David Banks

An Introduction to Thermogeology (eBook, ePUB)

Ground Source Heating and Cooling

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

This authoritative guide provides a basis for understanding the emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. It equips engineers, geologists, architects, planners and regulators with the fundamental skills needed to manipulate the ground's huge capacity to store, supply and receive heat, and to implement technologies (such as heat pumps) to exploit that capacity for space heating and cooling. The author has geared the book towards understanding ground source heating and cooling from the ground side (the geological aspects), rather than solely the building aspects. He explains the science behind thermogeology and offers practical guidance on different design options. An Introduction to Thermogeology: ground source heating and cooling is aimed primarily at professionals whose skill areas impinge on the emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. They will be aware of the importance of the technology and wish to rapidly acquire fundamental theoretical understanding and design skills. This second edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded to cover new technical developments and now includes end-of-chapter study questions to test the reader's understanding.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 544
• Erscheinungstermin: 30. Mai 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118447505
• Artikelnr.: 37340478

Autorenporträt

David Banks is one of the Britain's leading hydrogeologists and has been instrumental in promoting ground source heating and cooling within the UK. He has over 26 years international experience from consultancy, the public sector, academia and commercial training. He runs his own business, Holymoor Consultancy Ltd., and has taught at the Universities of Sheffield, Leeds and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Most recently, he has been a trainer on the EU's Geotrainet programme.

