George Kizer

Digital Microwave Communication (eBook, ePUB)

Engineering Point-to-Point Microwave Systems

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

The first book to cover all engineering aspects of microwave communication path design for the digital age Fixed point-to-point microwave systems provide moderate-capacity digital transmission between well-defined locations. Most popular in situations where fiber optics or satellite communication is impractical, it is commonly used for cellular or PCS site interconnectivity where digital connectivity is needed but not economically available from other sources, and in private networks where reliability is most important. Until now, no book has adequately treated all engineering aspects of microwave communications in the digital age. This important new work provides readers with the depth of knowledge necessary for all the system engineering details associated with fixed point-to-point microwave radio path design: the why, what, and how of microwave transmission; design objectives; engineering methodologies; and design philosophy (in the bid, design, and acceptance phase of the project). Written in an easily accessible format, Digital Microwave Communication features an appendix of specialized engineering details and formulas, and offers up chapter coverage of: * A Brief History of Microwave Radio * Microwave Radio Overview * System Components * Hypothetical Reference Circuits * Multipath Fading * Rain Fading * Reflections and Obstructions * Network Reliability Calculations * Regulation of Microwave Radio Networks * Radio Network Performance Objectives * Designing and Operating Microwave Systems * Antennas * Radio Diversity * Ducting and Obstruction Fading * Digital Receiver Interference * Path Performance Calculations Digital Microwave Communication: Engineering Point-to-Point Microwave Systems will be of great interest to engineers and managers who specify, design, or evaluate fixed point-to-point microwave systems associated with communications systems and equipment manufacturers, independent and university research organizations, government agencies, telecommunications services, and other users.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 756
• Erscheinungstermin: 22. Mai 2013
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118636800
• Artikelnr.: 39054512

