Sason Shaik, Racheli Ben-Knaz Wakshlak, Usharani Dandamudi, Dina A. Sharon
Chemistry as a Game of Molecular Construction (eBook, PDF)
The Bond-Click Way
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Sason Shaik, Racheli Ben-Knaz Wakshlak, Usharani Dandamudi, Dina A. Sharon
Chemistry as a Game of Molecular Construction (eBook, PDF)
The Bond-Click Way
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Chemistry as a Game of Molecular Construction: The Bond-Click Way utilizes an innovative and engaging approach to introduce students to the basic concepts and universal aspects of chemistry, with an emphasis on molecules' beauty and their importance in our lives. * Offers a unique approach that portrays chemistry as a window into mankind's material-chemical essence * Reveals the beauty of molecules through the "click" method, a teaching methodology comprised of the process of constructing molecules from building blocks * Styles molecular construction in a way that reveals the universal aspect…mehr
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Chemistry as a Game of Molecular Construction: The Bond-Click Way utilizes an innovative and engaging approach to introduce students to the basic concepts and universal aspects of chemistry, with an emphasis on molecules' beauty and their importance in our lives. * Offers a unique approach that portrays chemistry as a window into mankind's material-chemical essence * Reveals the beauty of molecules through the "click" method, a teaching methodology comprised of the process of constructing molecules from building blocks * Styles molecular construction in a way that reveals the universal aspect of chemistry * Allows students to construct molecules, from the simple hydrogen molecule all the way to complex strands of DNA, thereby showing the overarching unity of matter * Provides problems sets and solutions for each chapter
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. Januar 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119001447
- Artikelnr.: 44632286
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. Januar 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119001447
- Artikelnr.: 44632286
Sason S. Shaik, PhD, is a Professor and the Director of the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry in the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He has been a Fulbright Fellow (1974-1979) and became a Fellow of the AAAS in 2005. Among his awards are the Israel Chemical Society Medal for the Outstanding Young Chemist (1987), the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Award in 1996-1999, the 2001 Kolthoff Award, the 2001 Israel Chemical Society Prize, and the 2007 Schrödinger Medal of WATOC. His research interests are in the use of quantum chemistry to develop paradigms that can pattern data and lead to the generation and solution of new problems. From 1981-1992, the main focus of his research was on valence bond theory and its relationship to MO theory, and during that time, he developed a general model of reactivity based on a blend of VB and MO elements. In 1994, he entered the field of oxidation and bond activation by metal oxo catalysts and enzymes, an area where he has contributed several seminal ideas (e.g., two-state reactivity) that led to resolution of major controversies and new predictions.
FOREWORD xv PREFACE xvii Comments to the Teachers/Students xvii A
Conversation on the Textbook and Its Intended Readers xx LECTURE 1
MOLECULAR BLUES 1 1.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 1 1 1.2 The
Universal Aspect of Chemistry 2 1.3 Love, Addiction, Psychological Balance,
etc. 2 1.4 The Chemical Mechanism of Neurotransmission 8 1.5 Molecules of
Pleasure, Wellness, and Pair Bonding 10 1.6 More Chemical Control 13 1.7
The Chemical Matter 15 1.8 Molecular Architecture and Its Emergent
Properties 18 1.8.1 Diamond, Graphite, and More 18 1.8.2 And There Was
Light... 19 1.9 Chirality, and the Magic by Which Molecules Recognize
Others in Nature 21 1.10 Our Genetic Code Is Chemical 23 1.11 Chemistry and
Its Emergent Expressions 24 1.12 References and Notes 26 1.A Appendix 29
1.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 29 1.A.2 References for Appendix 1.A 31 1.R
Retouches 31 1.R.1 More Drugs Looking like PEA 31 1.R.2 The Atomic
Hypothesis 32 1.R.3 The Uncertainty Principle, The Exclusion Rule, and
Valence 32 1.R.4 Units of Size 33 1.R.5 References for Retouches 33 LECTURE
2 THE CHEMICAL BOND AND THE LEGO PRINCIPLE 35 2.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 2 35 2.2 The Periodic Table: The Storehouse of Atoms 36 2.2.1
The Chemical Language 38 2.3 The LEGO Principle 40 2.3.1 The Covalent Bond
in H2 41 2.4 The Bonding Capability of Atoms and The Law of Nirvana for
Main Group Elements 44 2.4.1 The Valence Shell and Connectivity in a Family
45 2.4.2 The Octet and Duet Rules: The Law of Nirvana 46 2.5 Making
Molecules Using the Available Atom Connectivity and The Law of Nirvana 48
2.5.1 Using the Table of Connectivity to Make Molecules That Attain Nirvana
50 2.5.2 Bonding in Atoms with Multiple Connectivity 53 2.6 The Principle
of Conservation of the Number of Atoms in Chemical Reactions 56 2.7 Summary
57 2.8 References 59 2.A Appendix 59 2.R Retouches 60 2.R.1 Elements versus
Atoms 60 2.R.2 Electron Pairing 61 2.R.3 Enzymes and Catalysis 61 2.R.4
Alchemy 62 2.R.5 References for Retouches 63 2.P Problem Set 63 LECTURE 3
ELECTRON-DEFICIENT MOLECULES, GIANT MOLECULES, AND CONNECTIVITY OF LARGE
FRAGMENTS 65 3.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 3 65 3.2
Electron-Deficient Molecules 66 3.2.1 Electron-Deficient Free Radicals 68
3.3 The Power of Multiple Connectivity: SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.1
SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.2 Definitions of Terms That Follow from the
SiO2 Story: Stoichiometry and Polymers 71 3.4 SiO2 and Glass Making 73 3.5
Glass Making from Water Glass 74 3.6 Must We Work So Hard to Construct
Large Molecules? 75 3.6.1 Creating Larger Modular Building Blocks 75 3.6.2
Making New Molecules from the New Modular Fragments 75 3.7 Summary 80 3.8
References 81 3.A Appendix 81 3.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 81 3.A.2