Inhaltsangabe

About the Author xi Preface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second
Edition xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 An Introduction 1 1.1 Who should read
this book? 2 1.2 What will this book do and not do? 2 1.3 Why should you
read this book? 3 1.4 Thermogeology and hydrogeology 6 2 Geothermal Energy
11 2.1 Geothermal energy and ground source heat 11 2.2 Lord Kelvin's
conducting, cooling earth 12 2.3 Geothermal gradient, heat flux and the
structure of the earth 14 2.4 Internal heat generation in the crust 16 2.5
The convecting earth? 17 2.6 Geothermal anomalies 19 2.7 Types of
geothermal system 27 2.8 Use of geothermal energy to produce electricity by
steam turbines 28 2.9 Binary systems 28 2.10 Direct use 30 2.11 Cascading
use 30 2.12 Hot dry rock systems [a.k.a. 'enhanced geothermal systems
(EGS)'] 32 2.13 The 'sustainability' of geothermal energy and its
environmental impact 35 2.14 And if we do not live in Iceland? 38 3 The
Subsurface as a Heat Storage Reservoir 40 3.1 Specific heat capacity: the
ability to store heat 41 3.2 Movement of heat 45 3.3 The temperature of the
ground 51 3.4 Insolation and atmospheric radiation 55 3.5 Cyclical
temperature signals in the ground 59 3.6 Geothermal gradient 61 3.7 Human
sources of heat in the ground 65 3.8 Geochemical energy 69 3.9 The heat
energy budget of our subsurface reservoir 70 3.10 Cyclical storage of heat
72 3.11 Manipulating the ground heat reservoir 74 4 What Is a Heat Pump? 79
4.1 Engines 81 4.2 Pumps 84 4.3 Heat pumps 85 4.4 The rude mechanics of the
heat pump 88 4.5 Absorption heat pumps 91 4.6 Heat pumps for space heating
91 4.7 The efficiency of heat pumps 93 4.8 Air-sourced heat pumps 96 4.9
Ground source heat pumps 98 4.10 Seasonal performance factor (SPF) 99 4.11
GSHPs for cooling 100 4.12 Other environmental sources of heat 100 4.13 The
benefits of GSHPs 101 4.14 Capital cost 104 4.15 Other practical
considerations 107 4.16 The challenge of delivering efficient GSHP systems
108 4.17 Challenges: the future 109 4.18 Summary 112 5 Heat Pumps and
Thermogeology: A Brief History and International Perspective 114 5.1
Refrigeration before the heat pump 115 5.2 The overseas ice trade 117 5.3
Artificial refrigeration: who invented the heat pump? 119 5.4 The history
of the GSHP 121 5.5 The global energy budget: how significant are GSHPs?
129 5.6 Ground source heat: a competitor in energy markets? 132 6 Ground
Source Cooling 133 6.1 Our cooling needs in space 133 6.2 Scale effects and
our cooling needs in time 134 6.3 Traditional cooling 135 6.4 Dry coolers
136 6.5 Evaporation 138 6.6 Chillers/heat pumps 141 6.7 Absorption heat
pumps 143 6.8 Delivery of cooling in large buildings 144 6.9
Dehumidification 145 6.10 Passive cooling using the ground 145 6.11 Active
ground source cooling 147 6.12 An example of open-loop groundwater cooling
148 7 Options and Applications for Ground Source Heat Pumps 150 7.1 How
much heat do I need? 150 7.2 Sizing a GSHP 156 7.3 Open-loop ground source
heat systems 161 7.4 Closed-loop systems 173 7.5 Domestic hot water by
ground source heat pumps? 191 7.6 Heating and cooling delivery in complex
systems 195 7.7 Heat from ice 201 8 The Design of Groundwater-Based
Open-Loop Systems 202 8.1 Common design flaws of open-loop groundwater
systems 203 8.2 Aquifers, aquitards and fractures 203 8.3 Transmissivity
205 8.4 Confined and unconfined aquifers 206 8.5 Abstraction well design in
confined and unconfined aquifers 208 8.6 Design yield, depth and drawdown
210 8.7 Real wells and real aquifers 215 8.8 Sources of information 217 8.9
Multiple wells in a wellfield 222 8.10 Hydraulic feedback in a well doublet
227 8.11 Heat migration in the groundwater environment 234 8.12 The
importance of three-dimensionality 240 8.13 Mathematical reversibility 242
8.14 Sustainability: thermally balanced systems and seasonal reversal 243
8.15 Groundwater modelling 244 8.16 Examples of open-loop heating/cooling
schemes 245 8.17 Further reading 246 9 Pipes, Pumps and the Hydraulics of
Closed-Loop Systems 248 9.1 Our overall objective 251 9.2 Hydraulic
resistance of the heat exchanger 252 9.3 The hydraulic resistance of pipes
253 9.4 Acceptable hydraulic losses 255 9.5 Hydraulic resistances in series
and parallel 255 9.6 An example 256 9.7 Selecting pumps 262 9.8 Carrier
fluids 265 9.9 Manifolds 271 9.10 Hydraulic testing of closed loops 275
9.11 Equipping a ground loop 277 10 Subsurface Heat Conduction and the
Design of Borehole-Based Closed-Loop Systems 279 10.1 Rules of thumb? 279
10.2 Common design flaws 282 10.3 Subsurface heat conduction 283 10.4
Analogy between heat flow and groundwater flow 286 10.5 Carslaw, Ingersoll,
Zobel, Claesson and Eskilson's solutions 289 10.6 Real closed-loop
boreholes 294 10.7 Application of theory - an example 304 10.8 Multiple
borehole arrays 313 10.9 Simulating cooling loads 321 10.10 Simulation time
322 10.11 Stop press 323 11 Horizontal Closed-Loop Systems 325 11.1
Principles of operation and important parameters 326 11.2 Depth of burial
327 11.3 Loop materials and carrier fluids 328 11.4 Ground conditions 329
11.5 Areal constraints 333 11.6 Geometry of installation 333 11.7 Modelling
horizontal ground exchange systems 344 11.8 Earth tubes: air as a carrier
fluid 351 12 Pond- and Lake-Based Ground Source Heat Systems 353 12.1 The
physics of lakes 354 12.2 Some rules of thumb 356 12.3 The heat balance of
a lake 357 12.4 Open-loop lake systems 365 12.5 Closed-loop surface water
systems 367 12.6 Closed-loop systems - environmental considerations 371 13
Standing Column Wells 372 13.1 'Standing column' systems 372 13.2 The maths
376 13.3 The cost of SCWs 377 13.4 SCW systems in practice 379 13.5 A brief
case study: Grindon Camping Barn 379 13.6 A final twist - the Jacob doublet
well 381 14 Thinking Big: Large-Scale Heat Storage and Transfer 383 14.1
The thermal capacity of a building footprint 384 14.2 Simulating
closed-loop arrays with balanced loads 385 14.3 A case study of a balanced
scheme: car showroom, Bucharest 390 14.4 Balancing loads 392 14.5
Deliberate thermal energy storage - closed-loop borehole thermal energy
storage (BTES) 395 14.6 Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) 398 14.7 UTES
and heat pumps 403 14.8 Regional transfer and storage of heat 403 15
Thermal Response Testing 410 15.1 Sources of thermogeological data 410 15.2
Laboratory determination of thermal conductivity 411 15.3 The thermal
response test (TRT) 412 15.4 The practicalities: the test rig 417 15.5 Test
procedure 420 15.6 Sources of uncertainty 425 15.7 Non-uniform geology 426
15.8 Non-constant power input 426 15.9 Groundwater flow 427 15.10 Analogies
with hydrogeology 428 15.11 Thermal response testing for horizontal closed
loops 429 16 Environmental Impact, Regulation and Geohazards 432 16.1 The
regulatory framework 432 16.2 Thermal risks 437 16.3 Hydraulic risks 444
16.4 Geotechnical risks 449 16.5 Contamination risks 451 16.6 Geochemical
risks 453 16.7 Microbiological risks 454 16.8 Excavation and drilling risks
455 16.9 Decommissioning of boreholes 458 16.10 Promoting technology:
subsidy 459 16.11 The final word 460 References 463 Study Question Answers
493 Symbols 503 Glossary 509 Units 515 Index 518