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Using a unique, question-based format, Global Trade Policy offers accessible coverage of the key questions in trade and policy; it charts the changing policy landscape and evolving institutional arrangements for trade policies, examines trade theory, and provides students with an economic framework to better understand the current issues in national and international trade policy.
Uses a unique, question-based format to explore the questions and current debates in international trade policy and their implications Explores trade theory to help guide discussions of trade policy, including…mehr
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Using a unique, question-based format, Global Trade Policy offers accessible coverage of the key questions in trade and policy; it charts the changing policy landscape and evolving institutional arrangements for trade policies, examines trade theory, and provides students with an economic framework to better understand the current issues in national and international trade policy.
Uses a unique, question-based format to explore the questions and current debates in international trade policy and their implications
Explores trade theory to help guide discussions of trade policy, including traditional theories of inter-industry trade, as well as newer theories of intra-industry and intra-firm trade
Examines the national and international effects of widely used policies designed to directly and indirectly affect trade, and considers the evolving institutional arrangements for these
Charts the changing policy landscape from traditional trade policies - such as tariffs, quantitative restrictions, and export subsidies - to those including intellectual property rights, labor, the environment, and growth and development policies
Covers national as well as global perspectives and their interaction, helping to explain opposing views on trade policy and liberalization
Includes applied exercises enabling students to explore open-ended and realistic questions of policy debate, making it ideal for classroom use; an instructor's manual and a range of other resources are available at www.wiley.com/go/globaltradepolicy
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Uses a unique, question-based format to explore the questions and current debates in international trade policy and their implications
Explores trade theory to help guide discussions of trade policy, including traditional theories of inter-industry trade, as well as newer theories of intra-industry and intra-firm trade
Examines the national and international effects of widely used policies designed to directly and indirectly affect trade, and considers the evolving institutional arrangements for these
Charts the changing policy landscape from traditional trade policies - such as tariffs, quantitative restrictions, and export subsidies - to those including intellectual property rights, labor, the environment, and growth and development policies
Covers national as well as global perspectives and their interaction, helping to explain opposing views on trade policy and liberalization
Includes applied exercises enabling students to explore open-ended and realistic questions of policy debate, making it ideal for classroom use; an instructor's manual and a range of other resources are available at www.wiley.com/go/globaltradepolicy
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1A118357650
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 376
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. September 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 243mm x 172mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 1740g
- ISBN-13: 9781118357651
- ISBN-10: 1118357655
- Artikelnr.: 37322311
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1A118357650
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 376
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. September 2013
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 243mm x 172mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 1740g
- ISBN-13: 9781118357651
- ISBN-10: 1118357655
- Artikelnr.: 37322311
Pamela J. Smith is Associate Professor of applied economics at the University of Minnesota and teaches international trade and policy at the graduate and undergraduate levels
Acknowledgments xi List of Tables xv List of Figures xvii Preface xxi Part
One Trade Theory as Guidance to Trade Policy 1 1 Preliminaries: Trade
Theory 3 1.1 What Are the Core Questions Asked by International Trade
Economists? 3 1.2 How Can Trade Theory Provide Guidance to Trade Policy? 4
1.3 How Has International Trade Evolved over Time in Practice? 5 1.4 How
Has Trade Theory Evolved over Time? 6 1.5 How Is the Book Organized? 9
Further Reading 11 2 Inter-industry Trade 13 2.1 What Are the Effects of
Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Technologies? 14 2.1.1 What
are the production possibilities? 15 2.1.2 What are the relative costs and
prices in autarky? 16 2.1.3 What are the world prices with trade and
patterns of trade? 17 2.1.4 What are the gains from trade? 20 2.1.5 What
are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 22 2.2 What Are the Effects
of Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Endowments? 24 2.2.1 How
are endowments and outputs related? 28 2.2.2 How are goods prices and
factor prices related? 29 2.2.3 What are the production possibilities? 32
2.2.4 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 32 2.2.5 What are
the world prices with trade and the patterns of trade? 33 2.2.6 What are
the gains from trade? 35 2.2.7 What are the effects of liberalizing trade
policy? 37 2.2.8 How does factor mobility change the trade patterns? 38 2.3