References for Appendix 3.A 82 3.R Retouches 82 3.R.1 Formal Charges 82
3.R.2 Multiple Bonds to Silicon 83 3.R.3 The Lone-Pair Bond Weakening
Effect 83 3.R.4 The O2 Molecule and Its Magnetism 84 3.R.5 References for
Retouches 86 3.P Problem Set 86 LECTURE 4 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS OF
CARBON-HYDROGEN FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 87 4.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 4 87 4.2 Molecular Chains Involving Only C and H 89 4.2.1
Extended Chains 89 4.2.2 Branched Chains and Isomerism 91 4.2.3 Isomers of
Octane (C8H18) 93 4.2.4 Some Applications of Alkanes 94 4.3 Molecular Rings
and Cages Made From CH2 and CH Fragments 96 4.3.1 Molecular Rings Made of
CH2 Fragments 96 4.3.2 Molecular Cages Made of CH Fragments 97 4.4
Molecular Planes and Cages Made from C Fragments 100 4.5 Isomers of Rings
and Cages 105 4.6 Infinity of Molecular Worlds Made from C and H 106 4.7
Summary 108 4.8 References 108 4.R Retouches 108 4.R.1 Atomic Weight,
Isotopes, Atomic Mass Unit, and Molecular Weights 108 4.R.2 Avogadro's
Number 109 4.R.3 The Mole Concept 110 4.R.4 Calculation of CO2 Emission by
a Car 111 4.R.5 The Molecule Benzene, Kekul¿e's Dream, and Resonance Theory
112 4.R.6 Resonance Theory and Collective Bonding 114 4.R.7 References for
Retouches 115 4.P Problem Set 115 LECTURE 5 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS
OF LIFE FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 117 5.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 5 117 5.2 Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Ethers, and Amines 120
5.2.1 Alcohols 120 5.2.2 Ethers 122 5.2.3 Amines 124 5.2.4 Biogenic Amines:
Our Neurotransmitters 124 5.2.5 Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, and Esters 128
5.2.6 Fats (Lipids): Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins, Triglycerides,
Cholesterol, Cortisone, etc. 130 5.2.7 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and
Enzymes 136 5.3 Summary 145 5.4 References 145 5.A Appendix 146 5.A.1 The
Natural Amino Acids (NAAs) 146 5.R Retouches 146 5.R.1 P450 Enzymes and
Grapefruit Juice 146 5.R.2 The Discovery of O2 146 5.R.3 References for
Retouches 150 5.P Problem Set 150 LECTURE 6 ELECTRON RICHNESS, DNA AND RNA
MOLECULES, AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 153 6.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 6 153 6.2 Electron Richness: A Different State of Nirvana 155 6.2.1
"Who Is Who in Electron Richness" 155 6.2.2 Examples of Electron-Rich
Molecules 156 6.2.3 Phosphoric and Sulfuric Acids 157 6.3 DNA and RNA
Strands 159 6.3.1 Formation of DNA and RNA Strands 161 6.3.2 DNA and RNA
Nucleotide-Based Drugs 161 6.4 Synthetic Polymers 164 6.4.1 Constructing
Polymers Using the LEGO Principles 165 6.4.2 Polymers and Additives 171 6.5
Summary 172 6.6 References and Notes 173 6.A Appendix 174 6.A.1 Proposed
Demonstrations 174 6.A.2 References for Appendix 6.A 175 6.R Retouches 175
6.R.1 To Be or Not to Be in Octet? This Is the Question 175 6.P Problem Set
177 LECTURE 7 THE 3D STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES, ELECTRONEGATIVITY, HYDROGEN
BONDS, AND MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE 179 7.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 7 179 7.2 3D Structures of Molecules 186 7.2.1 Selection Rules of
3D Molecular Structures 186 7.2.2 Lone Pairs Count in 3D Structure
Determination 189 7.2.3 A Multiple Bond Counts as a Single Space Unit 191
7.2.4 Isomerism in Double-Bonded Molecules 192 7.2.5 Nature's Usage of Cis
and Trans Isomers 194 7.3 Handedness (Chirality) and Isomerism 195 7.3.1
Handedness (Chirality) in Nature 197 7.4 Extension of the 3D Rules to
Conformations 200 7.5 The Architecture of Matter and Its Origins 202 7.5.1
The Electronegativity of Atoms 203 7.5.2 Polarity Trends in Bonds 204 7.5.3
Molecular Polarity 205 7.5.4 Intermolecular Interactions and the Hydrogen
Bond 206 7.5.5 Properties of Water 207 7.5.6 H-Bonds in Proteins 208 7.6
H-Bonding and Our Genetic Code 209 7.7 Summary 213 7.8 References and Note
214 7.A Appendix 215 7.A.1 The Periodic Table of Electronegativity Values
215 7.A.2 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 7 215 7.A.3 References for
Appendix 7.A 218 7.R Retouches 218 7.R.1 Electron Pair Repulsion 218 7.R.2
Pictorial Description of Lone Pairs 218 7.R.3 The Nature of the Double Bond
219 7.R.4 Conformations of C2H6 219 7.R.5 Other Intermolecular Forces 220
7.R.6 More on DNA 221 7.R.7 References for Retouches 225 7.P Problem Set
225 LECTURE 8 THE IONIC BOND AND IONIC MATTER 227 8.1 Conversation on
Contents of Lecture 8 227 8.2 Ionic Bonds versus Covalent Bonds 232 8.2.1
The Formation of Ionic Bonds. How and When? 232 8.2.2 Construction of Ionic
Bonds by "Click-Clack" 235 8.2.3 Ionic Molecules Containing Complex Ions
236 8.2.4 Why Are Ionic Materials Generally Solids? 238 8.2.5 Ionic
Liquids? 240 8.2.6 Solubility and Insolubility of Ionic Materials 240 8.3
The Use of Ionic Matter in Living Organisms 242 8.3.1 Soluble Ionic
Material Takes Care of Biological Communication 242 8.3.2 The Insoluble
Ionic Material Makes Our Skeleton and Teeth 243 8.4 Covalent Molecules that
Form Ions in Solution: Acids and Bases 244 8.4.1 Acids in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from the Acid to Water 244 8.4.2 Bases in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from Water to the Base 248 8.4.3 A Proton Transfer
Reaction from Acids to Bases 249 8.4.4 A Few Facts About Our Acids and
Bases 250 8.5 Summary 251 8.6 References and Notes 252 8.A Appendix 253
8.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 8 253 8.A.2 References for
Appendix 8.A 254 8.R Retouches 255 8.R.1 Energetic Aspects of Ionic Bonding
255 8.R.2 Energy Units and Bond Energy Calculation for Ionic Bonds 257
8.R.3 Dissolution of Ionic Solids in Water 259 8.R.4 Concentration, the pH
Scale, and Indicators 260 8.R.5 Symbolic Representations of Chemical
Reactions Using Curved Arrows 262 8.R.6 References for Retouches 264 8.P
Problem Set 264 LECTURE 9 BONDING IN TRANSITION METALS, SPECTROSCOPY, AND
MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS 265 9.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 9 265 9.2
