.S. Weir Introduction 237 The Central Problem
238 Genetic Sampling 241 Lineage Markers 242 Relatedness 245 Inbreeding 247
Testing for Allele Independence 248 Assignment testing 250 Conclusion 251
References 252 13 Forensic DNA Analysis of Wildlife Evidence 253 Sabrina N.
McGraw, Shamus P. Keeler, and Jane E. Huffman Introduction 253 DNA
Isolation and Handling 254 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 255 Sample
Speciation 256 Minisatellites (VNTRs) 256 Mitochondrial Markers (mtDNA) 257
Additional Genetic Speciation Methods 259 Limitations of Genetic Speciation
260 Sample Sexing 261 Sample Individualization 262 Sample Localization 263
Validation of Wildlife Forensic Techniques 264 Court Admissibility 266
Conclusion 266 Cases Cited 266 References 267 14 DNA Applications and
Implementation 271 Robert Ogden Introduction 271 History 272 Questions and
Techniques: Wildlife Crime Issues 272 Species Identification 273
Identification of Geographic Origin 275 Individual Identification 279
Exclusion 280 Practical Applications 282 Sample Types for DNA Analysis 282
Laboratory Models: Individual Facilities 283 Future Developments 287
Summary 288 References 289 15 Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics
of Birds 293 Rebecca N. Johnson Introduction 293 Avian Genetics 295 Avian
Taxonomy, Legislation and Conservation 299 Avian Wildlife Forensics: A
Range of Applications 302 Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics:
Identification Using DNA 307 Conclusion 315 References 317 16 Wildlife
Forensics in Thailand: Utilization of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences 327
Suchitra Changtragoon Introduction 327 DNA Extraction and Amplification 327
DNA Sequencing 328 Origin Identification 328 Species and Subspecies
Identification 328 Results of the Investigations 330 Conclusion 338
Acknowledgements 341 References 341 17 The Future of Wildlife Forensic
Science 343 Edgard O. Espinoza, Jesica L. Espinoza, Pepper W. Trail, and
Barry W. Baker Introduction 343 Technical Challenges 344 Enhancing Wildlife
Protection by Integrating Forensic Science and the Law 350 The U.S.
Endangered Species Act and the Limits of Science 351 The Future of Forensic
Scientists and the Laboratories in which They Work 353 Conclusion 355
Acknowledgments 356 References 356 Index 359
Contributors xvii Foreword xxiii Acknowledgements xxv 1 Wildlife Ownership
1 Eric G. Roscoe and Michael McMaster Introduction 1 Ancient Rome and the
Concept of Res Nullius 2 Common Law England: The King's Ownership 3 The New
World: Hunting for the Market 5 Management: The Property Right of States 8
Federal Law and the Regulatory State 10 Globalization: Working toward
Worldwide Conservation Practices 11 Conclusion 13 Cases Cited 13 References
13 2 Society for Wildlife Forensic Science 15 DeeDee Hawk Introduction 15
Formation of the Society 19 The Code of Ethics 22 Membership of the Society
24 Member Labs 25 Proficiency Program 25 Scientific Working Group for
Wildlife Forensic Sciences (SWGWILD) 29 Conclusion 32 References 33 3 The
Application of Forensic Science to Wildlife Evidence 35 John R. Wallace and
Jill C. Ross Introduction 35 Overview of Forensic Science 37 Enforcement of
Wildlife Protection Policy 44 Development of Wildlife Forensic Laboratories
45 Current Perceptions 47 Conclusion 48 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 4
Defining a Crime Scene and Physical Evidence Collection 51 Jason H. Byrd
and Lerah K. Sutton Introduction 51 Definition of a Crime Scene 51
Questions to Be Asked 52 Scene Priority 52 First Responding Officer 53
Securing the Scene 53 Chain of Custody 55 Processing the Scene 55 Initial
Documentation 56 Scene Documentation 58 Remains in an Aquatic Environment
60 Collection of Evidence 61 Review of Scene Processing 62 Final Inspection
62 References 63 5 Forensic Evidence Collection and Cultural Motives for
Animal Harvesting 65 Michelle D. Hamilton and Elizabeth M. Erhart
Introduction 65 Wild Animals as Pharmacopeias 66 Trade in Wild Animals 67
Recovering Evidence at Poaching Scenes 68 Locating the Burial: Anomalies on
the Surface 71 Acknowledgements 76 References 76 6 Forensic Entomology and
Wildlife 81 Jeffery K. Tomberlin and Michelle R. Sanford Introduction 81
Application of Forensic Entomology to Wildlife Crimes 82 Arthropods
Commonly Encountered 86 Diptera 88 Coleoptera 95 Sampling 98 Conclusion 100
Appendix 101 Acknowledgements 102 References 102 7 Wildlife Forensic
Pathology and Toxicology in Wound Analysis and Pesticide Poisoning 109
Douglas E. Roscoe and William Stansley Introduction 109 Wound Analysis 109
Wildlife Poisoning by Insecticides 121 Wildlife Poisoning by Rodenticides
123 References 125 8 The Use of Hair Morphology in the Identification of
Mammals 129 Lisa Knecht Introduction 129 Types of Hair 130 Hair Structure
131 Techniques for Studying Hair Structure 140 Conclusion 142 References
142 9 Plants and Wildlife Forensics 145 Christopher R. Hardy and David S.
