Eugene J. Kucharz
The Collagens: Biochemistry and Pathophysiology
Eugene J. Kucharz
The Collagens: Biochemistry and Pathophysiology
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Quam magnijicata sunt opera tua, Domine! Omnia in sapientia feciti, plena est terra creaturis tuis. Psalm us CIV:XXIV. The days when the answer to the questions "What is collagen and what is it for?" was simple and short are gone. Nowadays, collagen cannot be considered as a single and metabolic inert fibrous protein responsible only for some mechanical proper ties of tissues. The family of collagen proteins increases rapidly, and new collagens are still being discovered. They differ each from the other, and only the basic amino acid sequence con taining proline and hydroxyproline is the one…mehr
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Quam magnijicata sunt opera tua, Domine! Omnia in sapientia feciti, plena est terra creaturis tuis. Psalm us CIV:XXIV. The days when the answer to the questions "What is collagen and what is it for?" was simple and short are gone. Nowadays, collagen cannot be considered as a single and metabolic inert fibrous protein responsible only for some mechanical proper ties of tissues. The family of collagen proteins increases rapidly, and new collagens are still being discovered. They differ each from the other, and only the basic amino acid sequence con taining proline and hydroxyproline is the one constant and unique feature of proteins which are very different in all other aspects. This heterogeneity is related to the variety of their bio logical functions. The list of physiological aspects involving collagens as well as the number of disorders associated with collagen abnormalities are expanding rapidly. The structure and function of almost every organ are in some way related to connective tissue and to collagens in particular. Our knowledge in this field is significantly growing but is still far from com plete. The efforts to modify collagen gene expression, structure, and metabolism in order to manage some disorders are a new goal of pharmacology and are a natural sequel of the progress ing understanding of the pathophysiological role of collagens. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the patho physiological aspects of collagens with special emphasis on medical problems, i. e.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Springer / Springer Berlin Heidelberg / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-642-76199-7
- Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1992
- Seitenzahl: 452
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. Dezember 2011
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 155mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 680g
- ISBN-13: 9783642761997
- ISBN-10: 3642761992
- Artikelnr.: 36121240
- Verlag: Springer / Springer Berlin Heidelberg / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-642-76199-7
- Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1992
- Seitenzahl: 452
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. Dezember 2011
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 155mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 680g
- ISBN-13: 9783642761997
- ISBN-10: 3642761992
- Artikelnr.: 36121240
1 Introduction: Historical Outline.- 2 Structure, Heterogeneity, and Distribution.- 2.1 Basic Nomenclature.- 2.2 Triple-Chain Helical Structure.- 2.3 Distribution.- 2.4 Classification and General Structural Features of the Collagens.- 2.5 Type I, Type II, Type III Collagens, and Type I-Trimer Collagen.- 2.6 Type IV Collagen.- 2.7 Type V Collagen.- 2.8 Type VI Collagen.- 2.9 Type VII Collagen.- 2.10 Type VIII Collagen.- 2.11 Type IX Collagen.- 2.12 Type X Collagen.- 2.13 Type XI Collagen.- 2.14 Type XII Collagen.- 2.15 Type XIII Collagen.- 2.16 Proteins Containing a Collagenlike Sequence.- 2.16.1 Acetylcholinesterase.- 2.16.2 Mammalian Lectins.- 2.16.2.1 Complement Component C1q.- 2.16.2.2 Conglutinin.- 2.16.2.3 Mannan-Binding Protein.- 2.16.2.4 Lung Surfactant Protein.- 3 Biosynthesis of Collagen.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Procollagen Genes.- 3.3 Cleavage of the Signal Peptide.- 3.4 Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.