Paul C Lebby

Brain Imaging

A Guide for Clinicians

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book is designed to provide a foundation of information necessary for those wishing to integrate brain imaging into their practice or who seek more training. Information is given to assist the clinician in interpreting images, determining which scans to order, and understanding how images should be used in the clinic.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Oxford University Press, USA
• Seitenzahl: 434
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. März 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 279mm x 216mm x 18mm
• Gewicht: 1406g
• ISBN-13: 9780190239060
• ISBN-10: 0190239069
• Artikelnr.: 47864026

Autorenporträt

Paul C. Lebby has over 20 years of experience in integrating brain imaging into his clinical practice, beginning with the interpretation of images on sheets of film and progressing to current high-tech procedures. He has a background in computer graphics, which he has used to facilitate his teaching of neuroanatomy and neuropathology to students for more than two decades. He lectures across the country on the clinical use of brain imaging for those who treat patients with central nervous system conditions.

Inhaltsangabe

* Preface
* Acknowledgments
* Introduction
* 1: THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF BRAIN IMAGING
* Access to Brain Imaging
* Advantages of Using Brain Imaging in the Clinic
* Clues Regarding Extent of Injury
* Clues Regarding Type of Injury
* Clues to Location of Injury or Pathology
* Clues Regarding Prognosis and Expected Functional Outcome
* Clues Regarding Time Course for Recovery
* Concrete Information for Families
* Limitations: What Neuroimaging Often Does Not Provide the Clinician
* Brain imaging does not measure a patient's functioning
* Brain imaging may not provide information about electrochemical
processes
* Brain imaging does not provide direct visualization of microscopic
injury
* Brain scans often do not provide information regarding the etiology
of damage
* Brain scans do not treat the patient
* Showing Damage on Brain Images May Not be Recommended
* What to Do When the Patient or Family Members Ask to See the Brain
Scans
* What to Request When Writing Orders for Brain Imaging
* Radiologist Reports
* Anatomy versus Functioning
* 2: VIEWING AND INTERPRETING BRAIN SCANS
* Orientation and Image Plane
* Axial or Horizontal Orientation
* Axial Reformatting with Varying Slice Angles
* Coronal Orientation
* Sagittal Orientation
* When Right Is Left and Left Is Right
* Basic Clinical Interpretation
* Appearance of Brain Tissue on Different Types of Brain Scans
* Interpreting Findings on a Variety of Scans
* Use several image types or sequences when assessing for pathology
* Know what to look for, but also be conservative in your
interpretation
* Symmetry as a Guide to Interpreting Brain Scans
* Evaluating Head Position in the Scanner
* Exercise caution when using symmetry as a guide
* Ventricular Dilation and Compression
* How much ventricular dilation can a person sustain without symptoms?
* Obstructive (Noncommunicating) Hydrocephalus
* Communicating Hydrocephalus
* Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
* (Hydrocephalus ex vacuo)
* Transependymal Edema
* Ventricular Asymmetry
* Steroid Use
* Guide to General Appearance of Different Tissues on Brain Images
* Developmental Changes Evident on Neuroimaging
* Myelination
* Temporal Eff ects on Appearance of Brain Scans
* Use caution when assessing atrophy
* Temporal Eff ects due to Progression of an Illness
* Know what the imaging should look like before viewing it
* Diagnostic Pitfalls of Neuroimaging
* Being too Focused or Not Focused Enough
* Missing What Is Missing
* Missing Pathology in the Neutral Gray
* Stop Searching After Finding an Obvious Abnormality
* Consider All Possible Causes for a Particular "Pathological"
Appearance
* Pitfalls of Knowing the Neuropathology and Anatomy of the Injury
* Quality of Brain Imaging
* DICOM Viewers
* Comparing Scans Acquired on Different Occasions