What Are the Effects of Trade in the Short Run, When Countries Differ in
Immobile Endowments? 39 2.3.1 What are the production possibilities? 40
2.3.2 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 42 2.3.3 What are
the world prices with trade? 46 2.3.4 What are the patterns of trade? 47
2.3.5 What are the gains and income distribution effects of trade? 47 2.3.6
What are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 50 2.4 Summary Remarks
51 Applied Problems 54 Further Reading 55 3 Intra-Industry and Intra-Firm
Trade 57 3.1 What Is Intra-Industry Trade and Its Effects? 58 3.1.1 What
are the patterns and gains from intra-industry trade? 60 3.2 What Is
Intra-Firm Trade and Its Effects? 65 3.2.1 What are the patterns and
motives for foreign direct investment? 66 3.2.2 How is trade related to
foreign direct investment? 68 3.2.3 What are the patterns and motives for
outsourcing and offshoring? 69 3.3 Summary Remarks 71 Applied Problems 74
Further Reading 76 Notes 78 Part Two Trade Policies and Their Effects 81 4
Preliminaries: Trade Policy and Welfare Considerations 83 4.1 What Are
Traditional Trade Policies? 83 4.2 What Approaches Are Used to Examine
Trade Policy? 84 4.3 What Are the Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade
Policy? 85 4.4 How Is Part Two Organized? 88 Further Reading 89 Note 90 5
Tariffs 91 5.1 What Are Tariffs, Their Types and Purpose? 91 5.2 What Are
the Effects of Tariffs? 92 5.2.1 Case 1: What are the effects of a tariff
imposed by a large importer? 95 5.2.2 Case 2: What are the effects of a
tariff imposed by a small importer? 100 5.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects
of a tariff when export supply is inelastic relative to import demand? 103
5.2.4 How is the burden of the tariff allocated across countries and
agents? 106 5.3 What Are the Effects of Tariff Liberalization? 107 5.4 How
Protective Are Tariffs of the Domestic Industry? 109 5.4.1 How does tariff
escalation affect the protection of the domestic industry? 110 5.5 Summary
Remarks 111 Applied Problems 115 Further Reading 116 Notes 117 6 Export
Subsidies 119 6.1 What Are Export Subsidies, Their Types and Purpose? 119
6.2 What Are the Effects of Export Subsidies? 120 6.2.1 Case 1: What are
the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large exporter? 122 6.2.2
Case 2: What are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a small
exporter? 127 6.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of an export subsidy when
export supply is elastic relative to import demand? 129 6.2.4 Case 4: What
are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large country with a
comparative disadvantage? 132 6.2.5 How is the burden of the export subsidy
allocated across countries and agents? 136 6.3 What Are the Effects of
Liberalizing Export Subsidies? 137 6.4 Summary Remarks 138 Applied Problems
142 Further Reading 143 Note 143 7 Quantitative Restrictions 145 7.1 What
Are Quantitative Restrictions, Their Types and Purpose? 145 7.2 What Are
the Effects of Quantitative Restrictions? 147 7.2.1 Case 1: What are the
effects of an import quota imposed by a large importer? 149 7.2.2 Case 2:
What are the effects of an export quota (or voluntary export restriction)
imposed by a large exporter? 153 7.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of a
ban imposed between two large countries? 154 7.3 Summary Remarks 157
Applied Problems 160 Further Reading 160 8 Policy Comparisons 163 8.1 What
Are Policy Equivalents, and Their Purpose? 163 8.2 What Are the Relative
Effects of Policy Equivalents? 164 8.2.1 What are the relative effects of
tariffs, quotas, and VERs? 164 8.2.2 What are the relative effects of bans?
168 8.2.3 What are the relative effects of export subsidies? 168 8.2.4 How
do the policies compare? 169 8.3 What Are the Relative Effects of
Liberalizing Policies? 172 8.4 What Are the Effects of Substituting
Policies? 174 8.5 Summary Remarks 176 Applied Problems 180 Further Reading
182 Note 182 Part Three Trade-Related Policies 183 9 Preliminaries:
Trade-Related Policies and Trade in Services 185 9.1 What Are Trade-Related
Policies? 185 9.2 How Have Trade-Related Policies Evolved over Time in
Practice? 186 9.3 How Have Trade Policies Toward Services Evolved over Time
in Practice? 188 9.4 How Is Part Three Organized? 190 Further Reading 191
Notes 192 10 Intellectual Property Rights 193 10.1 What Are Intellectual
Property Rights, Their Types, and Purpose? 193 10.2 What Are the Effects of
Intellectual Property Rights? 196 10.2.1 What are the domestic effects of
intellectual property rights? 196 10.2.2 What are the effects of country
differences in intellectual property rights? 197 10.2.3 What are the
relative effects of intellectual property rights on trade, foreign direct
investment, and licensing? 200 10.3 How Have Intellectual Property Rights
Evolved over Time in Practice? 202 10.4 What Are the Intellectual Property
Rights Issues on the Policy Frontier? 206 10.5 Summary Remarks 208 Applied
Problems 211 Further Reading 212 Notes 214 11 Environmental Policies 215
11.1 What Are Trade-Related Environmental Policies, Their Types and
Purpose? 215 11.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on the Environment?
216 11.3 What Are the Effects of Environmental Policy on Trade? 219 11.4
What Are the Implications of Using Trade Policy to Address Environmental
Externalities? 221 11.4.1 Case 1: Can trade policy correct a negative
production externality in a small exporter? 223 11.4.2 Case 2: Can trade
policy correct a negative consumption externality in a small importer? 228
11.5 Summary Remarks 232 Applied Problems 235 Further Reading 237 Notes 238
12 Labor Policies 239 12.1 What Are Trade-Related Labor Policies, Their
Types, and Purpose? 239 12.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on Labor?