The 18-Electron Rule for Transition Metal Bonding 275 9.2.1 An Example of a
Transition Metal Complex That Obeys the 18e Rule 276 9.2.2 Electron Counts
of Ligand Contributions 277 9.3 Construction of Transition Metal Complexes
That Obey the 18e Rule 279 9.4 Transition Metal Complexes with 14-16e 280
9.4.1 Comments on TM-Based Catalysts 282 9.5 3D Shapes of Transition Metal
Complexes 283 9.6 Bridging Transition Metal and Organic Molecules: Bonding
Capabilities of Fragments of Transition Metal Complexes 285 9.7 Summary of
Transition Metal Complexes 288 9.8 Spectroscopy or How Do Chemists "Listen
to Molecules"? 288 9.8.1 The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum 288 9.8.2
Energy Levels of Molecules as the Basis of Spectroscopy 291 9.8.3 X-Ray
Crystallography and 3D Molecular Information 294 9.9 Summary of
Spectroscopic Methods 297 9.10 References and Notes 297 9.A Appendix 298
9.A.1 Radii Values for Transition Metals in Covalent and Ionic Bonds 298
9.A.2 Bond Dissociation Energies and Their Usage as Building Blocks 298
9.A.3 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 9 300 9.A.4 References for
Appendix 9.A 302 9.R Retouches 302 9.R.1 Why the 18e Rule, and Why Are Many
TM Complexes Colored? 302 9.R.2 High-Spin Complexes 304 9.R.3 The Active
Species of CYP 450 305 9.R.4 The "Life" of a Catalyst: The Catalytic Cycle
305 9.R.5 The Relation Between the Energy of the Photon and the Frequency
of the Light 308 9.R.6 References for Retouches 308 9.P Problem Set 308
LECTURE 10 CHEMISTRY, THE TWO-FACED JANUS--THE DAMAGE IT CAUSES VERSUS ITS
IMMENSE CONTRIBUTION TO MANKIND 311 10.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 10 311 10.2 Types of Potential Chemical Damage 316 10.2.1 The Ozone
Hole 316 10.2.2 The Montreal Protocol 319 10.2.3 Climate Change 319 10.2.4
Acid Rain 321 10.2.5 More Evils and the Other Side of the Chemical Janus
322 10.3 Summary 324 10.4 References and Notes 324 10.R Retouches 325
10.R.1 The Electronic Structure of Ozone 325 10.R.2 Reference for Retouches
325 10.P Problem Set 326 LECTURE 11 CHEMISTRY IS EVERYTHING AND EVERYTHING
IS CHEMISTRY 327 11.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 11 327 11.2 The
Birth of Chemistry Is the Nascence of Mankind 328 11.3 Chemistry Is
Everything 331 11.4 The Magic of Chemistry and Pathological Science 334
11.5 The Love of Chemistry 337 11.6 Summary 339 11.7 References and Notes
340 11.A Appendix 340 11.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 11 340
11.A.2 References for Appendix 11.A 342 EPILOGUE 343 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM
SETS 345 INDEX 377
Conversation on the Textbook and Its Intended Readers xx LECTURE 1
MOLECULAR BLUES 1 1.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 1 1 1.2 The
Universal Aspect of Chemistry 2 1.3 Love, Addiction, Psychological Balance,
etc. 2 1.4 The Chemical Mechanism of Neurotransmission 8 1.5 Molecules of
Pleasure, Wellness, and Pair Bonding 10 1.6 More Chemical Control 13 1.7
The Chemical Matter 15 1.8 Molecular Architecture and Its Emergent
Properties 18 1.8.1 Diamond, Graphite, and More 18 1.8.2 And There Was
Light... 19 1.9 Chirality, and the Magic by Which Molecules Recognize
Others in Nature 21 1.10 Our Genetic Code Is Chemical 23 1.11 Chemistry and
Its Emergent Expressions 24 1.12 References and Notes 26 1.A Appendix 29
1.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 29 1.A.2 References for Appendix 1.A 31 1.R
Retouches 31 1.R.1 More Drugs Looking like PEA 31 1.R.2 The Atomic
Hypothesis 32 1.R.3 The Uncertainty Principle, The Exclusion Rule, and
Valence 32 1.R.4 Units of Size 33 1.R.5 References for Retouches 33 LECTURE
2 THE CHEMICAL BOND AND THE LEGO PRINCIPLE 35 2.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 2 35 2.2 The Periodic Table: The Storehouse of Atoms 36 2.2.1
The Chemical Language 38 2.3 The LEGO Principle 40 2.3.1 The Covalent Bond
in H2 41 2.4 The Bonding Capability of Atoms and The Law of Nirvana for
Main Group Elements 44 2.4.1 The Valence Shell and Connectivity in a Family
45 2.4.2 The Octet and Duet Rules: The Law of Nirvana 46 2.5 Making
Molecules Using the Available Atom Connectivity and The Law of Nirvana 48
2.5.1 Using the Table of Connectivity to Make Molecules That Attain Nirvana
50 2.5.2 Bonding in Atoms with Multiple Connectivity 53 2.6 The Principle
of Conservation of the Number of Atoms in Chemical Reactions 56 2.7 Summary
57 2.8 References 59 2.A Appendix 59 2.R Retouches 60 2.R.1 Elements versus
Atoms 60 2.R.2 Electron Pairing 61 2.R.3 Enzymes and Catalysis 61 2.R.4
Alchemy 62 2.R.5 References for Retouches 63 2.P Problem Set 63 LECTURE 3
ELECTRON-DEFICIENT MOLECULES, GIANT MOLECULES, AND CONNECTIVITY OF LARGE
FRAGMENTS 65 3.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 3 65 3.2
Electron-Deficient Molecules 66 3.2.1 Electron-Deficient Free Radicals 68
3.3 The Power of Multiple Connectivity: SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.1
SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.2 Definitions of Terms That Follow from the
SiO2 Story: Stoichiometry and Polymers 71 3.4 SiO2 and Glass Making 73 3.5
Glass Making from Water Glass 74 3.6 Must We Work So Hard to Construct
Large Molecules? 75 3.6.1 Creating Larger Modular Building Blocks 75 3.6.2
Making New Molecules from the New Modular Fragments 75 3.7 Summary 80 3.8
References 81 3.A Appendix 81 3.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 81 3.A.2
References for Appendix 3.A 82 3.R Retouches 82 3.R.1 Formal Charges 82
3.R.2 Multiple Bonds to Silicon 83 3.R.3 The Lone-Pair Bond Weakening
Effect 83 3.R.4 The O2 Molecule and Its Magnetism 84 3.R.5 References for
Retouches 86 3.P Problem Set 86 LECTURE 4 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS OF
CARBON-HYDROGEN FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 87 4.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 4 87 4.2 Molecular Chains Involving Only C and H 89 4.2.1
Extended Chains 89 4.2.2 Branched Chains and Isomerism 91 4.2.3 Isomers of
Octane (C8H18) 93 4.2.4 Some Applications of Alkanes 94 4.3 Molecular Rings
and Cages Made From CH2 and CH Fragments 96 4.3.1 Molecular Rings Made of
CH2 Fragments 96 4.3.2 Molecular Cages Made of CH Fragments 97 4.4
Molecular Planes and Cages Made from C Fragments 100 4.5 Isomers of Rings