- 3.5 Glycosylation of Hydroxylysine Residues.- 3.6 Glycosylation of Asparagine Residues.- 3.7 Chain Association, Disulfide Bonding, and Formation of the Helical Structure.- 3.8 Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.- 3.9 Formation of the Supramolecular Structures.- 3.10 Cross-Linking of Collagen.- 3.11 Interaction of Collagen with Components of the Extracellular Matrix.- 3.11.1 General Remarks.- 3.11.2 Collagen-Proteoglycan Interactions.- 3.11.3 Structural Glycoproteins.- 3.11.3.1 Fibronectin.- 3.11.3.2 Laminin.- 3.11.3.3 Entactin and Nitogen.- 3.11.3.4 Chondrionectin.- 3.11.3.5 Fibromodulin.- 4 Degradation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Pathways of Collagen Degradation.- 4.3 Depolymerization.- 4.4 Tissue Collagenases.- 4.5 Collagenolytic Cathepsins.- 4.6 Gelatinases and Collagen Peptidase.- 4.7 Collagenolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin.- 5 Turnover and Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Transcriptional and Translational Control of Collagen Synthesis.- 5.3 Regulation of Collagen Synthesis at the Intracellular Posttranslational Level.- 5.4 Intracellular Degradation of Procollagen.- 5.5 Feedback Inhibition of Biosynthesis of Collagen by Aminoterminal Propeptides.- 5.6 Role of the Free Proline Pool in the Regulation of Collagen Synthesis.- 5.7 Turnover of Collagen.- 6 Collagen in Development, Aging, and Phylogeny.- 6.1 Collagen and Development.- 6.2 Collagen and Aging.- 6.3 Phylogenetic Aspects of Collagen.- 6.3.1 Collagen and Animal Phylogeny.- 6.3.2 Plants and Unicellular Organisms.- 6.3.3 Porifera.- 6.3.4 Coelenterata.- 6.3.5 Platyhelmintha.- 6.3.6 Aschelminthes.- 6.3.7 Annelida.- 6.3.8 Arthropoda.- 6.3.9 Mollusca.- 6.3.10 Echinodermata.- 6.3.11 Chordata.- 7 Hormonal Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and Thyrotropic Hormone.- 7.3 Glucocorticoids.- 7.4 Growth Hormone.- 7.5 Insulin and Glucagon.- 7.6 Prolactin.- 7.7 Histamine.- 8 Immunobiology of Collagen.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Antigenicity of Collagen and Procollagen.- 8.3 Immune Response to Collagens and Procollagens.- 8.4 Effect of Cytokines on Collagen Metabolism.- 9 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.- 9.3 The Marfan Syndrome.- 9.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta.- 9.4.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I.- 9.4.2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II.- 9.4.3 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III.- 9.4.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV.- 9.5 Epidermolysis Bullosa.- 9.6 Chondrodysplasias.- 9.7 Congenital Dislocation of the Hip.- 9.8 The Nail-Patella Syndrome.- 9.9 Hereditary Progressive Glomerulopathy (Alport's Syndrome).- 9.10 Homocystinuria.- 9.11Alkaptonuria.- 9.12 Aspartylglycosaminuria.- 9.13 Familial Cutaneous Collagenoma.- 9.14 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia.- 9.15 Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae.- 9.16 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.- 9.17 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen Metabolism in Animals.- 10 Collagen Diseases.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Scleroderma and Related Conditions.- 10.3 Other Collagen Diseases.- 10.4 Drug-Induced Lupus-Like Syndrome.- 11 Musculoskeletal System.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Bone.- 11.2.1 Structure and Function.- 11.2.2 Collagen in Bone.- 11.2.3 Collagen in Pathology of Bone.- 11.2.3.1 Disturbed Regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism.- 11.2.3.2 Osteoporosis.- 11.2.3.3 Paget's Disease.- 11.3 Cartilage.- 11.3.1 Structure and Function.- 11.3.2 Collagens of the Cartilage.- 11.4 Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.1 Structure and Function.- 11.4.2 Collagen in the Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.3 Collagen in Pathology of the Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.3.1 Age-Related Degeneration.- 11.4.3.2 Chemonucleolysis.- 11.4.3.3 Scoliosis.- 11.5 Tendons and Related Structures.- 11.5.1 Structure and Function.- 11.5.2 Collagen in Tendinous Pathology.- 11.5.2.1 Dupuytren's Contracture.- 11.5.2.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.- 11.6 Joints.- 11.6.