241 12.2.1 What are the long-run effects of trade on wages? 242 12.2.2 What
are the short-run effects of trade on wages? 254 12.3 How Can the Gains and
Losses from Trade Be Redistributed within Countries? 264 12.4 What Are the
Effects of Labor Policy on Trade? 265 12.5 Summary Remarks 267 Applied
Problems 270 Further Reading 271 Notes 272 13 Growth and Development
Policies 273 13.1 What Are Trade-Related Development and Growth Policies,
Their Types, and Purpose? 273 13.2 What Are the Effects of Trade on
Development and Growth? 275 13.2.1 What are the effects of trade on country
welfare? 275 13.2.2 What are the effects of trade on growth? 282 13.2.3
What are the effects of trade on income distribution? 286 13.3 What Are the
Effects of Growth on Development (or Welfare) in the Presence of Trade? 287
13.3.1 What are the effects of economic growth on relative outputs? 288
13.3.2 What are the effects of output changes on the terms of trade? 288
13.3.3 What are the effects of terms of trade changes on welfare? 292 13.4
Summary Remarks 295 Applied Problems 298 Further Reading 299 Notes 301 Part
Four Trade Arrangements 303 14 Regional and Multilateral Arrangements 305
14.1 What Are the Institutional Arrangements for Trade Policy? 306 14.1.1
What are the prominent multilateral arrangements for trade policy in
practice? 308 14.2 What Are the Effects of Alterative Arrangements for
Trade Policy? 310 14.2.1 What are the effects of regional liberalization?
311 14.2.2 What are the effects of multilateral liberalization? 315 14.2.3
What are the effects of country exclusion from multilateral arrangements?
317 14.3 Are Regional Arrangements Stepping Stones or Stumbling Blocks to
Multilateral Liberalization? 321 14.4 Summary Remarks 323 Applied Problems
327 Further Reading 329 Notes 331 References 333 Index 339
One Trade Theory as Guidance to Trade Policy 1 1 Preliminaries: Trade
Theory 3 1.1 What Are the Core Questions Asked by International Trade
Economists? 3 1.2 How Can Trade Theory Provide Guidance to Trade Policy? 4
1.3 How Has International Trade Evolved over Time in Practice? 5 1.4 How
Has Trade Theory Evolved over Time? 6 1.5 How Is the Book Organized? 9
Further Reading 11 2 Inter-industry Trade 13 2.1 What Are the Effects of
Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Technologies? 14 2.1.1 What
are the production possibilities? 15 2.1.2 What are the relative costs and
prices in autarky? 16 2.1.3 What are the world prices with trade and
patterns of trade? 17 2.1.4 What are the gains from trade? 20 2.1.5 What
are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 22 2.2 What Are the Effects
of Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Endowments? 24 2.2.1 How
are endowments and outputs related? 28 2.2.2 How are goods prices and
factor prices related? 29 2.2.3 What are the production possibilities? 32
2.2.4 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 32 2.2.5 What are
the world prices with trade and the patterns of trade? 33 2.2.6 What are
the gains from trade? 35 2.2.7 What are the effects of liberalizing trade
policy? 37 2.2.8 How does factor mobility change the trade patterns? 38 2.3
What Are the Effects of Trade in the Short Run, When Countries Differ in
Immobile Endowments? 39 2.3.1 What are the production possibilities? 40
2.3.2 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 42 2.3.3 What are
the world prices with trade? 46 2.3.4 What are the patterns of trade? 47
2.3.5 What are the gains and income distribution effects of trade? 47 2.3.6
What are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 50 2.4 Summary Remarks
51 Applied Problems 54 Further Reading 55 3 Intra-Industry and Intra-Firm
Trade 57 3.1 What Is Intra-Industry Trade and Its Effects? 58 3.1.1 What
are the patterns and gains from intra-industry trade? 60 3.2 What Is
Intra-Firm Trade and Its Effects? 65 3.2.1 What are the patterns and
motives for foreign direct investment? 66 3.2.2 How is trade related to
foreign direct investment? 68 3.2.3 What are the patterns and motives for
outsourcing and offshoring? 69 3.3 Summary Remarks 71 Applied Problems 74
Further Reading 76 Notes 78 Part Two Trade Policies and Their Effects 81 4
Preliminaries: Trade Policy and Welfare Considerations 83 4.1 What Are
Traditional Trade Policies? 83 4.2 What Approaches Are Used to Examine
Trade Policy? 84 4.3 What Are the Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade
Policy? 85 4.4 How Is Part Two Organized? 88 Further Reading 89 Note 90 5
