Fats in Food Technology (eBook, ePUB)
Redaktion: Rajah, Kanes K.
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Fats in Food Technology (eBook, ePUB)
Redaktion: Rajah, Kanes K.
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Fats are present in some form in the vast majority of processed foods we consume, as well as in many 'natural' products. Changes in consumer behaviour, centered around an increased emphasis on healthy food consumption, mean that it is more important than ever for food scientists to understand the properties, roles and behaviours that fats play in food and in diets. Fats in Food Technology, Second Edition is an in-depth examination of the roles and behaviours of fats in food technology and the benefits that they impart to consumers. It considers both fats that are naturally present in foods…mehr
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- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 385
- Erscheinungstermin: 7. Februar 2014
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118788769
- Artikelnr.: 40470675
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 385
- Erscheinungstermin: 7. Februar 2014
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118788769
- Artikelnr.: 40470675
1 Kiyotaka Sato and Satoru Ueno 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic physical
properties of fat crystals 2 1.2.1 Polymorphic structures of fats 2 1.2.2
Polymorphic crystallisation of fats 7 1.2.3 Polymorphic transformation of
fats 13 1.2.4 Phase behaviour of fat mixtures 17 1.2.5 Microstructure,
texture and rheological properties 20 1.3 Structure-function relations in
food fats 22 1.3.1 Fats in bulk phase 22 1.3.2 Fats in oil-in-water
emulsions 26 1.3.3 Fats in water-in-oil emulsions 30 1.4 Conclusion 32
References 33 2 Bakery fats 39 Paul Wassell 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2
Production of margarine and shortening 40 2.3 Crystallisation behaviour 42
2.4 Processing 47 2.5 Plastic bakery fats 48 2.5.1 Short pastry 50 2.5.2
Cake 53 2.5.3 Puff pastry 57 2.6 The influence of emulsifiers in baking 60
2.7 Control of quality in margarine and shortening manufacture 62 2.8
Liquid shortenings 65 2.9 Fluid shortenings 66 2.10 Powdered fats, flaked
fats and fat powders 67 2.10.1 Methods of manufacture 67 2.10.2
Applications of fat powders and powdered fats 70 2.11 Fat in biscuit baking
72 2.11.1 The function of fats in biscuits 72 2.11.2 Biscuit filling creams
74 2.11.3 Spray fats 75 2.11.4 Fat bloom 76 2.12 Conclusion 76
Acknowledgement 77 References 77 3 Water continuous emulsions 83 H.M.
Premlal Ranjith 3.1 Introduction 83 3.1.1 The structure of water continuous
emulsions 84 3.1.2 Milk fat globule structure 85 3.2 Preparation of water
continuous emulsions 87 3.2.1 Dairy creams 87 3.2.2 Recombined creams 92
3.2.3 Ice-cream mix 95 3.2.4 Heat treatment of emulsions 102 3.2.5
Preparation of dressings 116 3.3 Factors affecting water continuous
emulsions 118 3.3.1 Emulsion stability of high-fat creams 120 3.3.2 Defects
in ice cream 127 3.3.3 Defects in mayonnaise and salad dressing 130
References 130 4 Oil modification processes 133 Albert J. Dijkstra 4.1
Introduction 133 4.2 Hydrogenation 134 4.2.1 Kinetics and mechanism 135
4.2.2 Industrial hydrogenation processes 139 4.3 Interesterification 144
4.3.1 Chemical catalysis 145 4.3.2 Enzymatic catalysis 149 4.3.3
Interesterification products 151 4.4 Fractionation 151 4.4.1 Fat
crystallisation theory 153 4.4.2 Industrial practice 155 4.4.3
Fractionation products 159 4.5 Discussion 161 References 162 5 Fats for
chocolate and sugar confectionery 169 Geoff Talbot 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2
Production and properties 170 5.2.1 Cocoa butter and milk fat 170 5.2.2
Symmetrical SOS-type CBAs: cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) 175 5.2.3
High-trans-type CBAs 178 5.2.4 Low- or zero-trans non-lauric CBAs 180 5.2.5
Lauric-type CBAs 181 5.2.6 Comparison and compatibility 182 5.3 Legislation
and regulatory aspects 186 5.3.1 Legislation 186 5.3.2 Adulteration and its
detection 189 5.4 Moulded bar and coating applications 191 5.4.1 Chocolate
191 5.4.2 Compound chocolate 192 5.5 Filling applications 195 5.5.1
Fat-based fillings 195 5.5.2 Toffees and other sugar confectionery 198
5.5.3 Truffles 199 5.6 Problem areas 200 5.6.1 Bloom 200 5.6.2 Fat
migration 202 5.6.3 Moisture and alcohol migration 204 5.6.4 Rancidity 205
5.7 Nutritional aspects of confectionery fats 206 5.8 Conclusion 207
Acknowledgements 207 References 207 6 Spreadable products 213 Kanes K.