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.- 11.7 Skeletal Muscle.- 11.7.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.- 11.7.2 Collagen in the Pathology.- 11.8 Collagen in Rheumatic Disorders.- 11.8.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 11.8.2 Osteoarthrosis.- 11.8.3 Animal Models of Rheumatic Disorders.- 12 Cardiovascular System.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Heart.- 12.2.1 General Structural Features.- 12.2.2 Collagen in the Normal Heart Muscle.- 12.2.3 Collagen in Myocardial Hypertrophy.- 12.2.4 Collagen in Myocardial Infarction.- 12.2.5 Collagen in the Valves inHealth and Disease.- 12.3 Vessels.- 12.3.1 General Characteristics.- 12.3.2 Collagen in the Normal Vessel Wall.- 12.3.3 Atherosclerosis.- 12.3.4 Hypertension.- 13 Respiratory System.- 13.1 General Structural Features.- 13.2 Collagen Content in the Lungs.- 13.3 Cells Involved in Collagen Production.- 13.4 Collagen and Lung Disease.- 13.4.1 Introduction.- 13.4.2 Fibrotic Lung Disorders.- 13.4.3 Destructive Lung Disorders.- 14 The Liver.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Collagen Content in the Liver.- 14.3 Collagen Synthesizing Cells.- 14.4 Fibrosis as a Response of the Liver Bioecosystem.- 14.5 Collagen Content in the Fibrotic Liver.- 14.6 Metabolism of Collagen in the Liver.- 14.7 Regulation of Collagen Metabolism and Development of Fibrosis.- 14.8 Collagen in Liver Regeneration.- 14.9 Collagen Metabolism in Diseases of the Bile Ducts.- 14.10 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Hepatic Disorders.- 15 The Teeth and Periodontal Tissues.- 15.1 Structure and Collagen Content in Normal Teeth.- 15.1.1 Dentin.- 15.1.2 Cementum.- 15.1.3 Enamel.- 15.1.4 Dental Pulp.- 15.1.5 Periodontium.- 15.2 The Role of Collagen in Development of Teeth.- 15.3 Collagen and Dental and Periodontal Pathology.- 15.3.1 Periodontal Disease.- 15.3.2 Hydantoin-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia.- 16 The Skin and Wound Healing.- 16.1 Collagen in the Skin.- 16.2 Collagen in Cutaneous Diseases.- 16.3 Collagen in Keloids.- 16.4 Wound Healing.- 17 The Eye and The Ear.- 17.1 The Eye.- 17.1.1 General Structural Features.- 17.1.2 The Cornea and the Sclera.- 17.1.3 The Uvea.- 17.1.4 The Lens.- 17.1.5 The Vitreous Body.- 17.1.6 The Retina.- 17.1.7 Collagen in Ocular Pathology.- 17.2 The Ear.- 18 Urinary and Reproductive Systems.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 The Urinary System.- 18.3 The Ovary.- 18.4 The Uterus and Pregnancy.- 18.5 Placenta.- 19 Collagen in the Nervous System.- 20 Collagen in Hematology.- 20.1 Collagen and Hematostasis.- 20.2 Collagen in the Bone Marrow.- 20.3 Collagen in the Lymph Nodes.- 21 Collagen and Neoplasia.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Collagen in the Stroma of Neoplasms.- 21.3 Collagenolysis and Tumor Invasion.- 22 Effect of Nutrition.- 22.1 Malnutrition and Overnutrition.- 22.2 Scurvy.- 23 Effect of Ionizing Radiation.- 24 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Metabolism.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Direct Inhibitors of Collagen Synthesis.- 24.2.1 Pharmacological Control of Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.- 24.2.1.1 Structural Analogues of Proline.- 24.2.1.2 Cosubstrates and Cofactors of Hydroxylation.- 24.2.1.3 Fibrostatins.- 24.2.2 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Secretion.- 24.2.3 Pharmacological Control of the Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.- 24.2.4 Pharmacological Control of Extracellular Processing of Collagen.- 24.2.4.1 Lathyrism.- 24.2.4.2 Penicillamine.- 24 2 4 3 Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase with Respect to Pyridoxal.- 24.2.5 Antifibroblast Serum.- 24.3 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Degradation.- 24.3.1 Induction of Collagenolysis.- 24.3.2 Inhibitors of Collagenase Secretion.- 24.3.3 Inhibitors of Mammalian Collagenases.- 24.4 Drugs That Indirectly Affect Collagen Metabolism.- 24.4.1 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- 24.4.2 Tissue Extracts.- 24.4.3 Heavy Metals.- 24.4.4 Fluoride.- 24.4.5 Cytostatic Drugs.- 24.4.6 Immunomodulants.- 24.4.7 Antibiotics.- 25 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Clinical Practice.- References.
