Biological functions are almost exclusively attributed to macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides. To gain their complete functional activities these biomolecules have to associate with the cellular components, such as the nuclear matrix, cytoskeleton or cell/plasma membranes. Topics discussed in this volume 12 include the synthesis of small nuclear RNAs, DNA-activated protein kinase, interactions of water and proteins in cellular functions, heat-shock protein synthesis and the cytoskeleton during early development.
Biological functions are almost exclusively attributed to macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides. To gain their complete functional activities these biomolecules have to associate with the cellular components, such as the nuclear matrix, cytoskeleton or cell/plasma membranes. Topics discussed in this volume 12 include the synthesis of small nuclear RNAs, DNA-activated protein kinase, interactions of water and proteins in cellular functions, heat-shock protein synthesis and the cytoskeleton during early development.
Synthesis of Small Nuclear RNAs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Two Classes of U snRNA Genes.- 3 RNA Polymerases Transcribing U snRNA Genes.- 4 Organization of U snRNA Genes.- 5 Cis-Acting Elements in U snRNA Genes.- 6 Interconversion of U snRNA Promoters.- 7 Regulation of snRNA Synthesis.- 8 Formation of Cap Structure in U snRNAs.- 9 Summary.- References.- The DNA-Activated Protein Kinase, DNA-PK.- 1 Nuclear Protein Kinases.- 2 Nucleic Acid Effects on Protein Kinase Activity.- 3 Detection of DNA-Stimulated Protein Phosphorylation in Cell Extracts.- 4 Purification of DNA-PK from HeLa Cells.- 5 Physical Characteristics of DNA-PK.- 6 Subcellular Localization.- 7 Phosphate Donor and Cofactor Requirements.- 8 Effects of Inhibitors.- 9 Substrate Specificity.- 10 Effects of Polynucleotides.- 11 Occurrence of DNA-PK in Other Cells.- 12 Comparison with Other Nuclear Protein Kinases.- 13 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- The Cytoskeleton During Early Development: Structural Transformation and Reorganization of RNA and Protein.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Cytoskeleton in the Early Development of Chordates.- 3 The Cytoskeleton in the Early Development of Nonchordates.- 4 Conclusion.- References.- Developmental Regulations of Heat-Shock Protein Synthesis in Unstressed and Stressed Cells.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Expression of Heat-Shock Genes During Gametogenesis and Early Development in the Absence of Stress.- 3 Heat-Shock Protein Synthesis in Differentiation Processes.- 4 Deficient Heat-Shock Responses.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- The Interactions of Water and Proteins in Cellular Function.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Cluster Model of Liquid Structure.- 3 The Domain Model of Protein Structure.- References.
Synthesis of Small Nuclear RNAs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Two Classes of U snRNA Genes.- 3 RNA Polymerases Transcribing U snRNA Genes.- 4 Organization of U snRNA Genes.- 5 Cis-Acting Elements in U snRNA Genes.- 6 Interconversion of U snRNA Promoters.- 7 Regulation of snRNA Synthesis.- 8 Formation of Cap Structure in U snRNAs.- 9 Summary.- References.- The DNA-Activated Protein Kinase, DNA-PK.- 1 Nuclear Protein Kinases.- 2 Nucleic Acid Effects on Protein Kinase Activity.- 3 Detection of DNA-Stimulated Protein Phosphorylation in Cell Extracts.- 4 Purification of DNA-PK from HeLa Cells.- 5 Physical Characteristics of DNA-PK.- 6 Subcellular Localization.- 7 Phosphate Donor and Cofactor Requirements.- 8 Effects of Inhibitors.- 9 Substrate Specificity.- 10 Effects of Polynucleotides.- 11 Occurrence of DNA-PK in Other Cells.- 12 Comparison with Other Nuclear Protein Kinases.- 13 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- The Cytoskeleton During Early Development: Structural Transformation and Reorganization of RNA and Protein.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Cytoskeleton in the Early Development of Chordates.- 3 The Cytoskeleton in the Early Development of Nonchordates.- 4 Conclusion.- References.- Developmental Regulations of Heat-Shock Protein Synthesis in Unstressed and Stressed Cells.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Expression of Heat-Shock Genes During Gametogenesis and Early Development in the Absence of Stress.- 3 Heat-Shock Protein Synthesis in Differentiation Processes.- 4 Deficient Heat-Shock Responses.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- The Interactions of Water and Proteins in Cellular Function.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Cluster Model of Liquid Structure.- 3 The Domain Model of Protein Structure.- References.
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