Tariffs 91 5.1 What Are Tariffs, Their Types and Purpose? 91 5.2 What Are
the Effects of Tariffs? 92 5.2.1 Case 1: What are the effects of a tariff
imposed by a large importer? 95 5.2.2 Case 2: What are the effects of a
tariff imposed by a small importer? 100 5.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects
of a tariff when export supply is inelastic relative to import demand? 103
5.2.4 How is the burden of the tariff allocated across countries and
agents? 106 5.3 What Are the Effects of Tariff Liberalization? 107 5.4 How
Protective Are Tariffs of the Domestic Industry? 109 5.4.1 How does tariff
escalation affect the protection of the domestic industry? 110 5.5 Summary
Remarks 111 Applied Problems 115 Further Reading 116 Notes 117 6 Export
Subsidies 119 6.1 What Are Export Subsidies, Their Types and Purpose? 119
6.2 What Are the Effects of Export Subsidies? 120 6.2.1 Case 1: What are
the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large exporter? 122 6.2.2
Case 2: What are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a small
exporter? 127 6.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of an export subsidy when
export supply is elastic relative to import demand? 129 6.2.4 Case 4: What
are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large country with a
comparative disadvantage? 132 6.2.5 How is the burden of the export subsidy
allocated across countries and agents? 136 6.3 What Are the Effects of
Liberalizing Export Subsidies? 137 6.4 Summary Remarks 138 Applied Problems
142 Further Reading 143 Note 143 7 Quantitative Restrictions 145 7.1 What
Are Quantitative Restrictions, Their Types and Purpose? 145 7.2 What Are
the Effects of Quantitative Restrictions? 147 7.2.1 Case 1: What are the
effects of an import quota imposed by a large importer? 149 7.2.2 Case 2:
What are the effects of an export quota (or voluntary export restriction)
imposed by a large exporter? 153 7.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of a
ban imposed between two large countries? 154 7.3 Summary Remarks 157
Applied Problems 160 Further Reading 160 8 Policy Comparisons 163 8.1 What
Are Policy Equivalents, and Their Purpose? 163 8.2 What Are the Relative
Effects of Policy Equivalents? 164 8.2.1 What are the relative effects of
tariffs, quotas, and VERs? 164 8.2.2 What are the relative effects of bans?
168 8.2.3 What are the relative effects of export subsidies? 168 8.2.4 How
do the policies compare? 169 8.3 What Are the Relative Effects of
Liberalizing Policies? 172 8.4 What Are the Effects of Substituting
Policies? 174 8.5 Summary Remarks 176 Applied Problems 180 Further Reading
182 Note 182 Part Three Trade-Related Policies 183 9 Preliminaries:
Trade-Related Policies and Trade in Services 185 9.1 What Are Trade-Related
Policies? 185 9.2 How Have Trade-Related Policies Evolved over Time in
Practice? 186 9.3 How Have Trade Policies Toward Services Evolved over Time
in Practice? 188 9.4 How Is Part Three Organized? 190 Further Reading 191
Notes 192 10 Intellectual Property Rights 193 10.1 What Are Intellectual
Property Rights, Their Types, and Purpose? 193 10.2 What Are the Effects of
Intellectual Property Rights? 196 10.2.1 What are the domestic effects of
intellectual property rights? 196 10.2.2 What are the effects of country
differences in intellectual property rights? 197 10.2.3 What are the
relative effects of intellectual property rights on trade, foreign direct
investment, and licensing? 200 10.3 How Have Intellectual Property Rights
Evolved over Time in Practice? 202 10.4 What Are the Intellectual Property
Rights Issues on the Policy Frontier? 206 10.5 Summary Remarks 208 Applied
Problems 211 Further Reading 212 Notes 214 11 Environmental Policies 215
11.1 What Are Trade-Related Environmental Policies, Their Types and
Purpose? 215 11.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on the Environment?
216 11.3 What Are the Effects of Environmental Policy on Trade? 219 11.4
What Are the Implications of Using Trade Policy to Address Environmental
Externalities? 221 11.4.1 Case 1: Can trade policy correct a negative
production externality in a small exporter? 223 11.4.2 Case 2: Can trade
policy correct a negative consumption externality in a small importer? 228
11.5 Summary Remarks 232 Applied Problems 235 Further Reading 237 Notes 238
12 Labor Policies 239 12.1 What Are Trade-Related Labor Policies, Their
Types, and Purpose? 239 12.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on Labor?