Autorenporträt

GEORGE KIZER is a telecomm consultant specializing in microwave radio engineering and training. Before retiring from Alcatel North America's Wireless Transmission Division in 2001, he worked at Collins Radio and Rockwell International's Microwave Division of the Collins Radio Group. Mr. Kizer also served as chairman of the TIA's Fixed Microwave Section from 1991 to 1996.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix 1 A Brief History of Microwave Radio Fixed Point-to-Point (Relay) Communication Systems 1 1.1 In the Beginning
1 1.2 Microwave Telecommunications Companies
7 1.3 Practical Applications
10 1.4 The Beat Goes On
14 References
16 2 Regulation of Microwave Radio Transmissions 20 2.1 Radio Frequency Management
21 2.2 Testing for Interference
28 2.3 Radio Paths by FCC Frequency Band in the United States
29 2.4 Influences in Frequency Allocation and Utilization Policy within the Western Hemisphere
30 2.5 FCC Fixed Radio Services
36 2.6 Site Data Accuracy Requirements
41 2.7 FCC Antenna Registration System (ASR) Registration Requirements
42 2.8 Engineering Microwave Paths Near Airports and Heliports
44 References
47 3 Microwave Radio Overview 48 3.1 Introduction
48 3.2 Digital Signaling
50 3.3 Noise Figure
Noise Factor
Noise Temperature
and Front End Noise
50 3.4 Digital Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
53 3.5 Radio Transmitters and Receivers
58 3.6 Modulation Format
60 3.7 QAM Digital Radios
65 3.8 Channel Equalization
68 3.9 Channel Coding
70 3.10 Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM)
72 3.11 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
75 3.12 Radio Configurations
76 3.13 Frequency Diversity and Multiline Considerations
82 3.14 Transmission Latency
85 3.15 Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC)
87 3.16 Current Trends
87 References
90 4 Radio Network Performance Objectives 96 4.1 Customer Service Objectives
96 4.2 Maintenance Objectives
96 4.3 Commissioning Objectives
98 4.4 Design Objectives
98 4.5 Differences Between North American and European Radio System Objectives
99 4.6 North American Telecommunications System Design Objectives
100 4.7 International Telecommunications System Design Objectives
100 4.8 Engineering Microwave Paths to Design Objectives
102 4.9 Accuracy of Path Availability Calculations
106 4.10 Impact of Flat Multipath Variability
108 4.11 Impact of Outage Measurement Methodology
108 4.12 Impact of External Interference
109 4.13 Conclusion
109 References
110 5 Radio System Components 114 5.1 Microwave Signal Transmission Lines
115 5.2 Antenna Support Structures
121 5.3 Tower Rigidity and Integrity
127 5.4 Transmission Line Management
127 5.5 Antennas
127 5.6 Near Field
137 5.7 Fundamental Antenna Limitations
143 5.8 Propagation
143 5.9 Radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Propagation
145 5.10 Radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Terrain
149 5.11 Antenna Placement
153 5.12 Frequency Band Characteristics
155 5.13 Path Distances
157 5.A Appendix
159 References
172 6 Designing and Operating Microwave Systems 175 6.1 Why Microwave Radio? 175 6.2 Radio System Design
175 6.3 Designing Low Frequency Radio Networks
179 6.4 Designing High Frequency Radio Networks
182 6.5 Field Measurements
185 6.6 User Data Interfaces
185 6.7 Operations and Maintenance
202 6.8 Maintaining the Network
210 References
217 7 Hypothetical Reference Circuits 220 7.1 North American (NA) Availability Objectives
220 7.2 North American Quality Objectives
225 7.3 International Objectives
225 7.4 International Telecommunication Union Quality Objectives
236 7.5 Error-Performance Relationship Among BER
BBER
and SESs
245 References
247 8 Microwave Antenna Theory 249 8.1 Common Parameters
251 8.2 Passive Reflectors
252 8.3 Circular (Parabolic) Antennas
256 8.4 Square Flat Panel Antennas
274 8.5 Regulatory Near Field Power Density Limits
290 8.6 Practical Near Field Power Calculations
290 8.7 Near Field Antenna Coupling Loss
296 8.A Appendix
307 References
318 9 Multipath Fading 320 9.1 Flat and Dispersive Fading
329 9.A Appendix
338 References
344 10 Microwave Radio Diversity 348 10.1 Space Diversity
350 10.2 Dual-Frequency Diversity
354 10.3 Quad (Space and Frequency) Diversity
357 10.4 Hybrid Diversity
358 10.5 Multiline Frequency Diversity
358 10.6 Crossband Multiline
365 10.7 Angle Diversity
366 10.A Appendix
372 References
380 11 Rain Fading 384 11.1 Point (Single-Location) Rain Loss (Fade) Estimation
386 11.2 Path Rain-Fade Estimation
390 11.3 Point-to-Path Length Conversion Factor
398 11.4 Single-Location Rain Rate R
398 11.5 City Rain Rate Data for North America
407 11.6 New Rain Zones
430 11.7 Worst-Month Rain Rates
430 11.8 Point Rain Rate Variability
439 11.9 Examples of Rain-Loss-Dominated Path Designs
441 11.10 Conclusions
444 11.A Appendix
446 References
458 12 Ducting and Obstruction Fading 461 12.1 Introduction
461 12.2 Superrefraction (Ducting)
