This book brings together the chemical strategies used in the optimisation of organic reactions and processes, and highlights the practical and technological options available. This book offers: * an encyclopedic treatment of organic chemistry from an industrial, process research and development, and manufacturing point of view * plenty of examples to illustrate the scope and limitation of the strategies * a comprehensive index organised by topic, reaction type, and reagent * an extensive literature survey. This is an essential and comprehensive guide for experienced practitioners of chemical…mehr
This book brings together the chemical strategies used in the optimisation of organic reactions and processes, and highlights the practical and technological options available. This book offers: * an encyclopedic treatment of organic chemistry from an industrial, process research and development, and manufacturing point of view * plenty of examples to illustrate the scope and limitation of the strategies * a comprehensive index organised by topic, reaction type, and reagent * an extensive literature survey. This is an essential and comprehensive guide for experienced practitioners of chemical process research and development, fresh recruits to chemical industry R&D divisions, and academics who are interested in interacting with the chemical industry, optimising their synthetic strategies, and enriching the field of atom economy.
Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. The Nature of Process Development 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Desirable Goals of Process Development 1.3 Evolution of an R & D Process into a Process Technology 1.4 Scope and Limitations of Process Development 1.5 The Role of Chemical Engineers 1.6 Exploratory (Investigative) Approach to Optimization 1.7 Statistical Approaches and Automated Works Stations 1.8 Scale-up Considerations 1.9 Process Development in Relation to Plant Equipment 2. Survey of Some Organic Reactions in Relation to Process Development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Preparation of Acid Chlorides from Carboxylic Acids 2.3 Friedel-Crafts Acylations Acylations 2.4 Grignard Reagents 2.5 The Wittig Reaction 2.6 Ozonolysis 2.7 The Mitsunobu Reaction 2.8 Photochemistry in Process Industry 2.9 Very Low Temperature (Cryogenic) Chemistry (-70° to -100°) 2.10 Reactions Under Very High Pressures 3. Chiral Technology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nature of Chirality 3.3 Basic Assumptions of Chiral Technology 3.4 Factors Responsible for the Rapid Growth of Chiral Technology 3.5 Techniques for Obtaining Single Enantiomers 3.6 The Chiral Pool 3.7 Biotechnology 3.8 Racemate Resolution Strategies 3.9 Simplified Methodologies for Optical Resolution 3.9 A Other Strategies for Racemati Resolution.130- 3.9 B Asymmetric Synthesis 4. Strategies for Simplification of Organic Reactions and Processes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reaction Simplification Through in situ Generation of components 4.3 Process Simplification 5. Reagent Modification and Rate and Order of Addition of Reagents 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Supported Regents 5.3 Complex formation to Modify Reagent Reactivity 5.4 Effect of Aging of Reagents on Reactivity 5.5 Rate of Addition of Reagents 5.6 Order of Addition of Reagents 6. Additives for Reagents-Fine Tuning of Organic Reactions 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water as an Additive 6.3 Covalent Organic Compounds as Additives 6.4 Ionic Organic Compounds as Additives 6.5 Metallorganics and Organolithiums as Additives 6.6 Inorganics as additives 7. Choosing A Reagent 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Safety Issues 7.3 Toxicity Consideration 7.4 Cost Consideration 7.5 Nasty By-products 7.6 Efficacy Rather Than Cost 7.7 Strategy Rather Than Reagent 7.8 Operational and Work-up Convenience 7.9 Improved Performance 7.9A Environmental Options in choosing a Reagent 8. By-Products from Side Reactions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sources of By-product Formation 9. Solvents and Solvents Effects 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Solvation and its Effect on Solubility and Reactivity 9.3 Solvent effects in Organic Reactions 9.4 Choosing a Solvent 9.5 Impurities in Solvents 9.6 Utility of Mixed Solvents 9.7 Liquid Products as Solvents 9.8 Some Relatively New Solvents 9.9 Aqueons Medium for Organic Reactions 9.10 No solvent is The Best Solvent 9.11 Molten Salts as Solvents 9.12 Room Temperature Ionic Liquids as Solvents 9.13 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-a Safe and Green Solvent 10. Phase Transfer Catalysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nature of PTC Reactions 10.3 Mechanistic Aspects 10.4 Factors Affecting PTC Reactions 10.5 Choosing a Phase Transfer Catalyst 10.6 Phase Transfer of Neutral Uncharged Molecules 10.7 Organometallic PTC 10.8 Exercising the PTC Option 11. Work-up, Purity, and Purification 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classical Work-up 11.3 Environmental Problems 11.4 Two Typical Reactions Involving Classical Work-up 11.5 Work-up Procedures for a Variety of Reactions 11.6 Simplification of Reaction Work-up 11.7 Aqueous Biphasic Liquid Systems for Reactions 11.8 Other Types of Aqueous Biphasic Liquid Systems 11.9 Fluorous Biphasic Catalysis and Synthesis 11.10 Purity 11.11 Purification 12. Safety Assessment of Chemical Process Technology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Early Detection and Prevention of Chemical Accidents 12.3 Principles of Chemical Process Safety 12.4 Reaction Runaway Scenarios 12.5 Chemical Reaction Hazards 12.6 Quantification of Chemical Hazards References Index General Reaction Type Reagents.
Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. The Nature of Process Development 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Desirable Goals of Process Development 1.3 Evolution of an R & D Process into a Process Technology 1.4 Scope and Limitations of Process Development 1.5 The Role of Chemical Engineers 1.6 Exploratory (Investigative) Approach to Optimization 1.7 Statistical Approaches and Automated Works Stations 1.8 Scale-up Considerations 1.9 Process Development in Relation to Plant Equipment 2. Survey of Some Organic Reactions in Relation to Process Development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Preparation of Acid Chlorides from Carboxylic Acids 2.3 Friedel-Crafts Acylations Acylations 2.4 Grignard Reagents 2.5 The Wittig Reaction 2.6 Ozonolysis 2.7 The Mitsunobu Reaction 2.8 Photochemistry in Process Industry 2.9 Very Low Temperature (Cryogenic) Chemistry (-70° to -100°) 2.10 Reactions Under Very High Pressures 3. Chiral Technology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nature of Chirality 3.3 Basic Assumptions of Chiral Technology 3.4 Factors Responsible for the Rapid Growth of Chiral Technology 3.5 Techniques for Obtaining Single Enantiomers 3.6 The Chiral Pool 3.7 Biotechnology 3.8 Racemate Resolution Strategies 3.9 Simplified Methodologies for Optical Resolution 3.9 A Other Strategies for Racemati Resolution.130- 3.9 B Asymmetric Synthesis 4. Strategies for Simplification of Organic Reactions and Processes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reaction Simplification Through in situ Generation of components 4.3 Process Simplification 5. Reagent Modification and Rate and Order of Addition of Reagents 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Supported Regents 5.3 Complex formation to Modify Reagent Reactivity 5.4 Effect of Aging of Reagents on Reactivity 5.5 Rate of Addition of Reagents 5.6 Order of Addition of Reagents 6. Additives for Reagents-Fine Tuning of Organic Reactions 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water as an Additive 6.3 Covalent Organic Compounds as Additives 6.4 Ionic Organic Compounds as Additives 6.5 Metallorganics and Organolithiums as Additives 6.6 Inorganics as additives 7. Choosing A Reagent 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Safety Issues 7.3 Toxicity Consideration 7.4 Cost Consideration 7.5 Nasty By-products 7.6 Efficacy Rather Than Cost 7.7 Strategy Rather Than Reagent 7.8 Operational and Work-up Convenience 7.9 Improved Performance 7.9A Environmental Options in choosing a Reagent 8. By-Products from Side Reactions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sources of By-product Formation 9. Solvents and Solvents Effects 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Solvation and its Effect on Solubility and Reactivity 9.3 Solvent effects in Organic Reactions 9.4 Choosing a Solvent 9.5 Impurities in Solvents 9.6 Utility of Mixed Solvents 9.7 Liquid Products as Solvents 9.8 Some Relatively New Solvents 9.9 Aqueons Medium for Organic Reactions 9.10 No solvent is The Best Solvent 9.11 Molten Salts as Solvents 9.12 Room Temperature Ionic Liquids as Solvents 9.13 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-a Safe and Green Solvent 10. Phase Transfer Catalysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nature of PTC Reactions 10.3 Mechanistic Aspects 10.4 Factors Affecting PTC Reactions 10.5 Choosing a Phase Transfer Catalyst 10.6 Phase Transfer of Neutral Uncharged Molecules 10.7 Organometallic PTC 10.8 Exercising the PTC Option 11. Work-up, Purity, and Purification 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classical Work-up 11.3 Environmental Problems 11.4 Two Typical Reactions Involving Classical Work-up 11.5 Work-up Procedures for a Variety of Reactions 11.6 Simplification of Reaction Work-up 11.7 Aqueous Biphasic Liquid Systems for Reactions 11.8 Other Types of Aqueous Biphasic Liquid Systems 11.9 Fluorous Biphasic Catalysis and Synthesis 11.10 Purity 11.11 Purification 12. Safety Assessment of Chemical Process Technology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Early Detection and Prevention of Chemical Accidents 12.3 Principles of Chemical Process Safety 12.4 Reaction Runaway Scenarios 12.5 Chemical Reaction Hazards 12.6 Quantification of Chemical Hazards References Index General Reaction Type Reagents.
Rezensionen
"... a unique compendium of synthetic organic chemistry viewed through the eyes of an experienced chemist...simply no other publication like it..." (Synthesis, May 2007)
"...a good place to start when performing a new transformation at scale." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, September 20, 2007)
"... a unique compendium of synthetic organic chemistry viewed through the eyes of an experienced chemist...simply no other publication like it..." (Synthesis, May 2007)
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