241 12.2.1 What are the long-run effects of trade on wages? 242 12.2.2 What
are the short-run effects of trade on wages? 254 12.3 How Can the Gains and
Losses from Trade Be Redistributed within Countries? 264 12.4 What Are the
Effects of Labor Policy on Trade? 265 12.5 Summary Remarks 267 Applied
Problems 270 Further Reading 271 Notes 272 13 Growth and Development
Policies 273 13.1 What Are Trade-Related Development and Growth Policies,
Their Types, and Purpose? 273 13.2 What Are the Effects of Trade on
Development and Growth? 275 13.2.1 What are the effects of trade on country
welfare? 275 13.2.2 What are the effects of trade on growth? 282 13.2.3
What are the effects of trade on income distribution? 286 13.3 What Are the
Effects of Growth on Development (or Welfare) in the Presence of Trade? 287
13.3.1 What are the effects of economic growth on relative outputs? 288
13.3.2 What are the effects of output changes on the terms of trade? 288
13.3.3 What are the effects of terms of trade changes on welfare? 292 13.4
Summary Remarks 295 Applied Problems 298 Further Reading 299 Notes 301 Part
Four Trade Arrangements 303 14 Regional and Multilateral Arrangements 305
14.1 What Are the Institutional Arrangements for Trade Policy? 306 14.1.1
What are the prominent multilateral arrangements for trade policy in
practice? 308 14.2 What Are the Effects of Alterative Arrangements for
Trade Policy? 310 14.2.1 What are the effects of regional liberalization?
311 14.2.2 What are the effects of multilateral liberalization? 315 14.2.3
What are the effects of country exclusion from multilateral arrangements?
317 14.3 Are Regional Arrangements Stepping Stones or Stumbling Blocks to
Multilateral Liberalization? 321 14.4 Summary Remarks 323 Applied Problems
327 Further Reading 329 Notes 331 References 333 Index 339
Acknowledgments xi List of Tables xv List of Figures xvii Preface xxi Part
One Trade Theory as Guidance to Trade Policy 1 1 Preliminaries: Trade
Theory 3 1.1 What Are the Core Questions Asked by International Trade
Economists? 3 1.2 How Can Trade Theory Provide Guidance to Trade Policy? 4
1.3 How Has International Trade Evolved over Time in Practice? 5 1.4 How
Has Trade Theory Evolved over Time? 6 1.5 How Is the Book Organized? 9
Further Reading 11 2 Inter-industry Trade 13 2.1 What Are the Effects of
Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Technologies? 14 2.1.1 What
are the production possibilities? 15 2.1.2 What are the relative costs and
prices in autarky? 16 2.1.3 What are the world prices with trade and
patterns of trade? 17 2.1.4 What are the gains from trade? 20 2.1.5 What
are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 22 2.2 What Are the Effects
of Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Endowments? 24 2.2.1 How
are endowments and outputs related? 28 2.2.2 How are goods prices and
factor prices related? 29 2.2.3 What are the production possibilities? 32
2.2.4 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 32 2.2.5 What are
the world prices with trade and the patterns of trade? 33 2.2.6 What are
the gains from trade? 35 2.2.7 What are the effects of liberalizing trade
policy? 37 2.2.8 How does factor mobility change the trade patterns? 38 2.3
What Are the Effects of Trade in the Short Run, When Countries Differ in
Immobile Endowments? 39 2.3.1 What are the production possibilities? 40
2.3.2 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 42 2.3.3 What are
the world prices with trade? 46 2.3.4 What are the patterns of trade? 47
2.3.5 What are the gains and income distribution effects of trade? 47 2.3.6
What are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 50 2.4 Summary Remarks
51 Applied Problems 54 Further Reading 55 3 Intra-Industry and Intra-Firm
Trade 57 3.1 What Is Intra-Industry Trade and Its Effects? 58 3.1.1 What
are the patterns and gains from intra-industry trade? 60 3.2 What Is
Intra-Firm Trade and Its Effects? 65 3.2.1 What are the patterns and
motives for foreign direct investment? 66 3.2.2 How is trade related to
foreign direct investment? 68 3.2.3 What are the patterns and motives for
outsourcing and offshoring? 69 3.3 Summary Remarks 71 Applied Problems 74
Further Reading 76 Notes 78 Part Two Trade Policies and Their Effects 81 4
Preliminaries: Trade Policy and Welfare Considerations 83 4.1 What Are
Traditional Trade Policies? 83 4.2 What Approaches Are Used to Examine
Trade Policy? 84 4.3 What Are the Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade
Policy? 85 4.4 How Is Part Two Organized? 88 Further Reading 89 Note 90 5
Tariffs 91 5.1 What Are Tariffs, Their Types and Purpose? 91 5.2 What Are
the Effects of Tariffs? 92 5.2.1 Case 1: What are the effects of a tariff
imposed by a large importer? 95 5.2.2 Case 2: What are the effects of a
tariff imposed by a small importer? 100 5.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects
of a tariff when export supply is inelastic relative to import demand? 103
5.2.4 How is the burden of the tariff allocated across countries and
agents? 106 5.3 What Are the Effects of Tariff Liberalization? 107 5.4 How
Protective Are Tariffs of the Domestic Industry? 109 5.4.1 How does tariff
escalation affect the protection of the domestic industry? 110 5.5 Summary
Remarks 111 Applied Problems 115 Further Reading 116 Notes 117 6 Export
Subsidies 119 6.1 What Are Export Subsidies, Their Types and Purpose? 119
6.2 What Are the Effects of Export Subsidies? 120 6.2.1 Case 1: What are
the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large exporter? 122 6.2.2
Case 2: What are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a small
exporter? 127 6.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of an export subsidy when
export supply is elastic relative to import demand? 129 6.2.4 Case 4: What
are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large country with a
comparative disadvantage? 132 6.2.5 How is the burden of the export subsidy
allocated across countries and agents? 136 6.3 What Are the Effects of
Liberalizing Export Subsidies? 137 6.4 Summary Remarks 138 Applied Problems
142 Further Reading 143 Note 143 7 Quantitative Restrictions 145 7.1 What
Are Quantitative Restrictions, Their Types and Purpose? 145 7.2 What Are
the Effects of Quantitative Restrictions? 147 7.2.1 Case 1: What are the
effects of an import quota imposed by a large importer? 149 7.2.2 Case 2:
What are the effects of an export quota (or voluntary export restriction)
imposed by a large exporter? 153 7.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of a
ban imposed between two large countries? 154 7.3 Summary Remarks 157
Applied Problems 160 Further Reading 160 8 Policy Comparisons 163 8.1 What
Are Policy Equivalents, and Their Purpose? 163 8.2 What Are the Relative
Effects of Policy Equivalents? 164 8.2.1 What are the relative effects of
tariffs, quotas, and VERs? 164 8.2.2 What are the relative effects of bans?