465 12.3 Subrefraction (Earth Bulge or Obstruction)
469 12.4 Minimizing Obstruction Fading
471 12.5 Obstruction Fading Model
477 12.6 Obstruction Fading Estimation
479 12.7 Bell Labs Seasonal Parameter Charts
483 12.8 Refractivity Data Limitations
484 12.9 Reviewing the Bell Labs Seasonal Parameter Charts
485 12.10 Obstruction Fading Parameter Estimation
486 12.11 Evaluating Path Clearance Criteria
487 12.A Appendix: North American Refractivity Index Charts
490 12.B Appendix: Worldwide Obstruction Fading Data
491 References
511 13 Reflections and Obstructions 514 13.1 Theoretical Rough Earth Reflection Coefficient
514 13.2 Scattering from Earth Terrain
517 13.3 Practical Earth Reflection Coefficient
519 13.4 Reflection Location
519 13.5 Smooth Earth Divergence Factor
522 13.6 Reflections from Objects Near a Path
523 13.7 Fresnel Zones
525 13.8 Antenna Launch Angle (Transmit or Receive Antenna Takeoff Angle)
527 13.9 Grazing Angle
527 13.10 Additional Path Distance
528 13.11 Estimating the Effect of a Signal Reflected from the Earth
528 13.12 Flat Earth Obstruction Path Loss
529 13.13 Smooth Earth Obstruction Loss
529 13.14 Knife-Edge Obstruction Path Gain
530 13.15 Rounded-Edge Obstruction Path Gain
531 13.16 Complex Terrain Obstruction Losses
532 13.A Appendix
536 References
555 14 Digital Receiver Interference 559 14.1 Composite Interference (T/T ) Criterion
559 14.2 Carrier-to-Interference Ratio (C/I) Criterion
560 14.3 Measuring C/I
560 14.4 Estimating C/I
561 14.5 Threshold to Interference (T/I) Criterion
562 14.6 Why Estimate T/I
563 14.7 T/I Estimation--Method One
564 14.8 T/I Estimation--Method Two
565 14.9 Conclusion
569 14.A Appendix
569 14.B Appendix: Receiver Parameters
571 References
572 15 Network Reliability Calculations 573 15.1 Hardware Reliability
574 15.2 System Reliability
577 15.3 Communication Systems
579 15.4 Application to Radio Configurations
580 15.5 Spare Unit Requirements
580 15.6 BER Estimation
583 References
585 16 Path Performance Calculations 587 16.1 Path Loss
588 16.2 Fade Margin
589 16.3 Path Performance
589 16.4 Allowance for Interference
590 16.5 North American (NA) Path Performance Calculations
590 16.6 International Telecommunication Union--Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Path Performance Calculations
604 16.7 Rain Fading and Obstruction Fading (NA and ITU-R)
614 16.8 Comparing the North American and the ITU-R Flat-Fading Estimates
614 16.9 Diffraction and Vegetation Attenuation
621 16.10 Fog Attenuation
622 16.11 Air Attenuation
624 16.A Appendix
631 References
649 A Microwave Formulas and Tables 653 A.1 General
653 Table A.1 General
653 Table A.2 Scientific and Engineering Notation
654 Table A.3 Emission Designator
655 Table A.4 Typical Commercial Parabolic Antenna Gain (dBi)
656 Table A.5 Typical Rectangular Waveguide
656 Table A.6 Typical Rectangular Waveguide Data
657 Table A.7 Typical Copper Corrugated Elliptical Waveguide Loss
657 Table A.8 Typical Copper Circular Waveguide Loss
658 Table A.9 Rectangular Waveguide Attenuation Factors
659 Table A.10 CommScope Elliptical Waveguide Attenuation Factors
659 Table A.11 RFS Elliptical Waveguide Attenuation Factors
660 Table A.12 Elliptical Waveguide Cutoff Frequencies
660 Table A.13 Circular Waveguide Cutoff Frequencies
661 Table A.14 Typical Coaxial Microwave Connectors
663 Table A.15 Coaxial Cable Velocity Factors
664 Table A.16 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable Attenuation Factors
664 Table A.17 Frequency Bands
General Users
665 Table A.18 Frequency Bands
Fixed Point to Point Operators
665 Table A.19 Frequency Bands
Radar
Space and Satellite Operators
666 Table A.20 Frequency Bands
Electronic Warfare Operators
666 Table A.21 Frequency Bands
Great Britain Operators
666 Table A.22 Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Demodulator 10.6 BER
667 A.2 Radio Transmission
668 A.3 Antennas (Far Field)
675 A.4 Near-Field Power Density
682 A.5 Antennas (Close Coupled)
683 A.6 Path Geometry
687 A.7 Obstruction Loss
693 A.8 Mapping
698 A.9 Towers
700 A.10 Interpolation
702 B Personnel and Equipment Safety Considerations 709 B.1 General Safety Guidelines
709 B.2 Equipment Protection
711 B.3 Equipment Considerations
712 B.4 Personnel Protective Equipment
713 B.5 Accident Prevention Signs
713 B.6 Tower Climbing
713 B.7 Hand Tools
715 B.8 Electrical Powered Tools
715 B.9 Soldering Irons
715 B.10 Ladders
716 B.11 Hoisting or Moving Equipment
716 B.12 Batteries
717 B.13 Laser Safety Guidelines
717 B.14 Safe Use of Lasers and LED in Optical Fiber Communication Systems
718 B.15 Optical Fiber Communication System (OFCS) Service Groups (SGs)
718 B.16 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
719 B.17 Maximum Permissible Microwave Radio RF Exposure
720 B.18 Protect Other Radio Users [FCC]
720 B.19 PAUSE (Prevent all Unplanned Service Events) and Ask Yourself (Verizon and AT&T Operations)
721 B.20 Protect Yourself (Bell System Operations)
721 B.21 Parting Comment
721 Index 723