Martin Introduction 145 Plants as Trace Evidence 145 Poisonous Plants 149
The Basics of Collecting and Preserving Botanical Evidence 153 Finding a
Forensic Botanist 156 Conclusion 156 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 10
Identification of Reptile Skin Products Using Scale Morphology 161 David L.
Martin Introduction 161 International Trade in Reptile Skins 162 Challenges
to Species Identification of Reptile Skin Products 166 Species and Products
Represented in the Reptile Skin Trade 168 Reptile Scale Morphology Basics
and Current Limitations 170 Identifying Features of Major Reptile Groups
178 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 11 Best Practices in
Wildlife Forensic DNA 201 M. Katherine Moore and Irving L. Kornfield
Introduction 201 The Need for Appropriate Standards 203 Wildlife Forensic
DNA Best Practices 206 Standards and Guidelines for Wildlife Forensics 206
Training 208 Case File 209 Laboratory Facility (QA) 213 Validation 214
Laboratory Protocols 216 Data Analysis 218 Interpretation Guidelines 220
Vouchers/Reference Samples 221 Species Identification 224 Reporting 224
Contents of the Case Report 225 Review 226 Court Testimony 229 The Way
Forward 230 Note 230 Acknowledgements 230 References 231 12 Statistics for
Wildlife Forensic DNA 237 B.S. Weir Introduction 237 The Central Problem
238 Genetic Sampling 241 Lineage Markers 242 Relatedness 245 Inbreeding 247
Testing for Allele Independence 248 Assignment testing 250 Conclusion 251
References 252 13 Forensic DNA Analysis of Wildlife Evidence 253 Sabrina N.
McGraw, Shamus P. Keeler, and Jane E. Huffman Introduction 253 DNA
Isolation and Handling 254 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 255 Sample
Speciation 256 Minisatellites (VNTRs) 256 Mitochondrial Markers (mtDNA) 257
Additional Genetic Speciation Methods 259 Limitations of Genetic Speciation
260 Sample Sexing 261 Sample Individualization 262 Sample Localization 263
Validation of Wildlife Forensic Techniques 264 Court Admissibility 266
Conclusion 266 Cases Cited 266 References 267 14 DNA Applications and
Implementation 271 Robert Ogden Introduction 271 History 272 Questions and
Techniques: Wildlife Crime Issues 272 Species Identification 273
Identification of Geographic Origin 275 Individual Identification 279
Exclusion 280 Practical Applications 282 Sample Types for DNA Analysis 282
Laboratory Models: Individual Facilities 283 Future Developments 287
Summary 288 References 289 15 Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics
of Birds 293 Rebecca N. Johnson Introduction 293 Avian Genetics 295 Avian
Taxonomy, Legislation and Conservation 299 Avian Wildlife Forensics: A
Range of Applications 302 Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics:
Identification Using DNA 307 Conclusion 315 References 317 16 Wildlife
Forensics in Thailand: Utilization of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences 327
Suchitra Changtragoon Introduction 327 DNA Extraction and Amplification 327
DNA Sequencing 328 Origin Identification 328 Species and Subspecies
Identification 328 Results of the Investigations 330 Conclusion 338
Acknowledgements 341 References 341 17 The Future of Wildlife Forensic
Science 343 Edgard O. Espinoza, Jesica L. Espinoza, Pepper W. Trail, and
Barry W. Baker Introduction 343 Technical Challenges 344 Enhancing Wildlife
Protection by Integrating Forensic Science and the Law 350 The U.S.
Endangered Species Act and the Limits of Science 351 The Future of Forensic
Scientists and the Laboratories in which They Work 353 Conclusion 355
Acknowledgments 356 References 356 Index 359