168 8.2.3 What are the relative effects of export subsidies? 168 8.2.4 How
do the policies compare? 169 8.3 What Are the Relative Effects of
Liberalizing Policies? 172 8.4 What Are the Effects of Substituting
Policies? 174 8.5 Summary Remarks 176 Applied Problems 180 Further Reading
182 Note 182 Part Three Trade-Related Policies 183 9 Preliminaries:
Trade-Related Policies and Trade in Services 185 9.1 What Are Trade-Related
Policies? 185 9.2 How Have Trade-Related Policies Evolved over Time in
Practice? 186 9.3 How Have Trade Policies Toward Services Evolved over Time
in Practice? 188 9.4 How Is Part Three Organized? 190 Further Reading 191
Notes 192 10 Intellectual Property Rights 193 10.1 What Are Intellectual
Property Rights, Their Types, and Purpose? 193 10.2 What Are the Effects of
Intellectual Property Rights? 196 10.2.1 What are the domestic effects of
intellectual property rights? 196 10.2.2 What are the effects of country
differences in intellectual property rights? 197 10.2.3 What are the
relative effects of intellectual property rights on trade, foreign direct
investment, and licensing? 200 10.3 How Have Intellectual Property Rights
Evolved over Time in Practice? 202 10.4 What Are the Intellectual Property
Rights Issues on the Policy Frontier? 206 10.5 Summary Remarks 208 Applied
Problems 211 Further Reading 212 Notes 214 11 Environmental Policies 215
11.1 What Are Trade-Related Environmental Policies, Their Types and
Purpose? 215 11.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on the Environment?
216 11.3 What Are the Effects of Environmental Policy on Trade? 219 11.4
What Are the Implications of Using Trade Policy to Address Environmental
Externalities? 221 11.4.1 Case 1: Can trade policy correct a negative
production externality in a small exporter? 223 11.4.2 Case 2: Can trade
policy correct a negative consumption externality in a small importer? 228
11.5 Summary Remarks 232 Applied Problems 235 Further Reading 237 Notes 238
12 Labor Policies 239 12.1 What Are Trade-Related Labor Policies, Their
Types, and Purpose? 239 12.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on Labor?
241 12.2.1 What are the long-run effects of trade on wages? 242 12.2.2 What
are the short-run effects of trade on wages? 254 12.3 How Can the Gains and
Losses from Trade Be Redistributed within Countries? 264 12.4 What Are the
Effects of Labor Policy on Trade? 265 12.5 Summary Remarks 267 Applied
Problems 270 Further Reading 271 Notes 272 13 Growth and Development
Policies 273 13.1 What Are Trade-Related Development and Growth Policies,
Their Types, and Purpose? 273 13.2 What Are the Effects of Trade on
Development and Growth? 275 13.2.1 What are the effects of trade on country
welfare? 275 13.2.2 What are the effects of trade on growth? 282 13.2.3
What are the effects of trade on income distribution? 286 13.3 What Are the
Effects of Growth on Development (or Welfare) in the Presence of Trade? 287
13.3.1 What are the effects of economic growth on relative outputs? 288
13.3.2 What are the effects of output changes on the terms of trade? 288
13.3.3 What are the effects of terms of trade changes on welfare? 292 13.4
Summary Remarks 295 Applied Problems 298 Further Reading 299 Notes 301 Part
Four Trade Arrangements 303 14 Regional and Multilateral Arrangements 305
14.1 What Are the Institutional Arrangements for Trade Policy? 306 14.1.1
What are the prominent multilateral arrangements for trade policy in
practice? 308 14.2 What Are the Effects of Alterative Arrangements for
Trade Policy? 310 14.2.1 What are the effects of regional liberalization?