Rajah 6.1 Introduction 213 6.1.1 Definition of spreads: margarine, low(er)
fat spreads and butter 213 6.1.2 Summary of product development 215 6.1.3
Summary of process development 218 6.1.4 Summary of ingredient development
221 6.1.5 Summary of packaging developments 225 6.2 Legislation 225 6.2.1
EU regulations 226 6.2.2 US regulations 228 6.2.3 Codex standards 228 6.3
Emulsion technology 229 6.3.1 Properties of emulsions 229 6.3.2 Emulsifiers
and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values 232 6.3.3 Stabilisers 233 6.3.4
Preservatives and microbiological stability 233 6.3.5 Emulsion preparation
234 6.4 Process technology 236 6.4.1 Current yellow fat range 236 6.4.2
Scraped-surface cooling 237 6.4.3 Churning technology 244 6.4.4 Storage
conditions 246 6.5 Yellow fat blends 247 6.5.1 Trans-fatty-acid-free oil
blends 247 6.5.2 Some properties of butter 247 6.5.3 Oils high in lauric
and palmitic fatty acids 247 6.5.4 Long-chain fatty acids 249 6.6 Flavoured
butters 250 6.7 Non-yellow fat range 250 References 251 7 Emulsifiers and
stabilisers 253 Niall W.G. Young 7.1 Introduction 253 7.2 Surface activity
254 7.2.1 Surfactants 254 7.2.2 Surface and interfacial tension 255 7.3
Interface formation 256 7.3.1 Division of internal phase 256 7.3.2 Emulsion
formation 257 7.3.3 Foams 258 7.3.4 Wetting 258 7.4 Stabilisation 259 7.4.1
Creaming and sedimentation 260 7.4.2 Flocculation and coalescence 260 7.4.3
Droplet-droplet interactions 261 7.4.4 Viscosity and gelation 262 7.5 Food
emulsifiers 263 7.5.1 Monoglycerides 263 7.5.2 Monoglyceride derivatives
263 7.5.3 Polyol esters of fatty acids 266 7.5.4 Lactic acid esters of
fatty acids 266 7.5.5 Lecithin 267 7.6 The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
268 7.7 Hydrocolloid stabilisers and thickeners 270 7.7.1 Hydrocolloids 270
7.7.2 Modified starch 272 7.7.3 Cellulose derivatives 273 7.8 Applications
273 7.8.1 Margarine and dairy products 273 7.8.2 Baking 278 7.8.3 Coatings
280 7.8.4 Dressings and sauces 281 7.9 Regulatory aspects 284 References
284 8 Food safety and quality issues of dairy fats 289 Upuli Wijewardene
and H.M. Premlal Ranjith 8.1 Introduction 289 8.1.1 Codex Alimentarius 289
8.1.2 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 290 8.1.3 The importance of
the HACCP in food production 290 8.1.4 Food safety standards 291 8.2
Food-borne disease: the problem 291 8.2.1 Microbiology of milk and milk
products 291 8.2.2 Magnitude and nature of milk-borne disease outbreaks 292
8.2.3 Food-borne disease outbreak surveillance 293 8.2.4 Surveillance of
milk-borne disease outbreaks 294 8.2.5 Control of food-borne diseases 295
8.2.6 Safety of milk and milk products 295 8.3 Food safety and quality
issues of dairy fats 296 8.3.1 Approach to risk assessment and the HACCP
297 8.4 Implementing the HACCP 299 8.4.1 Areas concerning food safety 300
8.5 Food safety and quality in dairy production 302 8.5.1 Pasteurised milk
303 8.5.2 Cheese 303 8.5.3 Yogurt 303 8.5.4 Cream/Butter 312 8.6 Future
trends 316 References 324 9 Culinary fats: solid and liquid frying oils and
speciality oils 327 Mark Farmer 9.1 Introduction 327 9.2 Salad and cooking
oils 328 9.3 Frying fats 333 9.3.1 Shallow (pan) frying 333 9.3.2 Deep fat
frying 334 9.3.3 Selection of frying media 339 9.4 Oils for roasting nuts
342 9.5 Ghee 343 9.5.1 Ghee attributes and quality 344 9.5.2 Uses of ghee
346 9.6 Vanaspati 346 9.7 Speciality oils 348 9.7.1 Almond oil 349 9.7.2
Groundnut oil 349 9.7.3 Hazelnut oil 351 9.7.4 Sesame seed oil 351 9.7.5