and Cages 105 4.6 Infinity of Molecular Worlds Made from C and H 106 4.7
Summary 108 4.8 References 108 4.R Retouches 108 4.R.1 Atomic Weight,
Isotopes, Atomic Mass Unit, and Molecular Weights 108 4.R.2 Avogadro's
Number 109 4.R.3 The Mole Concept 110 4.R.4 Calculation of CO2 Emission by
a Car 111 4.R.5 The Molecule Benzene, Kekul¿e's Dream, and Resonance Theory
112 4.R.6 Resonance Theory and Collective Bonding 114 4.R.7 References for
Retouches 115 4.P Problem Set 115 LECTURE 5 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS
OF LIFE FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 117 5.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 5 117 5.2 Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Ethers, and Amines 120
5.2.1 Alcohols 120 5.2.2 Ethers 122 5.2.3 Amines 124 5.2.4 Biogenic Amines:
Our Neurotransmitters 124 5.2.5 Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, and Esters 128
5.2.6 Fats (Lipids): Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins, Triglycerides,
Cholesterol, Cortisone, etc. 130 5.2.7 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and
Enzymes 136 5.3 Summary 145 5.4 References 145 5.A Appendix 146 5.A.1 The
Natural Amino Acids (NAAs) 146 5.R Retouches 146 5.R.1 P450 Enzymes and
Grapefruit Juice 146 5.R.2 The Discovery of O2 146 5.R.3 References for
Retouches 150 5.P Problem Set 150 LECTURE 6 ELECTRON RICHNESS, DNA AND RNA
MOLECULES, AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 153 6.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 6 153 6.2 Electron Richness: A Different State of Nirvana 155 6.2.1
"Who Is Who in Electron Richness" 155 6.2.2 Examples of Electron-Rich
Molecules 156 6.2.3 Phosphoric and Sulfuric Acids 157 6.3 DNA and RNA
Strands 159 6.3.1 Formation of DNA and RNA Strands 161 6.3.2 DNA and RNA
Nucleotide-Based Drugs 161 6.4 Synthetic Polymers 164 6.4.1 Constructing
Polymers Using the LEGO Principles 165 6.4.2 Polymers and Additives 171 6.5
Summary 172 6.6 References and Notes 173 6.A Appendix 174 6.A.1 Proposed
Demonstrations 174 6.A.2 References for Appendix 6.A 175 6.R Retouches 175
6.R.1 To Be or Not to Be in Octet? This Is the Question 175 6.P Problem Set
177 LECTURE 7 THE 3D STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES, ELECTRONEGATIVITY, HYDROGEN
BONDS, AND MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE 179 7.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 7 179 7.2 3D Structures of Molecules 186 7.2.1 Selection Rules of
3D Molecular Structures 186 7.2.2 Lone Pairs Count in 3D Structure
Determination 189 7.2.3 A Multiple Bond Counts as a Single Space Unit 191
7.2.4 Isomerism in Double-Bonded Molecules 192 7.2.5 Nature's Usage of Cis
and Trans Isomers 194 7.3 Handedness (Chirality) and Isomerism 195 7.3.1
Handedness (Chirality) in Nature 197 7.4 Extension of the 3D Rules to
Conformations 200 7.5 The Architecture of Matter and Its Origins 202 7.5.1
The Electronegativity of Atoms 203 7.5.2 Polarity Trends in Bonds 204 7.5.3
Molecular Polarity 205 7.5.4 Intermolecular Interactions and the Hydrogen
Bond 206 7.5.5 Properties of Water 207 7.5.6 H-Bonds in Proteins 208 7.6
H-Bonding and Our Genetic Code 209 7.7 Summary 213 7.8 References and Note
214 7.A Appendix 215 7.A.1 The Periodic Table of Electronegativity Values
215 7.A.2 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 7 215 7.A.3 References for
Appendix 7.A 218 7.R Retouches 218 7.R.1 Electron Pair Repulsion 218 7.R.2
Pictorial Description of Lone Pairs 218 7.R.3 The Nature of the Double Bond
219 7.R.4 Conformations of C2H6 219 7.R.5 Other Intermolecular Forces 220
7.R.6 More on DNA 221 7.R.7 References for Retouches 225 7.P Problem Set
225 LECTURE 8 THE IONIC BOND AND IONIC MATTER 227 8.1 Conversation on
Contents of Lecture 8 227 8.2 Ionic Bonds versus Covalent Bonds 232 8.2.1
The Formation of Ionic Bonds. How and When? 232 8.2.2 Construction of Ionic
Bonds by "Click-Clack" 235 8.2.3 Ionic Molecules Containing Complex Ions
236 8.2.4 Why Are Ionic Materials Generally Solids? 238 8.2.5 Ionic
Liquids? 240 8.2.6 Solubility and Insolubility of Ionic Materials 240 8.3
The Use of Ionic Matter in Living Organisms 242 8.3.1 Soluble Ionic
Material Takes Care of Biological Communication 242 8.3.2 The Insoluble
Ionic Material Makes Our Skeleton and Teeth 243 8.4 Covalent Molecules that
Form Ions in Solution: Acids and Bases 244 8.4.1 Acids in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from the Acid to Water 244 8.4.2 Bases in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from Water to the Base 248 8.4.3 A Proton Transfer
Reaction from Acids to Bases 249 8.4.4 A Few Facts About Our Acids and
Bases 250 8.5 Summary 251 8.6 References and Notes 252 8.A Appendix 253
8.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 8 253 8.A.2 References for
Appendix 8.A 254 8.R Retouches 255 8.R.1 Energetic Aspects of Ionic Bonding
255 8.R.2 Energy Units and Bond Energy Calculation for Ionic Bonds 257
8.R.3 Dissolution of Ionic Solids in Water 259 8.R.4 Concentration, the pH
Scale, and Indicators 260 8.R.5 Symbolic Representations of Chemical
Reactions Using Curved Arrows 262 8.R.6 References for Retouches 264 8.P
Problem Set 264 LECTURE 9 BONDING IN TRANSITION METALS, SPECTROSCOPY, AND
MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS 265 9.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 9 265 9.2
The 18-Electron Rule for Transition Metal Bonding 275 9.2.1 An Example of a
Transition Metal Complex That Obeys the 18e Rule 276 9.2.2 Electron Counts
of Ligand Contributions 277 9.3 Construction of Transition Metal Complexes
That Obey the 18e Rule 279 9.4 Transition Metal Complexes with 14-16e 280
9.4.1 Comments on TM-Based Catalysts 282 9.5 3D Shapes of Transition Metal
Complexes 283 9.6 Bridging Transition Metal and Organic Molecules: Bonding
Capabilities of Fragments of Transition Metal Complexes 285 9.7 Summary of
Transition Metal Complexes 288 9.8 Spectroscopy or How Do Chemists "Listen
to Molecules"? 288 9.8.1 The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum 288 9.8.2
Energy Levels of Molecules as the Basis of Spectroscopy 291 9.8.3 X-Ray
Crystallography and 3D Molecular Information 294 9.9 Summary of
Spectroscopic Methods 297 9.10 References and Notes 297 9.A Appendix 298