* Presentation of Simultaneous Images
* 3: IMAGING-BASED NEUROANATOMY
* Primary Anatomical Landmarks
* Ventricles
* Meningeal Layers
* Dura and Dural Reflections (Folds)
* Dural Venous Sinuses
* Arachnoid Layer
* Pia Mater
* White-Matter Pathways
* Centrum Semiovale
* Corpus Callosum
* Cingulum
* Corona Radiata
* Internal Capsule
* Optic Tract and Radiations
* Basic Anatomical Areas of the Brain
* Forebrain
* Telencephalon
* Mesencephalon
* Midbrain
* Hindbrain
* Vascular System
* Internal Carotid and Vertebral Artery Distributions to the Cortex
* Circle of Willis
* Watershed Area
* Appendix 3-1
* 4: BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES
* Image Quality
* Spatial Resolution
* Contrast Resolution
* Noise
* What Type of Scan to Use?
* Types of Imaging
* Static Brain Imaging
* Ultrasound
* Computer Axial Tomography (CAT/CT)
* Angiography/Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
* Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
* Hybrid Brain Imaging
* Diffusion-Weighted MRI (DWI)
* Diffusion Tensor Imaging-Fractional Anisotropy and Tractography
* Cerebral Perfusion-Weighted MRI (PWI)
* Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
* Functional Brain Imaging
* Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
* Combined Positron Emission Tomography and CT (PET-CT) or MRI
(PET-MRI)
* Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
* Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
* Magnetic Encephalopathy (MEG-MSI)
* General Concerns about Clinical Use of Functional Brain Imaging
* Benefits of Using Multiple Functional Imaging Techniques for Each
Patient
* 5: NEUROIMAGING OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES
* Focal Injury, Diffuse Injury, or a Combination?
* Post-Traumatic Hemorrhages
* Epidural Hemotoma/Hemorrhage (EDH)
* Subdural Hematoma/Hemorrhage (SDH)
* Examples of Subdural Hematomas/Hemorrhages
* Subarachnoid Hematoma/Hemorrhage
* Examples of Subarachnoid Hematomas/Hemorrhages
* Intraparenchymal Hemorrhages
* Petechial Hemorrhages
* Diff use Axonal Injury
* Hemorrhagic Contusions
* Contrecoup Injuries
* Common Locations for Hemorrhagic and Nonhemorrhagic Contusions
* Subcortical Hemorrhages
* Post-Traumatic Pneumocephalus
* Post-Traumatic Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
* Laminar Necrosis due to Hypoxic Ischemic Infarction
* Second-Impact Syndrome
* Intraventricular Hemorrhages
* Post-Traumatic Vasospasm
* Intracerebral Edema
* Midline Shift and Asymmetrical Compression the of Ventricles
* Loss of Gray-White Differentiation
* Blast Injuries
* Imaging Changes over Time Following SevereTraumatic Brain Injury
* Penetrating Injuries
* Penetration by Bone or Debris
* Gunshot Wounds
* Low-Velocity Penetrating Injuries
* High-Velocity Penetrating Injuries
* Shotgun Injuries
* Nonaccidental Trauma (NAT)
* Suspected Nonaccidental Trauma but Not Nonaccidental Trauma
* 6: NONTRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES
* Infections of the Brain
* Meningitis
* Encephalitis and Cerebritis
* Meningoencephalitis
* Abscess
* Empyema
* Stroke and Vascular Pathologies
* Imaging Nontraumatic Hemorrhagic Strokes-Cerebral Vascular Accident
(CVA)
* Hemorrhagic Cavernomas
* Bleeding Disorders Resulting in Spontaneous Hemorrhage
* Nonhemorrhagic and Embolic Ischemic Strokes
* Blockage of Venous Flow
* Loss of Internal Carotid Flow Without Stroke-Related Symptoms
* Diffuse Hypoxic Encephalopathy
* Watershed Infarctions
* White-Matter Disorders
* Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
* Acute Disseminated Encephalomyalitis (ADEM)
* Toxic Damage to White Matter
* Neoplasm
* Diffuse, Infiltrating, and Nonenhancing Tumor
* Diffuse, Infiltrating, and Contrast-Enhancing Tumor
* Encapsulated Nonenhancing Cystic Tumor
* Encapsulated Contrast-Enhancing Tumor
* Hydrocephalus due to Tumor Growth
* Neurodevelopmental Disorders
* Cortical Dysplasia
* Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC)
* Polymicrogyria
* Anencephaly
* Holoprosencephaly
* Schizencephaly
* Multiple Neurodevelopmental Conditions
* Parasitic Disorders
* 7: BRAIN ATLAS
* Index
* Index of Clinical Examples