311 14.2.2 What are the effects of multilateral liberalization? 315 14.2.3
What are the effects of country exclusion from multilateral arrangements?
317 14.3 Are Regional Arrangements Stepping Stones or Stumbling Blocks to
Multilateral Liberalization? 321 14.4 Summary Remarks 323 Applied Problems
327 Further Reading 329 Notes 331 References 333 Index 339
One Trade Theory as Guidance to Trade Policy 1 1 Preliminaries: Trade
Theory 3 1.1 What Are the Core Questions Asked by International Trade
Economists? 3 1.2 How Can Trade Theory Provide Guidance to Trade Policy? 4
1.3 How Has International Trade Evolved over Time in Practice? 5 1.4 How
Has Trade Theory Evolved over Time? 6 1.5 How Is the Book Organized? 9
Further Reading 11 2 Inter-industry Trade 13 2.1 What Are the Effects of
Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Technologies? 14 2.1.1 What
are the production possibilities? 15 2.1.2 What are the relative costs and
prices in autarky? 16 2.1.3 What are the world prices with trade and
patterns of trade? 17 2.1.4 What are the gains from trade? 20 2.1.5 What
are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 22 2.2 What Are the Effects
of Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Endowments? 24 2.2.1 How
are endowments and outputs related? 28 2.2.2 How are goods prices and
factor prices related? 29 2.2.3 What are the production possibilities? 32
2.2.4 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 32 2.2.5 What are
the world prices with trade and the patterns of trade? 33 2.2.6 What are
the gains from trade? 35 2.2.7 What are the effects of liberalizing trade
policy? 37 2.2.8 How does factor mobility change the trade patterns? 38 2.3
What Are the Effects of Trade in the Short Run, When Countries Differ in
Immobile Endowments? 39 2.3.1 What are the production possibilities? 40
2.3.2 What are the relative costs and prices in autarky? 42 2.3.3 What are
the world prices with trade? 46 2.3.4 What are the patterns of trade? 47
2.3.5 What are the gains and income distribution effects of trade? 47 2.3.6
What are the effects of liberalizing trade policy? 50 2.4 Summary Remarks
51 Applied Problems 54 Further Reading 55 3 Intra-Industry and Intra-Firm
Trade 57 3.1 What Is Intra-Industry Trade and Its Effects? 58 3.1.1 What
are the patterns and gains from intra-industry trade? 60 3.2 What Is
Intra-Firm Trade and Its Effects? 65 3.2.1 What are the patterns and
motives for foreign direct investment? 66 3.2.2 How is trade related to
foreign direct investment? 68 3.2.3 What are the patterns and motives for
outsourcing and offshoring? 69 3.3 Summary Remarks 71 Applied Problems 74
Further Reading 76 Notes 78 Part Two Trade Policies and Their Effects 81 4
Preliminaries: Trade Policy and Welfare Considerations 83 4.1 What Are
Traditional Trade Policies? 83 4.2 What Approaches Are Used to Examine
Trade Policy? 84 4.3 What Are the Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade
Policy? 85 4.4 How Is Part Two Organized? 88 Further Reading 89 Note 90 5
Tariffs 91 5.1 What Are Tariffs, Their Types and Purpose? 91 5.2 What Are
the Effects of Tariffs? 92 5.2.1 Case 1: What are the effects of a tariff
imposed by a large importer? 95 5.2.2 Case 2: What are the effects of a
tariff imposed by a small importer? 100 5.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects
of a tariff when export supply is inelastic relative to import demand? 103
5.2.4 How is the burden of the tariff allocated across countries and
agents? 106 5.3 What Are the Effects of Tariff Liberalization? 107 5.4 How
Protective Are Tariffs of the Domestic Industry? 109 5.4.1 How does tariff
escalation affect the protection of the domestic industry? 110 5.5 Summary
Remarks 111 Applied Problems 115 Further Reading 116 Notes 117 6 Export
Subsidies 119 6.1 What Are Export Subsidies, Their Types and Purpose? 119
6.2 What Are the Effects of Export Subsidies? 120 6.2.1 Case 1: What are
the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large exporter? 122 6.2.2
Case 2: What are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a small
exporter? 127 6.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of an export subsidy when
export supply is elastic relative to import demand? 129 6.2.4 Case 4: What
are the effects of an export subsidy imposed by a large country with a
comparative disadvantage? 132 6.2.5 How is the burden of the export subsidy
allocated across countries and agents? 136 6.3 What Are the Effects of
Liberalizing Export Subsidies? 137 6.4 Summary Remarks 138 Applied Problems
142 Further Reading 143 Note 143 7 Quantitative Restrictions 145 7.1 What
Are Quantitative Restrictions, Their Types and Purpose? 145 7.2 What Are
the Effects of Quantitative Restrictions? 147 7.2.1 Case 1: What are the
effects of an import quota imposed by a large importer? 149 7.2.2 Case 2:
What are the effects of an export quota (or voluntary export restriction)
imposed by a large exporter? 153 7.2.3 Case 3: What are the effects of a
ban imposed between two large countries? 154 7.3 Summary Remarks 157
Applied Problems 160 Further Reading 160 8 Policy Comparisons 163 8.1 What
Are Policy Equivalents, and Their Purpose? 163 8.2 What Are the Relative
Effects of Policy Equivalents? 164 8.2.1 What are the relative effects of
tariffs, quotas, and VERs? 164 8.2.2 What are the relative effects of bans?