9.A.1 Radii Values for Transition Metals in Covalent and Ionic Bonds 298
9.A.2 Bond Dissociation Energies and Their Usage as Building Blocks 298
9.A.3 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 9 300 9.A.4 References for
Appendix 9.A 302 9.R Retouches 302 9.R.1 Why the 18e Rule, and Why Are Many
TM Complexes Colored? 302 9.R.2 High-Spin Complexes 304 9.R.3 The Active
Species of CYP 450 305 9.R.4 The "Life" of a Catalyst: The Catalytic Cycle
305 9.R.5 The Relation Between the Energy of the Photon and the Frequency
of the Light 308 9.R.6 References for Retouches 308 9.P Problem Set 308
LECTURE 10 CHEMISTRY, THE TWO-FACED JANUS--THE DAMAGE IT CAUSES VERSUS ITS
IMMENSE CONTRIBUTION TO MANKIND 311 10.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 10 311 10.2 Types of Potential Chemical Damage 316 10.2.1 The Ozone
Hole 316 10.2.2 The Montreal Protocol 319 10.2.3 Climate Change 319 10.2.4
Acid Rain 321 10.2.5 More Evils and the Other Side of the Chemical Janus
322 10.3 Summary 324 10.4 References and Notes 324 10.R Retouches 325
10.R.1 The Electronic Structure of Ozone 325 10.R.2 Reference for Retouches
325 10.P Problem Set 326 LECTURE 11 CHEMISTRY IS EVERYTHING AND EVERYTHING
IS CHEMISTRY 327 11.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 11 327 11.2 The
Birth of Chemistry Is the Nascence of Mankind 328 11.3 Chemistry Is
Everything 331 11.4 The Magic of Chemistry and Pathological Science 334
11.5 The Love of Chemistry 337 11.6 Summary 339 11.7 References and Notes
340 11.A Appendix 340 11.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 11 340
11.A.2 References for Appendix 11.A 342 EPILOGUE 343 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM
SETS 345 INDEX 377
FOREWORD xv PREFACE xvii Comments to the Teachers/Students xvii A
Conversation on the Textbook and Its Intended Readers xx LECTURE 1
MOLECULAR BLUES 1 1.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 1 1 1.2 The
Universal Aspect of Chemistry 2 1.3 Love, Addiction, Psychological Balance,
etc. 2 1.4 The Chemical Mechanism of Neurotransmission 8 1.5 Molecules of
Pleasure, Wellness, and Pair Bonding 10 1.6 More Chemical Control 13 1.7
The Chemical Matter 15 1.8 Molecular Architecture and Its Emergent
Properties 18 1.8.1 Diamond, Graphite, and More 18 1.8.2 And There Was
Light... 19 1.9 Chirality, and the Magic by Which Molecules Recognize
Others in Nature 21 1.10 Our Genetic Code Is Chemical 23 1.11 Chemistry and
Its Emergent Expressions 24 1.12 References and Notes 26 1.A Appendix 29
1.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 29 1.A.2 References for Appendix 1.A 31 1.R
Retouches 31 1.R.1 More Drugs Looking like PEA 31 1.R.2 The Atomic
Hypothesis 32 1.R.3 The Uncertainty Principle, The Exclusion Rule, and
Valence 32 1.R.4 Units of Size 33 1.R.5 References for Retouches 33 LECTURE
2 THE CHEMICAL BOND AND THE LEGO PRINCIPLE 35 2.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 2 35 2.2 The Periodic Table: The Storehouse of Atoms 36 2.2.1
The Chemical Language 38 2.3 The LEGO Principle 40 2.3.1 The Covalent Bond
in H2 41 2.4 The Bonding Capability of Atoms and The Law of Nirvana for
Main Group Elements 44 2.4.1 The Valence Shell and Connectivity in a Family
45 2.4.2 The Octet and Duet Rules: The Law of Nirvana 46 2.5 Making
Molecules Using the Available Atom Connectivity and The Law of Nirvana 48
2.5.1 Using the Table of Connectivity to Make Molecules That Attain Nirvana
50 2.5.2 Bonding in Atoms with Multiple Connectivity 53 2.6 The Principle
of Conservation of the Number of Atoms in Chemical Reactions 56 2.7 Summary
57 2.8 References 59 2.A Appendix 59 2.R Retouches 60 2.R.1 Elements versus
Atoms 60 2.R.2 Electron Pairing 61 2.R.3 Enzymes and Catalysis 61 2.R.4
Alchemy 62 2.R.5 References for Retouches 63 2.P Problem Set 63 LECTURE 3
ELECTRON-DEFICIENT MOLECULES, GIANT MOLECULES, AND CONNECTIVITY OF LARGE
FRAGMENTS 65 3.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 3 65 3.2
Electron-Deficient Molecules 66 3.2.1 Electron-Deficient Free Radicals 68
3.3 The Power of Multiple Connectivity: SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.1
SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.2 Definitions of Terms That Follow from the
SiO2 Story: Stoichiometry and Polymers 71 3.4 SiO2 and Glass Making 73 3.5
Glass Making from Water Glass 74 3.6 Must We Work So Hard to Construct
Large Molecules? 75 3.6.1 Creating Larger Modular Building Blocks 75 3.6.2
Making New Molecules from the New Modular Fragments 75 3.7 Summary 80 3.8
References 81 3.A Appendix 81 3.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 81 3.A.2
References for Appendix 3.A 82 3.R Retouches 82 3.R.1 Formal Charges 82
3.R.2 Multiple Bonds to Silicon 83 3.R.3 The Lone-Pair Bond Weakening
Effect 83 3.R.4 The O2 Molecule and Its Magnetism 84 3.R.5 References for
Retouches 86 3.P Problem Set 86 LECTURE 4 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS OF
CARBON-HYDROGEN FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 87 4.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 4 87 4.2 Molecular Chains Involving Only C and H 89 4.2.1
Extended Chains 89 4.2.2 Branched Chains and Isomerism 91 4.2.3 Isomers of
Octane (C8H18) 93 4.2.4 Some Applications of Alkanes 94 4.3 Molecular Rings
and Cages Made From CH2 and CH Fragments 96 4.3.1 Molecular Rings Made of
CH2 Fragments 96 4.3.2 Molecular Cages Made of CH Fragments 97 4.4
Molecular Planes and Cages Made from C Fragments 100 4.5 Isomers of Rings
and Cages 105 4.6 Infinity of Molecular Worlds Made from C and H 106 4.7
Summary 108 4.8 References 108 4.R Retouches 108 4.R.1 Atomic Weight,
Isotopes, Atomic Mass Unit, and Molecular Weights 108 4.R.2 Avogadro's
Number 109 4.R.3 The Mole Concept 110 4.R.4 Calculation of CO2 Emission by
a Car 111 4.R.5 The Molecule Benzene, Kekul¿e's Dream, and Resonance Theory
112 4.R.6 Resonance Theory and Collective Bonding 114 4.R.7 References for
Retouches 115 4.P Problem Set 115 LECTURE 5 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS
OF LIFE FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 117 5.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 5 117 5.2 Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Ethers, and Amines 120
