Recent changes in the codes for building pipelines has led to a boom in the production of new materials that can be used in flexible pipes. With the use of polymers, steel, and other new materials and variations on existing materials, the construction and, therefore, the installation and operation of flexible pipes is changing and being improved upon all over the world. The authors of this work have written numerous books and papers on these subjects and are some of the most influential authors on flexible pipes in the world, contributing much of the literature on this subject to the industry.…mehr
Recent changes in the codes for building pipelines has led to a boom in the production of new materials that can be used in flexible pipes. With the use of polymers, steel, and other new materials and variations on existing materials, the construction and, therefore, the installation and operation of flexible pipes is changing and being improved upon all over the world. The authors of this work have written numerous books and papers on these subjects and are some of the most influential authors on flexible pipes in the world, contributing much of the literature on this subject to the industry. This new volume is a presentation of some of the most cutting-edge technological advances in technical publishing.
This is the most comprehensive and in-depth book on this subject, covering not just the various materials and their aspects that make them different, but every process that goes into their installation, operation, and design. The thirty-six chapters, divided up into four different parts, have had not just the authors of this text but literally dozens of other engineers who are some of the world's leading scientists in this area contribute to the work. This is the future of pipelines, and it is an important breakthrough. A must-have for the veteran engineer and student alike, this volume is an important new advancement in the energy industry, a strong link in the chain of the world's energy production.
Qiang Bai, PhD, has more than 20 years of experience in subsea and offshore engineering. He has taught at Kyushu University in Japan, UCLA in the USA, and he has worked at OPE, JP Kenny, and Technip. He is also the coauthor of three influential books on pipelines, which are standard in the industry. Yong Bai, PhD, is the president of Offshore Pipelines & Risers Inc. in Houston, and is a professor and the director of the Offshore Engineering Research Center at Zhejiang University. He has previously taught at Stavanger University in Norway where he was a professor of offshore structures and has also worked with ABS as manager of the Offshore Technology Department as the JIP project manager and has also worked for Shell International E & P, JP Kenny, and MCS, where he was vice president of engineering. He is the co-author of two books on pipelines and over 100 papers on the design and installation of subsea pipelines and risers. Weidong Ruan, PhD, is the author of numerous papers in the field of flexible pipelines and has co-authored chapters of books on pipelines and risers.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xxi
About the Authors xxiii
Part I Design and Analysis
1 Flexible Pipes and Limit-States Design 3
1.1 I ntroduction 3
1.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe 3
1.2.1 Metal-Based Flexible Pipes 5
1.2.2 Composite-Based Flexible Pipes 7
1.2.3 D esign Codes and Specifications 10
1.3 Comparison between Flexible Pipes and Rigid Pipes 12
1.3.1 Unbonded Flexible Riser vs. Rigid Steel Riser 12
1.3.2 Flexible Jumper vs. Rigid Steel Jumper 12
1.3.3 Flexible Composite Pipe vs. Rigid Pipe 13
1.3.3.1 Material Costs 14
1.3.3.2 I nstallation Costs 14
1.3.3.3 Operational Costs 15
1.3.3.4 Comparison Example 15
1.4 Failure Mode and Design Criteria 15
1.4.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipe 15
1.4.1.1 Failure Modes 15
1.4.1.2 D esign Criteria 17
1.4.2 Flexible Composite Pipe 20
1.4.2.1 Failure Modes 20
1.4.2.2 D esign Criteria 20
1.5 L imit State Design 24
1.5.1 L imit States 24
1.5.2 Reliability-Based Methods 25
References 26
2 Materials and Aging 29
2.1 I ntroduction 29
2.1.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipes 30
2.1.2 Flexible Composite Pipes 34
vi Contents
2.2 Metallic Material 35
2.2.1 Stainless Steel 35
2.2.2 Carbon Steel 36
2.3 Polymer Material 36
2.3.1 Annulus 36
2.3.2 Chemical Resistance 39
2.3.3 Permeation and Permeation Control Systems 41
2.3.3.1 Theory of Gas Permeation 41
2.3.3.2 Permeation Calculation 42
2.3.4 Anti H2S Layer 44
2.4 Aging 45
2.4.1 N onmetallic Material 46
2.4.2 Metallic Material 48
References 49
3 Ancillary Equipment and End Fitting Design 51
3.1 I ntroduction 51
3.1.1 D esign Criteria 51
3.2 Bend Stiffeners and Bellmouths 53
3.2.1 I ntroduction 53
3.2.2 D esign Criteria and Failure Modes 55
3.2.3 D esign Considerations 56
3.2.4 Bellmouths 57
3.3 Bend Restrictor 58
3.4 Buoyancy Modules 59
3.5 Cathodic Protection 60
3.6 Annulus Venting System 61
3.7 E nd Fittings 63
3.7.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipes 64
3.7.1.1 D esign Criteria 64
3.7.1.2 Metallic Materials 66
3.7.1.3 E nd Fittings by Different Manufacturers 66
3.7.2 Flexible Composite Pipes 68
3.7.2.1 D esign Criteria 70
3.7.2.2 Materials 70
3.7.2.3 E nd Fitting Types 71
3.7.2.4 I nstallation 72
References 74
4 Reliability-Based Design Factors 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Failure Probability 76
4.2.1 L imit State and Failure Mode 76
4.2.2 Failure Probability 76
4.3 Safety Factor Based on Reliability 77
4.3.1 Uncertainties of Resistance and Load Effect 78
4.3.2 L RFD Formulation 79
4.3.3 D esign Process 79
Contents vii
4.4 D esign Example 82
4.4.1 L imit State Function 83
4.4.1.1 Resistance Model for Inner Pressure Load 83
4.4.1.2 L imit State Function 83
4.4.2 Probability Model of Resistance 83
4.4.2.1 Probability Distribution of Resistance Parameters 83
