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As the range of feedstocks, process technologies and products expand, biorefineries will become increasingly complex manufacturing systems. B iorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis presents process modelling and integration, and whole system life cycle analysis tools for the synthesis, design, operation and sustainable development of biorefinery and chemical processes.
Topics covered include:
Introduction: An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries.
Tools: Included here are the methods for detailed economic and…mehr
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As the range of feedstocks, process technologies and products expand, biorefineries will become increasingly complex manufacturing systems. B iorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis presents process modelling and integration, and whole system life cycle analysis tools for the synthesis, design, operation and sustainable development of biorefinery and chemical processes.
Topics covered include:
Introduction: An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries.
Tools: Included here are the methods for detailed economic and environmental impact analyses; combined economic value and environmental impact analysis; life cycle assessment (LCA); multi-criteria analysis; heat integration and utility system design; mathematical programming based optimization and genetic algorithms.
Process synthesis and design: Focuses on modern unit operations and innovative process flowsheets. Discusses thermochemical and biochemical processing of biomass, production of chemicals and polymers from biomass, and processes for carbon dioxide capture.
Biorefinery systems: Presents biorefinery process synthesis using whole system analysis. Discusses bio-oil and algae biorefineries, integrated fuel cells and renewables, and heterogeneous catalytic reactors.
Companion website: Four case studies, additional exercises and examples are available online, together with three supplementary chapters which address waste and emission minimization, energy storage and control systems, and the optimization and reuse of water.
This textbook is designed to bridge a gap between engineering design and sustainability assessment, for advanced students and practicing process designers and engineers.
Topics covered include:
Introduction: An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries.
Tools: Included here are the methods for detailed economic and environmental impact analyses; combined economic value and environmental impact analysis; life cycle assessment (LCA); multi-criteria analysis; heat integration and utility system design; mathematical programming based optimization and genetic algorithms.
Process synthesis and design: Focuses on modern unit operations and innovative process flowsheets. Discusses thermochemical and biochemical processing of biomass, production of chemicals and polymers from biomass, and processes for carbon dioxide capture.
Biorefinery systems: Presents biorefinery process synthesis using whole system analysis. Discusses bio-oil and algae biorefineries, integrated fuel cells and renewables, and heterogeneous catalytic reactors.
Companion website: Four case studies, additional exercises and examples are available online, together with three supplementary chapters which address waste and emission minimization, energy storage and control systems, and the optimization and reuse of water.
This textbook is designed to bridge a gap between engineering design and sustainability assessment, for advanced students and practicing process designers and engineers.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 688
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. Oktober 2014
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 189mm x 36mm
- Gewicht: 1118g
- ISBN-13: 9781119990864
- ISBN-10: 1119990866
- Artikelnr.: 40077933
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 688
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. Oktober 2014
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 189mm x 36mm
- Gewicht: 1118g
- ISBN-13: 9781119990864
- ISBN-10: 1119990866
- Artikelnr.: 40077933
Jhuma Sadhukhan Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, UK Kok Siew Ng Centre for Process Integration, The University of Manchester, UK Elias Martinez H. Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, UK
Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xxi CompanionWebsite
xxiii Nomenclature xxv I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Fundamentals
of the Biorefinery Concept 3 1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5
1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7 1.4 Processes and Platforms 12 1.5
Biorefinery Products 15 1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation
for Bio Based Manufacturing 18 1.7 Electrochemistry Application in
Biorefineries 31 1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34 1.9
Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36 1.10 Chapters 38 1.11 Summary 38
References 39 II TOOLS 43 2 Economic Analysis 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2
General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46 2.3 Methodology 54 2.4 Cost
Estimation and Correlation 55 2.5 Summary 59 2.6 Exercises 60 References 61
3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2
Process Integration 64 3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch
Technology 65 3.4 Utility System 83 3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery
System for Cogeneration 88 3.6 Summary 91 References 91 4 Life Cycle
Assessment 93 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93 4.2 Policy Context 96 4.3 Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96 4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100 4.5 LCA:
Inventory Analysis 104 4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111 4.7 LCA:
Interpretation 128 4.8 LCIA Methods 130 4.9 Future R&D Needs 145 References
145 5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147 5.1 Data Uncertainty
Analysis 147 5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159 5.3 Summary 165 References 165
6 Value Analysis 167 6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production
(COP) of Process Network Streams 168 6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172 6.3
Stream Economic Profile 175 6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of
Economic Margin of a Process Network 175 6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis
176 6.6 Summary 187 References 187 7 Combined Economic Value and
Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2
Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190 7.3
Evaluation of Streams 196 7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200 7.5 Product
Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201 7.6 Summary 204
References 205 8 Optimization 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Linear
Optimization 208 8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218 8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or
Nonlinear Optimization 239 8.5 Stochastic Method 243 8.6 Summary 248
References 248 III PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251 9 Generic Reactors:
Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 General
Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254 9.3 Combustion 257 9.4
Gasification 258 9.5 Pyrolysis 262 9.6 Summary 270 Exercises 270 References
270 10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Fundamentals
of Design Calculation 272 10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282
10.4 Summary 291 Exercises 291 References 292 11 Reaction and Separation
Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295 11.1 Chemicals from
Biomass: An Overview 296 11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297 11.3 Controlled
Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318 11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive
Separation 327 11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360 11.6
Summary 368 References 370 12 Polymer Processes 373 12.1 Polymer Concepts
374 12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385 12.3 Modeling of Polymerization
Reaction Kinetics 391 12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and