5.2.1 Alcohols 120 5.2.2 Ethers 122 5.2.3 Amines 124 5.2.4 Biogenic Amines:
Our Neurotransmitters 124 5.2.5 Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, and Esters 128
5.2.6 Fats (Lipids): Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins, Triglycerides,
Cholesterol, Cortisone, etc. 130 5.2.7 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and
Enzymes 136 5.3 Summary 145 5.4 References 145 5.A Appendix 146 5.A.1 The
Natural Amino Acids (NAAs) 146 5.R Retouches 146 5.R.1 P450 Enzymes and
Grapefruit Juice 146 5.R.2 The Discovery of O2 146 5.R.3 References for
Retouches 150 5.P Problem Set 150 LECTURE 6 ELECTRON RICHNESS, DNA AND RNA
MOLECULES, AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 153 6.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 6 153 6.2 Electron Richness: A Different State of Nirvana 155 6.2.1
"Who Is Who in Electron Richness" 155 6.2.2 Examples of Electron-Rich
Molecules 156 6.2.3 Phosphoric and Sulfuric Acids 157 6.3 DNA and RNA
Strands 159 6.3.1 Formation of DNA and RNA Strands 161 6.3.2 DNA and RNA
Nucleotide-Based Drugs 161 6.4 Synthetic Polymers 164 6.4.1 Constructing
Polymers Using the LEGO Principles 165 6.4.2 Polymers and Additives 171 6.5
Summary 172 6.6 References and Notes 173 6.A Appendix 174 6.A.1 Proposed
Demonstrations 174 6.A.2 References for Appendix 6.A 175 6.R Retouches 175
6.R.1 To Be or Not to Be in Octet? This Is the Question 175 6.P Problem Set
177 LECTURE 7 THE 3D STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES, ELECTRONEGATIVITY, HYDROGEN
BONDS, AND MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE 179 7.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 7 179 7.2 3D Structures of Molecules 186 7.2.1 Selection Rules of
3D Molecular Structures 186 7.2.2 Lone Pairs Count in 3D Structure
Determination 189 7.2.3 A Multiple Bond Counts as a Single Space Unit 191
7.2.4 Isomerism in Double-Bonded Molecules 192 7.2.5 Nature's Usage of Cis
and Trans Isomers 194 7.3 Handedness (Chirality) and Isomerism 195 7.3.1
Handedness (Chirality) in Nature 197 7.4 Extension of the 3D Rules to
Conformations 200 7.5 The Architecture of Matter and Its Origins 202 7.5.1
The Electronegativity of Atoms 203 7.5.2 Polarity Trends in Bonds 204 7.5.3
Molecular Polarity 205 7.5.4 Intermolecular Interactions and the Hydrogen
Bond 206 7.5.5 Properties of Water 207 7.5.6 H-Bonds in Proteins 208 7.6
H-Bonding and Our Genetic Code 209 7.7 Summary 213 7.8 References and Note
214 7.A Appendix 215 7.A.1 The Periodic Table of Electronegativity Values
215 7.A.2 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 7 215 7.A.3 References for
Appendix 7.A 218 7.R Retouches 218 7.R.1 Electron Pair Repulsion 218 7.R.2
Pictorial Description of Lone Pairs 218 7.R.3 The Nature of the Double Bond
219 7.R.4 Conformations of C2H6 219 7.R.5 Other Intermolecular Forces 220
7.R.6 More on DNA 221 7.R.7 References for Retouches 225 7.P Problem Set
225 LECTURE 8 THE IONIC BOND AND IONIC MATTER 227 8.1 Conversation on
Contents of Lecture 8 227 8.2 Ionic Bonds versus Covalent Bonds 232 8.2.1
The Formation of Ionic Bonds. How and When? 232 8.2.2 Construction of Ionic
Bonds by "Click-Clack" 235 8.2.3 Ionic Molecules Containing Complex Ions
236 8.2.4 Why Are Ionic Materials Generally Solids? 238 8.2.5 Ionic
Liquids? 240 8.2.6 Solubility and Insolubility of Ionic Materials 240 8.3
The Use of Ionic Matter in Living Organisms 242 8.3.1 Soluble Ionic
Material Takes Care of Biological Communication 242 8.3.2 The Insoluble
Ionic Material Makes Our Skeleton and Teeth 243 8.4 Covalent Molecules that
Form Ions in Solution: Acids and Bases 244 8.4.1 Acids in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from the Acid to Water 244 8.4.2 Bases in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from Water to the Base 248 8.4.3 A Proton Transfer
Reaction from Acids to Bases 249 8.4.4 A Few Facts About Our Acids and
Bases 250 8.5 Summary 251 8.6 References and Notes 252 8.A Appendix 253
8.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 8 253 8.A.2 References for
Appendix 8.A 254 8.R Retouches 255 8.R.1 Energetic Aspects of Ionic Bonding
255 8.R.2 Energy Units and Bond Energy Calculation for Ionic Bonds 257
8.R.3 Dissolution of Ionic Solids in Water 259 8.R.4 Concentration, the pH
Scale, and Indicators 260 8.R.5 Symbolic Representations of Chemical
Reactions Using Curved Arrows 262 8.R.6 References for Retouches 264 8.P
Problem Set 264 LECTURE 9 BONDING IN TRANSITION METALS, SPECTROSCOPY, AND
MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS 265 9.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 9 265 9.2
The 18-Electron Rule for Transition Metal Bonding 275 9.2.1 An Example of a
Transition Metal Complex That Obeys the 18e Rule 276 9.2.2 Electron Counts
of Ligand Contributions 277 9.3 Construction of Transition Metal Complexes
That Obey the 18e Rule 279 9.4 Transition Metal Complexes with 14-16e 280
9.4.1 Comments on TM-Based Catalysts 282 9.5 3D Shapes of Transition Metal
Complexes 283 9.6 Bridging Transition Metal and Organic Molecules: Bonding
Capabilities of Fragments of Transition Metal Complexes 285 9.7 Summary of
Transition Metal Complexes 288 9.8 Spectroscopy or How Do Chemists "Listen
to Molecules"? 288 9.8.1 The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum 288 9.8.2
Energy Levels of Molecules as the Basis of Spectroscopy 291 9.8.3 X-Ray
Crystallography and 3D Molecular Information 294 9.9 Summary of
Spectroscopic Methods 297 9.10 References and Notes 297 9.A Appendix 298
9.A.1 Radii Values for Transition Metals in Covalent and Ionic Bonds 298
9.A.2 Bond Dissociation Energies and Their Usage as Building Blocks 298
9.A.3 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 9 300 9.A.4 References for
Appendix 9.A 302 9.R Retouches 302 9.R.1 Why the 18e Rule, and Why Are Many
TM Complexes Colored? 302 9.R.2 High-Spin Complexes 304 9.R.3 The Active
Species of CYP 450 305 9.R.4 The "Life" of a Catalyst: The Catalytic Cycle
305 9.R.5 The Relation Between the Energy of the Photon and the Frequency
of the Light 308 9.R.6 References for Retouches 308 9.P Problem Set 308
LECTURE 10 CHEMISTRY, THE TWO-FACED JANUS--THE DAMAGE IT CAUSES VERSUS ITS
