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The aim of this book is to present the modern design principles and analysis of lens antennas. It gives graduates and RF/Microwave professionals the design insights in order to make full use of lens antennas. Why do we want to write a book in lens antennas? Because this topic has not been thoroughly publicized, its importance is underestimated. As antennas play a key role in communication systems, recent development in wireless communications would indeed benefit from the characteristics of lens antennas: low profile, and low cost etc. The major advantages of lens antennas are narrow…mehr
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- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 284
- Erscheinungstermin: 6. März 2013
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118345139
- Artikelnr.: 37759244
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 284
- Erscheinungstermin: 6. März 2013
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118345139
- Artikelnr.: 37759244
Huang 1.1 Lens Antennas: An Overview 2 1.1.1 The Microwave Lens 2 1.1.2
Advantages of Lens Antennas 4 1.1.3 Materials for Lenses 5 1.1.4 Synthesis
6 1.2 Feeds for Lens Antennas 8 1.2.1 Microstrip Feeds 8 1.2.2 Horn Feeds 9
1.3 Luneburg and Spherical Lenses 10 1.4 Quasi Optics and Lens Antennas 14
1.5 Lens Antenna Design 18 1.6 Metamaterial Lens 26 1.7 Planar Lens or
Phase-Shifting Surface 30 1.7.1 Refl ect Array 31 1.7.2 Planar Lens or Lens
Array 33 1.8 Applications 36 1.9 Antenna Measurements 37 1.9.1 Radiation
Pattern Measurement 37 1.9.2 Gain Measurement 38 1.9.3 Polarization
Measurement 38 1.9.4 Anechoic Chambers and Ranges 38 2 REVIEW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 49 Kao-Cheng Huang 2.1 Maxwell's Equations 49 2.1.1
Boundary Conditions 53 2.1.2 Equivalence Theorem 55 2.2 Antenna Parameters
56 2.2.1 Beam Solid Angle and Antenna Temperature 56 2.2.2 Directivity and
Gain 58 2.2.3 Antenna Beamwidth 60 2.2.4 Aperture of a Lens 62 2.2.5 Phase
Center 63 2.3 Polarization 64 2.4 Wave Propagation in Metamaterials 71 3
POLYROD ANTENNAS 77 Kao-Cheng Huang 3.1 Polyrods as Resonators 78 3.2 The
Polyrod as a Radiator 83 3.2.1 Tapered Polyrod Antenna 85 3.3 Patch-Fed
Circular Polyrod 90 3.4 Array of Polyrods 97 3.5 Multibeam Polyrod Array
105 4 MILLIMETER WAVE LENS ANTENNAS 113 Kao-Cheng Huang 4.1 Millimeter Wave
Characteristics 114 4.1.1 Millimeter Wave Loss Factors 114 4.1.2
Ray-Tracing Propagation 117 4.2 Millimeter Wave Substrate Lens for Imaging
121 4.3 Millimeter Wave and Submillimeter Wave Lens 126 4.3.1 Extended
Hemispherical Lens 128 4.3.2 Off-Axis Extended Hemispherical Lens 133 4.3.3
Submillimeter Wave Lens Antennas for Communications 136 4.4 Analysis of
Millimeter Wave Spherical Lens 139 4.5 Waveguide-Fed Millimeter Wave
Integrated Lens 141 5 LENS ANTENNAS FOR COMMUNICATIONS FROM HIGH-ALTITUDE
PLATFORMS 147 John Thornton 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 The High-Altitude