168 8.2.3 What are the relative effects of export subsidies? 168 8.2.4 How
do the policies compare? 169 8.3 What Are the Relative Effects of
Liberalizing Policies? 172 8.4 What Are the Effects of Substituting
Policies? 174 8.5 Summary Remarks 176 Applied Problems 180 Further Reading
182 Note 182 Part Three Trade-Related Policies 183 9 Preliminaries:
Trade-Related Policies and Trade in Services 185 9.1 What Are Trade-Related
Policies? 185 9.2 How Have Trade-Related Policies Evolved over Time in
Practice? 186 9.3 How Have Trade Policies Toward Services Evolved over Time
in Practice? 188 9.4 How Is Part Three Organized? 190 Further Reading 191
Notes 192 10 Intellectual Property Rights 193 10.1 What Are Intellectual
Property Rights, Their Types, and Purpose? 193 10.2 What Are the Effects of
Intellectual Property Rights? 196 10.2.1 What are the domestic effects of
intellectual property rights? 196 10.2.2 What are the effects of country
differences in intellectual property rights? 197 10.2.3 What are the
relative effects of intellectual property rights on trade, foreign direct
investment, and licensing? 200 10.3 How Have Intellectual Property Rights
Evolved over Time in Practice? 202 10.4 What Are the Intellectual Property
Rights Issues on the Policy Frontier? 206 10.5 Summary Remarks 208 Applied
Problems 211 Further Reading 212 Notes 214 11 Environmental Policies 215
11.1 What Are Trade-Related Environmental Policies, Their Types and
Purpose? 215 11.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on the Environment?
216 11.3 What Are the Effects of Environmental Policy on Trade? 219 11.4
What Are the Implications of Using Trade Policy to Address Environmental
Externalities? 221 11.4.1 Case 1: Can trade policy correct a negative
production externality in a small exporter? 223 11.4.2 Case 2: Can trade
policy correct a negative consumption externality in a small importer? 228
11.5 Summary Remarks 232 Applied Problems 235 Further Reading 237 Notes 238
12 Labor Policies 239 12.1 What Are Trade-Related Labor Policies, Their
Types, and Purpose? 239 12.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on Labor?
241 12.2.1 What are the long-run effects of trade on wages? 242 12.2.2 What
are the short-run effects of trade on wages? 254 12.3 How Can the Gains and
Losses from Trade Be Redistributed within Countries? 264 12.4 What Are the
Effects of Labor Policy on Trade? 265 12.5 Summary Remarks 267 Applied
Problems 270 Further Reading 271 Notes 272 13 Growth and Development
Policies 273 13.1 What Are Trade-Related Development and Growth Policies,
Their Types, and Purpose? 273 13.2 What Are the Effects of Trade on
Development and Growth? 275 13.2.1 What are the effects of trade on country
welfare? 275 13.2.2 What are the effects of trade on growth? 282 13.2.3
What are the effects of trade on income distribution? 286 13.3 What Are the
Effects of Growth on Development (or Welfare) in the Presence of Trade? 287
13.3.1 What are the effects of economic growth on relative outputs? 288
13.3.2 What are the effects of output changes on the terms of trade? 288
13.3.3 What are the effects of terms of trade changes on welfare? 292 13.4
Summary Remarks 295 Applied Problems 298 Further Reading 299 Notes 301 Part
Four Trade Arrangements 303 14 Regional and Multilateral Arrangements 305
14.1 What Are the Institutional Arrangements for Trade Policy? 306 14.1.1
What are the prominent multilateral arrangements for trade policy in
practice? 308 14.2 What Are the Effects of Alterative Arrangements for
Trade Policy? 310 14.2.1 What are the effects of regional liberalization?
311 14.2.2 What are the effects of multilateral liberalization? 315 14.2.3
What are the effects of country exclusion from multilateral arrangements?
317 14.3 Are Regional Arrangements Stepping Stones or Stumbling Blocks to
Multilateral Liberalization? 321 14.4 Summary Remarks 323 Applied Problems
327 Further Reading 329 Notes 331 References 333 Index 339