IMMENSE CONTRIBUTION TO MANKIND 311 10.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 10 311 10.2 Types of Potential Chemical Damage 316 10.2.1 The Ozone
Hole 316 10.2.2 The Montreal Protocol 319 10.2.3 Climate Change 319 10.2.4
Acid Rain 321 10.2.5 More Evils and the Other Side of the Chemical Janus
322 10.3 Summary 324 10.4 References and Notes 324 10.R Retouches 325
10.R.1 The Electronic Structure of Ozone 325 10.R.2 Reference for Retouches
325 10.P Problem Set 326 LECTURE 11 CHEMISTRY IS EVERYTHING AND EVERYTHING
IS CHEMISTRY 327 11.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 11 327 11.2 The
Birth of Chemistry Is the Nascence of Mankind 328 11.3 Chemistry Is
Everything 331 11.4 The Magic of Chemistry and Pathological Science 334
11.5 The Love of Chemistry 337 11.6 Summary 339 11.7 References and Notes
340 11.A Appendix 340 11.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 11 340
11.A.2 References for Appendix 11.A 342 EPILOGUE 343 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM
SETS 345 INDEX 377
Conversation on the Textbook and Its Intended Readers xx LECTURE 1
MOLECULAR BLUES 1 1.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 1 1 1.2 The
Universal Aspect of Chemistry 2 1.3 Love, Addiction, Psychological Balance,
etc. 2 1.4 The Chemical Mechanism of Neurotransmission 8 1.5 Molecules of
Pleasure, Wellness, and Pair Bonding 10 1.6 More Chemical Control 13 1.7
The Chemical Matter 15 1.8 Molecular Architecture and Its Emergent
Properties 18 1.8.1 Diamond, Graphite, and More 18 1.8.2 And There Was
Light... 19 1.9 Chirality, and the Magic by Which Molecules Recognize
Others in Nature 21 1.10 Our Genetic Code Is Chemical 23 1.11 Chemistry and
Its Emergent Expressions 24 1.12 References and Notes 26 1.A Appendix 29
1.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 29 1.A.2 References for Appendix 1.A 31 1.R
Retouches 31 1.R.1 More Drugs Looking like PEA 31 1.R.2 The Atomic
Hypothesis 32 1.R.3 The Uncertainty Principle, The Exclusion Rule, and
Valence 32 1.R.4 Units of Size 33 1.R.5 References for Retouches 33 LECTURE
2 THE CHEMICAL BOND AND THE LEGO PRINCIPLE 35 2.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 2 35 2.2 The Periodic Table: The Storehouse of Atoms 36 2.2.1
The Chemical Language 38 2.3 The LEGO Principle 40 2.3.1 The Covalent Bond
in H2 41 2.4 The Bonding Capability of Atoms and The Law of Nirvana for
Main Group Elements 44 2.4.1 The Valence Shell and Connectivity in a Family
45 2.4.2 The Octet and Duet Rules: The Law of Nirvana 46 2.5 Making
Molecules Using the Available Atom Connectivity and The Law of Nirvana 48
2.5.1 Using the Table of Connectivity to Make Molecules That Attain Nirvana
50 2.5.2 Bonding in Atoms with Multiple Connectivity 53 2.6 The Principle
of Conservation of the Number of Atoms in Chemical Reactions 56 2.7 Summary
57 2.8 References 59 2.A Appendix 59 2.R Retouches 60 2.R.1 Elements versus
Atoms 60 2.R.2 Electron Pairing 61 2.R.3 Enzymes and Catalysis 61 2.R.4
Alchemy 62 2.R.5 References for Retouches 63 2.P Problem Set 63 LECTURE 3
ELECTRON-DEFICIENT MOLECULES, GIANT MOLECULES, AND CONNECTIVITY OF LARGE
FRAGMENTS 65 3.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 3 65 3.2
Electron-Deficient Molecules 66 3.2.1 Electron-Deficient Free Radicals 68
3.3 The Power of Multiple Connectivity: SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.1
SiO2--A Giant Molecule 69 3.3.2 Definitions of Terms That Follow from the
SiO2 Story: Stoichiometry and Polymers 71 3.4 SiO2 and Glass Making 73 3.5
Glass Making from Water Glass 74 3.6 Must We Work So Hard to Construct
Large Molecules? 75 3.6.1 Creating Larger Modular Building Blocks 75 3.6.2
Making New Molecules from the New Modular Fragments 75 3.7 Summary 80 3.8
References 81 3.A Appendix 81 3.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations 81 3.A.2
References for Appendix 3.A 82 3.R Retouches 82 3.R.1 Formal Charges 82
3.R.2 Multiple Bonds to Silicon 83 3.R.3 The Lone-Pair Bond Weakening
Effect 83 3.R.4 The O2 Molecule and Its Magnetism 84 3.R.5 References for
Retouches 86 3.P Problem Set 86 LECTURE 4 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS OF
CARBON-HYDROGEN FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 87 4.1 Conversation on Contents
of Lecture 4 87 4.2 Molecular Chains Involving Only C and H 89 4.2.1
Extended Chains 89 4.2.2 Branched Chains and Isomerism 91 4.2.3 Isomers of
Octane (C8H18) 93 4.2.4 Some Applications of Alkanes 94 4.3 Molecular Rings
and Cages Made From CH2 and CH Fragments 96 4.3.1 Molecular Rings Made of
CH2 Fragments 96 4.3.2 Molecular Cages Made of CH Fragments 97 4.4
Molecular Planes and Cages Made from C Fragments 100 4.5 Isomers of Rings
and Cages 105 4.6 Infinity of Molecular Worlds Made from C and H 106 4.7
Summary 108 4.8 References 108 4.R Retouches 108 4.R.1 Atomic Weight,
Isotopes, Atomic Mass Unit, and Molecular Weights 108 4.R.2 Avogadro's
Number 109 4.R.3 The Mole Concept 110 4.R.4 Calculation of CO2 Emission by
a Car 111 4.R.5 The Molecule Benzene, Kekul¿e's Dream, and Resonance Theory
112 4.R.6 Resonance Theory and Collective Bonding 114 4.R.7 References for
Retouches 115 4.P Problem Set 115 LECTURE 5 CONSTRUCTING MOLECULAR WORLDS
OF LIFE FROM LARGE LEGO FRAGMENTS 117 5.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 5 117 5.2 Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Ethers, and Amines 120
5.2.1 Alcohols 120 5.2.2 Ethers 122 5.2.3 Amines 124 5.2.4 Biogenic Amines:
Our Neurotransmitters 124 5.2.5 Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, and Esters 128
5.2.6 Fats (Lipids): Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins, Triglycerides,
Cholesterol, Cortisone, etc. 130 5.2.7 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and
Enzymes 136 5.3 Summary 145 5.4 References 145 5.A Appendix 146 5.A.1 The
Natural Amino Acids (NAAs) 146 5.R Retouches 146 5.R.1 P450 Enzymes and
Grapefruit Juice 146 5.R.2 The Discovery of O2 146 5.R.3 References for
Retouches 150 5.P Problem Set 150 LECTURE 6 ELECTRON RICHNESS, DNA AND RNA
MOLECULES, AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 153 6.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 6 153 6.2 Electron Richness: A Different State of Nirvana 155 6.2.1
"Who Is Who in Electron Richness" 155 6.2.2 Examples of Electron-Rich