Platform Concept 148 5.2.1 Spectrum Reuse Using HAPs 150 5.2.2 Example
Results: Cell Power and Interference 155 5.3 Advantages of Lenses over
Reflector Antennas 159 5.3.1 Reflectors 160 5.3.2 Lenses 161 5.3.3
Commercial Lens Antennas 162 5.4 Development of a Shaped Beam Low-Sidelobe
Lens Antenna with Asymmetric Pattern 164 5.4.1 Primary Feed 165 5.4.2
Symmetric 5° Beamwidth Antenna 166 5.4.3 Asymmetric Beam 166 5.4.4
Measurements 174 5.5 Lens Antenna Payload Model 177 5.6 Multifeed Lens 178
5.7 Multiple Beam Spherical Lens Antennas for HAP Payload 181 6 SPHERICAL
LENS ANTENNAS 187 John Thornton 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Spherical Lens
Overview 192 6.3 Analytical Methods 195 6.3.1 Ray Tracing 195 6.3.2 SWE 197
6.3.3 Computational Method and Results 202 6.3.4 Generic Feed Pattern 206
6.3.5 Commercial Solvers 208 6.4 Spherical Lens Materials and Fabrication
Methods 210 6.4.1 Machined Polymers 210 6.4.2 Molding 212 6.4.3 Polymer
Foams 212 6.4.4 PU Dielectric Loss 214 6.4.5 Artifi cial Dielectrics 215
6.5 Revisiting the Constant-Index Lens 215 6.5.1 A Practical, Patch-Fed
Hemispherical Constant-Index Lens 219 6.5.2 Off-Axis Array-Fed Spherical
Lens 219 6.6 Cross-Polarization Properties of Spherical Lenses 221 7
HEMISPHERICAL LENS-REFLECTOR SCANNING ANTENNAS 225 John Thornton 7.1
Introduction 225 7.2 Candidate Scanning Antenna Technologies 226 7.3
Spherical and Hemispherical Lens Antenna 228 7.4 Hemispherical Lens
Prototype 229 7.5 Evolution of a Two-Layer Stepped-Index Polymer Lens 232
7.6 A Hemispherical Lens-Reflector Antenna for Satellite Communications 238
7.6.1 Requirements 239 7.6.2 Lens Analysis 240 7.6.3 Three-Layer Lens
Geometry 240 7.6.4 Lens Fabrication and Performance 243 7.6.5 Mechanical
Tracking System 245 7.6.6 Ground Plane Effects 249 7.6.7 Aperture Blockage
in Scanning Lens Reflector 251 7.7 A Low-Index Lens Reflector for Aircraft
Communications (Contribution by D. Gray) 252 About the Authors 267 Index
268
Huang 1.1 Lens Antennas: An Overview 2 1.1.1 The Microwave Lens 2 1.1.2
Advantages of Lens Antennas 4 1.1.3 Materials for Lenses 5 1.1.4 Synthesis
6 1.2 Feeds for Lens Antennas 8 1.2.1 Microstrip Feeds 8 1.2.2 Horn Feeds 9
1.3 Luneburg and Spherical Lenses 10 1.4 Quasi Optics and Lens Antennas 14
1.5 Lens Antenna Design 18 1.6 Metamaterial Lens 26 1.7 Planar Lens or
Phase-Shifting Surface 30 1.7.1 Refl ect Array 31 1.7.2 Planar Lens or Lens
Array 33 1.8 Applications 36 1.9 Antenna Measurements 37 1.9.1 Radiation
Pattern Measurement 37 1.9.2 Gain Measurement 38 1.9.3 Polarization
Measurement 38 1.9.4 Anechoic Chambers and Ranges 38 2 REVIEW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 49 Kao-Cheng Huang 2.1 Maxwell's Equations 49 2.1.1
Boundary Conditions 53 2.1.2 Equivalence Theorem 55 2.2 Antenna Parameters
56 2.2.1 Beam Solid Angle and Antenna Temperature 56 2.2.2 Directivity and
Gain 58 2.2.3 Antenna Beamwidth 60 2.2.4 Aperture of a Lens 62 2.2.5 Phase