Biopolymers 400 12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and
Separation Functionalities 416 12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in
Biorefineries 421 12.7 Summary 424 References 424 13 Separation Processes:
Carbon Capture 425 13.1 Absorption 426 13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet
Synthesis 429 13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431 13.4 The SelexolTM
Technology 446 13.5 Adsorption Process 457 13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion
463 13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471 13.8 Summary 472 References 473 IV
BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475 14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer-Tropsch Liquid and
Methanol Synthesis 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478
14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481 14.4
Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483 14.5
Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil
486 14.6 Summary 494 References 494 15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane
Reactors 497 15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497 15.2
Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production
and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499 15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating
and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based
Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502 15.4 A Coursework Problem 510 15.5
Summary 513 References 514 16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515 16.1
Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for
Design, Integration and Analysis 517 16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC
Flowsheets 520 16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528 16.4 Analysis
of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529 16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy
Minimization Modeling 532 16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536
16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet
Implementation 537 16.8 Summary 546 References 546 17 Algae Biorefineries
547 17.1 Algae Cultivation 548 17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562
17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570 17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572
17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575 17.6 Summary 579
References 579 18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion
Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581 18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582 18.2
Diffusion Modeling 595 18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598 18.4
Summary 612 References 612 V ONLINE RESOURCES Web Chapter 1: Waste and
Emission Minimization Web Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems Web
Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis Case Study 1:
Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem - LCA and Cost Analysis Case Study 2:
Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil - An LCA
Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP
and Agricultural Application System - An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach
Case Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Manufacturing Index 613
xxiii Nomenclature xxv I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Fundamentals
of the Biorefinery Concept 3 1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5
1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7 1.4 Processes and Platforms 12 1.5
Biorefinery Products 15 1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation
for Bio Based Manufacturing 18 1.7 Electrochemistry Application in
Biorefineries 31 1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34 1.9
Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36 1.10 Chapters 38 1.11 Summary 38
References 39 II TOOLS 43 2 Economic Analysis 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2
General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46 2.3 Methodology 54 2.4 Cost
Estimation and Correlation 55 2.5 Summary 59 2.6 Exercises 60 References 61
3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2
Process Integration 64 3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch
Technology 65 3.4 Utility System 83 3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery
System for Cogeneration 88 3.6 Summary 91 References 91 4 Life Cycle
Assessment 93 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93 4.2 Policy Context 96 4.3 Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96 4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100 4.5 LCA:
Inventory Analysis 104 4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111 4.7 LCA:
Interpretation 128 4.8 LCIA Methods 130 4.9 Future R&D Needs 145 References
145 5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147 5.1 Data Uncertainty
Analysis 147 5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159 5.3 Summary 165 References 165
6 Value Analysis 167 6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production
(COP) of Process Network Streams 168 6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172 6.3
Stream Economic Profile 175 6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of
Economic Margin of a Process Network 175 6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis
176 6.6 Summary 187 References 187 7 Combined Economic Value and
Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2
Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190 7.3
Evaluation of Streams 196 7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200 7.5 Product
Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201 7.6 Summary 204
References 205 8 Optimization 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Linear
Optimization 208 8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218 8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or
Nonlinear Optimization 239 8.5 Stochastic Method 243 8.6 Summary 248
References 248 III PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251 9 Generic Reactors:
Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 General
Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254 9.3 Combustion 257 9.4
Gasification 258 9.5 Pyrolysis 262 9.6 Summary 270 Exercises 270 References
270 10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Fundamentals
of Design Calculation 272 10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282
10.4 Summary 291 Exercises 291 References 292 11 Reaction and Separation
Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295 11.1 Chemicals from
Biomass: An Overview 296 11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297 11.3 Controlled
Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318 11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive
Separation 327 11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360 11.6
Summary 368 References 370 12 Polymer Processes 373 12.1 Polymer Concepts
374 12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385 12.3 Modeling of Polymerization
Reaction Kinetics 391 12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and
Biopolymers 400 12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and
Separation Functionalities 416 12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in
Biorefineries 421 12.7 Summary 424 References 424 13 Separation Processes:
Carbon Capture 425 13.1 Absorption 426 13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet
Synthesis 429 13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431 13.4 The SelexolTM
Technology 446 13.5 Adsorption Process 457 13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion
463 13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471 13.8 Summary 472 References 473 IV
BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475 14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer-Tropsch Liquid and
Methanol Synthesis 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478
14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481 14.4
Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483 14.5
Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil
486 14.6 Summary 494 References 494 15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane
Reactors 497 15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497 15.2
Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production
and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499 15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating
and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based
Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502 15.4 A Coursework Problem 510 15.5
Summary 513 References 514 16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515 16.1
Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for
Design, Integration and Analysis 517 16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC
Flowsheets 520 16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528 16.4 Analysis
of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529 16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy
Minimization Modeling 532 16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536
16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet
Implementation 537 16.8 Summary 546 References 546 17 Algae Biorefineries
547 17.1 Algae Cultivation 548 17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562
17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570 17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572
17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575 17.6 Summary 579
References 579 18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion
Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581 18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582 18.2
Diffusion Modeling 595 18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598 18.4
Summary 612 References 612 V ONLINE RESOURCES Web Chapter 1: Waste and
Emission Minimization Web Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems Web
Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis Case Study 1:
Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem - LCA and Cost Analysis Case Study 2:
Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil - An LCA
Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP
and Agricultural Application System - An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach
Case Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Manufacturing Index 613
Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xxi CompanionWebsite
xxiii Nomenclature xxv I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Fundamentals
of the Biorefinery Concept 3 1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5
1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7 1.4 Processes and Platforms 12 1.5
Biorefinery Products 15 1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation
for Bio Based Manufacturing 18 1.7 Electrochemistry Application in
Biorefineries 31 1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34 1.9
Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36 1.10 Chapters 38 1.11 Summary 38
References 39 II TOOLS 43 2 Economic Analysis 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2
General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46 2.3 Methodology 54 2.4 Cost
Estimation and Correlation 55 2.5 Summary 59 2.6 Exercises 60 References 61
3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2
Process Integration 64 3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch
Technology 65 3.4 Utility System 83 3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery
System for Cogeneration 88 3.6 Summary 91 References 91 4 Life Cycle
Assessment 93 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93 4.2 Policy Context 96 4.3 Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96 4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100 4.5 LCA:
Inventory Analysis 104 4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111 4.7 LCA:
Interpretation 128 4.8 LCIA Methods 130 4.9 Future R&D Needs 145 References
145 5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147 5.1 Data Uncertainty
Analysis 147 5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159 5.3 Summary 165 References 165
6 Value Analysis 167 6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production
(COP) of Process Network Streams 168 6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172 6.3
Stream Economic Profile 175 6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of
Economic Margin of a Process Network 175 6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis
176 6.6 Summary 187 References 187 7 Combined Economic Value and
Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2
Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190 7.3
Evaluation of Streams 196 7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200 7.5 Product
Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201 7.6 Summary 204
References 205 8 Optimization 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Linear
Optimization 208 8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218 8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or
Nonlinear Optimization 239 8.5 Stochastic Method 243 8.6 Summary 248
References 248 III PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251 9 Generic Reactors:
Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 General
Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254 9.3 Combustion 257 9.4
Gasification 258 9.5 Pyrolysis 262 9.6 Summary 270 Exercises 270 References
270 10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Fundamentals
of Design Calculation 272 10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282
10.4 Summary 291 Exercises 291 References 292 11 Reaction and Separation
Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295 11.1 Chemicals from
Biomass: An Overview 296 11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297 11.3 Controlled
Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318 11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive
Separation 327 11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360 11.6
Summary 368 References 370 12 Polymer Processes 373 12.1 Polymer Concepts
374 12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385 12.3 Modeling of Polymerization
Reaction Kinetics 391 12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and
Biopolymers 400 12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and
Separation Functionalities 416 12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in
Biorefineries 421 12.7 Summary 424 References 424 13 Separation Processes:
Carbon Capture 425 13.1 Absorption 426 13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet
Synthesis 429 13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431 13.4 The SelexolTM
Technology 446 13.5 Adsorption Process 457 13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion
463 13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471 13.8 Summary 472 References 473 IV
BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475 14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer-Tropsch Liquid and
Methanol Synthesis 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478
14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481 14.4
Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483 14.5
Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil
486 14.6 Summary 494 References 494 15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane
Reactors 497 15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497 15.2
Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production
and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499 15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating
and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based
Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502 15.4 A Coursework Problem 510 15.5
Summary 513 References 514 16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515 16.1
Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for
Design, Integration and Analysis 517 16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC
Flowsheets 520 16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528 16.4 Analysis
of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529 16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy
Minimization Modeling 532 16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536
16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet
Implementation 537 16.8 Summary 546 References 546 17 Algae Biorefineries