Molecules 156 6.2.3 Phosphoric and Sulfuric Acids 157 6.3 DNA and RNA
Strands 159 6.3.1 Formation of DNA and RNA Strands 161 6.3.2 DNA and RNA
Nucleotide-Based Drugs 161 6.4 Synthetic Polymers 164 6.4.1 Constructing
Polymers Using the LEGO Principles 165 6.4.2 Polymers and Additives 171 6.5
Summary 172 6.6 References and Notes 173 6.A Appendix 174 6.A.1 Proposed
Demonstrations 174 6.A.2 References for Appendix 6.A 175 6.R Retouches 175
6.R.1 To Be or Not to Be in Octet? This Is the Question 175 6.P Problem Set
177 LECTURE 7 THE 3D STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES, ELECTRONEGATIVITY, HYDROGEN
BONDS, AND MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE 179 7.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 7 179 7.2 3D Structures of Molecules 186 7.2.1 Selection Rules of
3D Molecular Structures 186 7.2.2 Lone Pairs Count in 3D Structure
Determination 189 7.2.3 A Multiple Bond Counts as a Single Space Unit 191
7.2.4 Isomerism in Double-Bonded Molecules 192 7.2.5 Nature's Usage of Cis
and Trans Isomers 194 7.3 Handedness (Chirality) and Isomerism 195 7.3.1
Handedness (Chirality) in Nature 197 7.4 Extension of the 3D Rules to
Conformations 200 7.5 The Architecture of Matter and Its Origins 202 7.5.1
The Electronegativity of Atoms 203 7.5.2 Polarity Trends in Bonds 204 7.5.3
Molecular Polarity 205 7.5.4 Intermolecular Interactions and the Hydrogen
Bond 206 7.5.5 Properties of Water 207 7.5.6 H-Bonds in Proteins 208 7.6
H-Bonding and Our Genetic Code 209 7.7 Summary 213 7.8 References and Note
214 7.A Appendix 215 7.A.1 The Periodic Table of Electronegativity Values
215 7.A.2 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 7 215 7.A.3 References for
Appendix 7.A 218 7.R Retouches 218 7.R.1 Electron Pair Repulsion 218 7.R.2
Pictorial Description of Lone Pairs 218 7.R.3 The Nature of the Double Bond
219 7.R.4 Conformations of C2H6 219 7.R.5 Other Intermolecular Forces 220
7.R.6 More on DNA 221 7.R.7 References for Retouches 225 7.P Problem Set
225 LECTURE 8 THE IONIC BOND AND IONIC MATTER 227 8.1 Conversation on
Contents of Lecture 8 227 8.2 Ionic Bonds versus Covalent Bonds 232 8.2.1
The Formation of Ionic Bonds. How and When? 232 8.2.2 Construction of Ionic
Bonds by "Click-Clack" 235 8.2.3 Ionic Molecules Containing Complex Ions
236 8.2.4 Why Are Ionic Materials Generally Solids? 238 8.2.5 Ionic
Liquids? 240 8.2.6 Solubility and Insolubility of Ionic Materials 240 8.3
The Use of Ionic Matter in Living Organisms 242 8.3.1 Soluble Ionic
Material Takes Care of Biological Communication 242 8.3.2 The Insoluble
Ionic Material Makes Our Skeleton and Teeth 243 8.4 Covalent Molecules that
Form Ions in Solution: Acids and Bases 244 8.4.1 Acids in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from the Acid to Water 244 8.4.2 Bases in Water: A Proton
Transfer Reaction from Water to the Base 248 8.4.3 A Proton Transfer
Reaction from Acids to Bases 249 8.4.4 A Few Facts About Our Acids and
Bases 250 8.5 Summary 251 8.6 References and Notes 252 8.A Appendix 253
8.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 8 253 8.A.2 References for
Appendix 8.A 254 8.R Retouches 255 8.R.1 Energetic Aspects of Ionic Bonding
255 8.R.2 Energy Units and Bond Energy Calculation for Ionic Bonds 257
8.R.3 Dissolution of Ionic Solids in Water 259 8.R.4 Concentration, the pH
Scale, and Indicators 260 8.R.5 Symbolic Representations of Chemical
Reactions Using Curved Arrows 262 8.R.6 References for Retouches 264 8.P
Problem Set 264 LECTURE 9 BONDING IN TRANSITION METALS, SPECTROSCOPY, AND
MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS 265 9.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 9 265 9.2
The 18-Electron Rule for Transition Metal Bonding 275 9.2.1 An Example of a
Transition Metal Complex That Obeys the 18e Rule 276 9.2.2 Electron Counts
of Ligand Contributions 277 9.3 Construction of Transition Metal Complexes
That Obey the 18e Rule 279 9.4 Transition Metal Complexes with 14-16e 280
9.4.1 Comments on TM-Based Catalysts 282 9.5 3D Shapes of Transition Metal
Complexes 283 9.6 Bridging Transition Metal and Organic Molecules: Bonding
Capabilities of Fragments of Transition Metal Complexes 285 9.7 Summary of
Transition Metal Complexes 288 9.8 Spectroscopy or How Do Chemists "Listen
to Molecules"? 288 9.8.1 The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum 288 9.8.2
Energy Levels of Molecules as the Basis of Spectroscopy 291 9.8.3 X-Ray
Crystallography and 3D Molecular Information 294 9.9 Summary of
Spectroscopic Methods 297 9.10 References and Notes 297 9.A Appendix 298
9.A.1 Radii Values for Transition Metals in Covalent and Ionic Bonds 298
9.A.2 Bond Dissociation Energies and Their Usage as Building Blocks 298
9.A.3 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 9 300 9.A.4 References for
Appendix 9.A 302 9.R Retouches 302 9.R.1 Why the 18e Rule, and Why Are Many
TM Complexes Colored? 302 9.R.2 High-Spin Complexes 304 9.R.3 The Active
Species of CYP 450 305 9.R.4 The "Life" of a Catalyst: The Catalytic Cycle
305 9.R.5 The Relation Between the Energy of the Photon and the Frequency
of the Light 308 9.R.6 References for Retouches 308 9.P Problem Set 308
LECTURE 10 CHEMISTRY, THE TWO-FACED JANUS--THE DAMAGE IT CAUSES VERSUS ITS
IMMENSE CONTRIBUTION TO MANKIND 311 10.1 Conversation on Contents of
Lecture 10 311 10.2 Types of Potential Chemical Damage 316 10.2.1 The Ozone
Hole 316 10.2.2 The Montreal Protocol 319 10.2.3 Climate Change 319 10.2.4
Acid Rain 321 10.2.5 More Evils and the Other Side of the Chemical Janus
322 10.3 Summary 324 10.4 References and Notes 324 10.R Retouches 325
10.R.1 The Electronic Structure of Ozone 325 10.R.2 Reference for Retouches
325 10.P Problem Set 326 LECTURE 11 CHEMISTRY IS EVERYTHING AND EVERYTHING
IS CHEMISTRY 327 11.1 Conversation on Contents of Lecture 11 327 11.2 The
Birth of Chemistry Is the Nascence of Mankind 328 11.3 Chemistry Is
Everything 331 11.4 The Magic of Chemistry and Pathological Science 334
11.5 The Love of Chemistry 337 11.6 Summary 339 11.7 References and Notes
340 11.A Appendix 340 11.A.1 Proposed Demonstrations for Lecture 11 340
11.A.2 References for Appendix 11.A 342 EPILOGUE 343 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM
SETS 345 INDEX 377