Safflower oil 352 9.7.6 Grapeseed oil 353 9.7.7 Walnut oil 353 9.7.8 Rice
bran oil 353 9.7.9 Flaxseed oil 354 9.7.10 Avocado oil 354 9.8 Conclusion
354 References 355 Appendix Nomenclature for fatty acids and triglycerides
359 Index 361
1 Kiyotaka Sato and Satoru Ueno 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic physical
properties of fat crystals 2 1.2.1 Polymorphic structures of fats 2 1.2.2
Polymorphic crystallisation of fats 7 1.2.3 Polymorphic transformation of
fats 13 1.2.4 Phase behaviour of fat mixtures 17 1.2.5 Microstructure,
texture and rheological properties 20 1.3 Structure-function relations in
food fats 22 1.3.1 Fats in bulk phase 22 1.3.2 Fats in oil-in-water
emulsions 26 1.3.3 Fats in water-in-oil emulsions 30 1.4 Conclusion 32
References 33 2 Bakery fats 39 Paul Wassell 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2
Production of margarine and shortening 40 2.3 Crystallisation behaviour 42
2.4 Processing 47 2.5 Plastic bakery fats 48 2.5.1 Short pastry 50 2.5.2
Cake 53 2.5.3 Puff pastry 57 2.6 The influence of emulsifiers in baking 60
2.7 Control of quality in margarine and shortening manufacture 62 2.8
Liquid shortenings 65 2.9 Fluid shortenings 66 2.10 Powdered fats, flaked
fats and fat powders 67 2.10.1 Methods of manufacture 67 2.10.2
Applications of fat powders and powdered fats 70 2.11 Fat in biscuit baking
72 2.11.1 The function of fats in biscuits 72 2.11.2 Biscuit filling creams
74 2.11.3 Spray fats 75 2.11.4 Fat bloom 76 2.12 Conclusion 76
Acknowledgement 77 References 77 3 Water continuous emulsions 83 H.M.
Premlal Ranjith 3.1 Introduction 83 3.1.1 The structure of water continuous
emulsions 84 3.1.2 Milk fat globule structure 85 3.2 Preparation of water
continuous emulsions 87 3.2.1 Dairy creams 87 3.2.2 Recombined creams 92
3.2.3 Ice-cream mix 95 3.2.4 Heat treatment of emulsions 102 3.2.5
Preparation of dressings 116 3.3 Factors affecting water continuous
emulsions 118 3.3.1 Emulsion stability of high-fat creams 120 3.3.2 Defects
in ice cream 127 3.3.3 Defects in mayonnaise and salad dressing 130
References 130 4 Oil modification processes 133 Albert J. Dijkstra 4.1
Introduction 133 4.2 Hydrogenation 134 4.2.1 Kinetics and mechanism 135
4.2.2 Industrial hydrogenation processes 139 4.3 Interesterification 144
4.3.1 Chemical catalysis 145 4.3.2 Enzymatic catalysis 149 4.3.3
Interesterification products 151 4.4 Fractionation 151 4.4.1 Fat
crystallisation theory 153 4.4.2 Industrial practice 155 4.4.3
Fractionation products 159 4.5 Discussion 161 References 162 5 Fats for
chocolate and sugar confectionery 169 Geoff Talbot 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2
Production and properties 170 5.2.1 Cocoa butter and milk fat 170 5.2.2
Symmetrical SOS-type CBAs: cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) 175 5.2.3
High-trans-type CBAs 178 5.2.4 Low- or zero-trans non-lauric CBAs 180 5.2.5
Lauric-type CBAs 181 5.2.6 Comparison and compatibility 182 5.3 Legislation
and regulatory aspects 186 5.3.1 Legislation 186 5.3.2 Adulteration and its
detection 189 5.4 Moulded bar and coating applications 191 5.4.1 Chocolate
191 5.4.2 Compound chocolate 192 5.5 Filling applications 195 5.5.1
Fat-based fillings 195 5.5.2 Toffees and other sugar confectionery 198
5.5.3 Truffles 199 5.6 Problem areas 200 5.6.1 Bloom 200 5.6.2 Fat
migration 202 5.6.3 Moisture and alcohol migration 204 5.6.4 Rancidity 205
5.7 Nutritional aspects of confectionery fats 206 5.8 Conclusion 207
Acknowledgements 207 References 207 6 Spreadable products 213 Kanes K.