Center 63 2.3 Polarization 64 2.4 Wave Propagation in Metamaterials 71 3
POLYROD ANTENNAS 77 Kao-Cheng Huang 3.1 Polyrods as Resonators 78 3.2 The
Polyrod as a Radiator 83 3.2.1 Tapered Polyrod Antenna 85 3.3 Patch-Fed
Circular Polyrod 90 3.4 Array of Polyrods 97 3.5 Multibeam Polyrod Array
105 4 MILLIMETER WAVE LENS ANTENNAS 113 Kao-Cheng Huang 4.1 Millimeter Wave
Characteristics 114 4.1.1 Millimeter Wave Loss Factors 114 4.1.2
Ray-Tracing Propagation 117 4.2 Millimeter Wave Substrate Lens for Imaging
121 4.3 Millimeter Wave and Submillimeter Wave Lens 126 4.3.1 Extended
Hemispherical Lens 128 4.3.2 Off-Axis Extended Hemispherical Lens 133 4.3.3
Submillimeter Wave Lens Antennas for Communications 136 4.4 Analysis of
Millimeter Wave Spherical Lens 139 4.5 Waveguide-Fed Millimeter Wave
Integrated Lens 141 5 LENS ANTENNAS FOR COMMUNICATIONS FROM HIGH-ALTITUDE
PLATFORMS 147 John Thornton 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 The High-Altitude
Platform Concept 148 5.2.1 Spectrum Reuse Using HAPs 150 5.2.2 Example
Results: Cell Power and Interference 155 5.3 Advantages of Lenses over
Reflector Antennas 159 5.3.1 Reflectors 160 5.3.2 Lenses 161 5.3.3
Commercial Lens Antennas 162 5.4 Development of a Shaped Beam Low-Sidelobe
Lens Antenna with Asymmetric Pattern 164 5.4.1 Primary Feed 165 5.4.2
Symmetric 5° Beamwidth Antenna 166 5.4.3 Asymmetric Beam 166 5.4.4
Measurements 174 5.5 Lens Antenna Payload Model 177 5.6 Multifeed Lens 178
5.7 Multiple Beam Spherical Lens Antennas for HAP Payload 181 6 SPHERICAL
LENS ANTENNAS 187 John Thornton 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Spherical Lens
Overview 192 6.3 Analytical Methods 195 6.3.1 Ray Tracing 195 6.3.2 SWE 197
6.3.3 Computational Method and Results 202 6.3.4 Generic Feed Pattern 206
6.3.5 Commercial Solvers 208 6.4 Spherical Lens Materials and Fabrication
Methods 210 6.4.1 Machined Polymers 210 6.4.2 Molding 212 6.4.3 Polymer
Foams 212 6.4.4 PU Dielectric Loss 214 6.4.5 Artifi cial Dielectrics 215
6.5 Revisiting the Constant-Index Lens 215 6.5.1 A Practical, Patch-Fed
Hemispherical Constant-Index Lens 219 6.5.2 Off-Axis Array-Fed Spherical
Lens 219 6.6 Cross-Polarization Properties of Spherical Lenses 221 7
HEMISPHERICAL LENS-REFLECTOR SCANNING ANTENNAS 225 John Thornton 7.1
Introduction 225 7.2 Candidate Scanning Antenna Technologies 226 7.3
Spherical and Hemispherical Lens Antenna 228 7.4 Hemispherical Lens
Prototype 229 7.5 Evolution of a Two-Layer Stepped-Index Polymer Lens 232
7.6 A Hemispherical Lens-Reflector Antenna for Satellite Communications 238
7.6.1 Requirements 239 7.6.2 Lens Analysis 240 7.6.3 Three-Layer Lens
Geometry 240 7.6.4 Lens Fabrication and Performance 243 7.6.5 Mechanical
Tracking System 245 7.6.6 Ground Plane Effects 249 7.6.7 Aperture Blockage
in Scanning Lens Reflector 251 7.7 A Low-Index Lens Reflector for Aircraft
Communications (Contribution by D. Gray) 252 About the Authors 267 Index
268