547 17.1 Algae Cultivation 548 17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562
17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570 17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572
17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575 17.6 Summary 579
References 579 18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion
Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581 18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582 18.2
Diffusion Modeling 595 18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598 18.4
Summary 612 References 612 V ONLINE RESOURCES Web Chapter 1: Waste and
Emission Minimization Web Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems Web
Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis Case Study 1:
Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem - LCA and Cost Analysis Case Study 2:
Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil - An LCA
Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP
and Agricultural Application System - An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach
Case Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Manufacturing Index 613
xxiii Nomenclature xxv I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Fundamentals
of the Biorefinery Concept 3 1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5
1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7 1.4 Processes and Platforms 12 1.5
Biorefinery Products 15 1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation
for Bio Based Manufacturing 18 1.7 Electrochemistry Application in
Biorefineries 31 1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34 1.9
Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36 1.10 Chapters 38 1.11 Summary 38
References 39 II TOOLS 43 2 Economic Analysis 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2
General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46 2.3 Methodology 54 2.4 Cost
Estimation and Correlation 55 2.5 Summary 59 2.6 Exercises 60 References 61
3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2
Process Integration 64 3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch
Technology 65 3.4 Utility System 83 3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery
System for Cogeneration 88 3.6 Summary 91 References 91 4 Life Cycle
Assessment 93 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93 4.2 Policy Context 96 4.3 Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96 4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100 4.5 LCA:
Inventory Analysis 104 4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111 4.7 LCA:
Interpretation 128 4.8 LCIA Methods 130 4.9 Future R&D Needs 145 References
145 5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147 5.1 Data Uncertainty
Analysis 147 5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159 5.3 Summary 165 References 165
6 Value Analysis 167 6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production
(COP) of Process Network Streams 168 6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172 6.3
Stream Economic Profile 175 6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of
Economic Margin of a Process Network 175 6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis
176 6.6 Summary 187 References 187 7 Combined Economic Value and
Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2
Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190 7.3
Evaluation of Streams 196 7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200 7.5 Product
Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201 7.6 Summary 204
References 205 8 Optimization 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Linear
Optimization 208 8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218 8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or
Nonlinear Optimization 239 8.5 Stochastic Method 243 8.6 Summary 248
References 248 III PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251 9 Generic Reactors:
Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 General
Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254 9.3 Combustion 257 9.4
Gasification 258 9.5 Pyrolysis 262 9.6 Summary 270 Exercises 270 References
270 10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Fundamentals
of Design Calculation 272 10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282
10.4 Summary 291 Exercises 291 References 292 11 Reaction and Separation
Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295 11.1 Chemicals from
Biomass: An Overview 296 11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297 11.3 Controlled
Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318 11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive
Separation 327 11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360 11.6
Summary 368 References 370 12 Polymer Processes 373 12.1 Polymer Concepts
374 12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385 12.3 Modeling of Polymerization
Reaction Kinetics 391 12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and
Biopolymers 400 12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and
Separation Functionalities 416 12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in
Biorefineries 421 12.7 Summary 424 References 424 13 Separation Processes:
Carbon Capture 425 13.1 Absorption 426 13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet
Synthesis 429 13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431 13.4 The SelexolTM
Technology 446 13.5 Adsorption Process 457 13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion
463 13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471 13.8 Summary 472 References 473 IV
BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475 14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer-Tropsch Liquid and
Methanol Synthesis 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478
14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481 14.4
Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483 14.5
Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil
486 14.6 Summary 494 References 494 15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane
Reactors 497 15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497 15.2
Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production
and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499 15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating
and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based
Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502 15.4 A Coursework Problem 510 15.5
Summary 513 References 514 16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515 16.1
Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for
Design, Integration and Analysis 517 16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC
Flowsheets 520 16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528 16.4 Analysis
of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529 16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy
Minimization Modeling 532 16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536
16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet
Implementation 537 16.8 Summary 546 References 546 17 Algae Biorefineries
547 17.1 Algae Cultivation 548 17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562
17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570 17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572
17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575 17.6 Summary 579
References 579 18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion
Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581 18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582 18.2
Diffusion Modeling 595 18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598 18.4
Summary 612 References 612 V ONLINE RESOURCES Web Chapter 1: Waste and
Emission Minimization Web Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems Web
Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis Case Study 1:
Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem - LCA and Cost Analysis Case Study 2:
Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil - An LCA
Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP
and Agricultural Application System - An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach
Case Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Manufacturing Index 613