Rajah 6.1 Introduction 213 6.1.1 Definition of spreads: margarine, low(er)
fat spreads and butter 213 6.1.2 Summary of product development 215 6.1.3
Summary of process development 218 6.1.4 Summary of ingredient development
221 6.1.5 Summary of packaging developments 225 6.2 Legislation 225 6.2.1
EU regulations 226 6.2.2 US regulations 228 6.2.3 Codex standards 228 6.3
Emulsion technology 229 6.3.1 Properties of emulsions 229 6.3.2 Emulsifiers
and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values 232 6.3.3 Stabilisers 233 6.3.4
Preservatives and microbiological stability 233 6.3.5 Emulsion preparation
234 6.4 Process technology 236 6.4.1 Current yellow fat range 236 6.4.2
Scraped-surface cooling 237 6.4.3 Churning technology 244 6.4.4 Storage
conditions 246 6.5 Yellow fat blends 247 6.5.1 Trans-fatty-acid-free oil
blends 247 6.5.2 Some properties of butter 247 6.5.3 Oils high in lauric
and palmitic fatty acids 247 6.5.4 Long-chain fatty acids 249 6.6 Flavoured
butters 250 6.7 Non-yellow fat range 250 References 251 7 Emulsifiers and
stabilisers 253 Niall W.G. Young 7.1 Introduction 253 7.2 Surface activity
254 7.2.1 Surfactants 254 7.2.2 Surface and interfacial tension 255 7.3
Interface formation 256 7.3.1 Division of internal phase 256 7.3.2 Emulsion
formation 257 7.3.3 Foams 258 7.3.4 Wetting 258 7.4 Stabilisation 259 7.4.1
Creaming and sedimentation 260 7.4.2 Flocculation and coalescence 260 7.4.3
Droplet-droplet interactions 261 7.4.4 Viscosity and gelation 262 7.5 Food
emulsifiers 263 7.5.1 Monoglycerides 263 7.5.2 Monoglyceride derivatives
263 7.5.3 Polyol esters of fatty acids 266 7.5.4 Lactic acid esters of
fatty acids 266 7.5.5 Lecithin 267 7.6 The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
268 7.7 Hydrocolloid stabilisers and thickeners 270 7.7.1 Hydrocolloids 270
7.7.2 Modified starch 272 7.7.3 Cellulose derivatives 273 7.8 Applications
273 7.8.1 Margarine and dairy products 273 7.8.2 Baking 278 7.8.3 Coatings
280 7.8.4 Dressings and sauces 281 7.9 Regulatory aspects 284 References
284 8 Food safety and quality issues of dairy fats 289 Upuli Wijewardene
and H.M. Premlal Ranjith 8.1 Introduction 289 8.1.1 Codex Alimentarius 289
8.1.2 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 290 8.1.3 The importance of
the HACCP in food production 290 8.1.4 Food safety standards 291 8.2
Food-borne disease: the problem 291 8.2.1 Microbiology of milk and milk
products 291 8.2.2 Magnitude and nature of milk-borne disease outbreaks 292
8.2.3 Food-borne disease outbreak surveillance 293 8.2.4 Surveillance of
milk-borne disease outbreaks 294 8.2.5 Control of food-borne diseases 295
8.2.6 Safety of milk and milk products 295 8.3 Food safety and quality
issues of dairy fats 296 8.3.1 Approach to risk assessment and the HACCP
297 8.4 Implementing the HACCP 299 8.4.1 Areas concerning food safety 300
8.5 Food safety and quality in dairy production 302 8.5.1 Pasteurised milk
303 8.5.2 Cheese 303 8.5.3 Yogurt 303 8.5.4 Cream/Butter 312 8.6 Future
trends 316 References 324 9 Culinary fats: solid and liquid frying oils and
speciality oils 327 Mark Farmer 9.1 Introduction 327 9.2 Salad and cooking
oils 328 9.3 Frying fats 333 9.3.1 Shallow (pan) frying 333 9.3.2 Deep fat
frying 334 9.3.3 Selection of frying media 339 9.4 Oils for roasting nuts
342 9.5 Ghee 343 9.5.1 Ghee attributes and quality 344 9.5.2 Uses of ghee
346 9.6 Vanaspati 346 9.7 Speciality oils 348 9.7.1 Almond oil 349 9.7.2
Groundnut oil 349 9.7.3 Hazelnut oil 351 9.7.4 Sesame seed oil 351 9.7.5
Safflower oil 352 9.7.6 Grapeseed oil 353 9.7.7 Walnut oil 353 9.7.8 Rice
bran oil 353 9.7.9 Flaxseed oil 354 9.7.10 Avocado oil 354 9.8 Conclusion
354 References 355 Appendix Nomenclature for fatty acids and triglycerides
359 Index 361