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The detailed knowledge of atomic and molecular structure has been obtained from spectroscopic studies of the emission, absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation accompanying transitions among atomic or molecular energy levels. Whereas atomic spectra involve only electronic transitions, the spectroscopy of molecules is more intricate because vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom come into play as well. Early observations of absorption or emission by molecules were characterized as band spectra in contrast to the line spectra exhibited by atoms. It is now understood that these bands reflect closely-spaced vibrational and rotational energies augmenting the electronic states of a molecule. With improvements in spectroscopic techniques over the years, it has becomes possible to resolve individual vibrational and rotational transitions. This has provided a rich source of information on molecular geometry, energetic and dynamics. Molecular spectroscopy has also contributed significantly to analytical chemistry, environmental science, astrophysics, biophysics and biochemistry.