1 Introduction: Historical Outline.- 2 Structure, Heterogeneity, and Distribution.- 2.1 Basic Nomenclature.- 2.2 Triple-Chain Helical Structure.- 2.3 Distribution.- 2.4 Classification and General Structural Features of the Collagens.- 2.5 Type I, Type II, Type III Collagens, and Type I-Trimer Collagen.- 2.6 Type IV Collagen.- 2.7 Type V Collagen.- 2.8 Type VI Collagen.- 2.9 Type VII Collagen.- 2.10 Type VIII Collagen.- 2.11 Type IX Collagen.- 2.12 Type X Collagen.- 2.13 Type XI Collagen.- 2.14 Type XII Collagen.- 2.15 Type XIII Collagen.- 2.16 Proteins Containing a Collagenlike Sequence.- 2.16.1 Acetylcholinesterase.- 2.16.2 Mammalian Lectins.- 2.16.2.1 Complement Component C1q.- 2.16.2.2 Conglutinin.- 2.16.2.3 Mannan-Binding Protein.- 2.16.2.4 Lung Surfactant Protein.- 3 Biosynthesis of Collagen.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Procollagen Genes.- 3.3 Cleavage of the Signal Peptide.- 3.4 Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.- 3.5 Glycosylation of Hydroxylysine Residues.- 3.6 Glycosylation of Asparagine Residues.- 3.7 Chain Association, Disulfide Bonding, and Formation of the Helical Structure.- 3.8 Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.- 3.9 Formation of the Supramolecular Structures.- 3.10 Cross-Linking of Collagen.- 3.11 Interaction of Collagen with Components of the Extracellular Matrix.- 3.11.1 General Remarks.- 3.11.2 Collagen-Proteoglycan Interactions.- 3.11.3 Structural Glycoproteins.- 3.11.3.1 Fibronectin.- 3.11.3.2 Laminin.- 3.11.3.3 Entactin and Nitogen.- 3.11.3.4 Chondrionectin.- 3.11.3.5 Fibromodulin.- 4 Degradation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Pathways of Collagen Degradation.- 4.3 Depolymerization.- 4.4 Tissue Collagenases.- 4.5 Collagenolytic Cathepsins.- 4.6 Gelatinases and Collagen Peptidase.- 4.7 Collagenolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin.- 5 Turnover and Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Transcriptional and Translational Control of Collagen Synthesis.- 5.3 Regulation of Collagen Synthesis at the Intracellular Posttranslational Level.- 5.4 Intracellular Degradation of Procollagen.- 5.5 Feedback Inhibition of Biosynthesis of Collagen by Aminoterminal Propeptides.- 5.6 Role of the Free Proline Pool in the Regulation of Collagen Synthesis.- 5.7 Turnover of Collagen.- 6 Collagen in Development, Aging, and Phylogeny.- 6.1 Collagen and Development.- 6.2 Collagen and Aging.- 6.3 Phylogenetic Aspects of Collagen.- 6.3.1 Collagen and Animal Phylogeny.- 6.3.2 Plants and Unicellular Organisms.- 6.3.3 Porifera.- 6.3.4 Coelenterata.- 6.3.5 Platyhelmintha.- 6.3.6 Aschelminthes.- 6.3.7 Annelida.- 6.3.8 Arthropoda.- 6.3.9 Mollusca.- 6.3.10 Echinodermata.- 6.3.11 Chordata.- 7 Hormonal Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and Thyrotropic Hormone.- 7.3 Glucocorticoids.- 7.4 Growth Hormone.- 7.5 Insulin and Glucagon.- 7.6 Prolactin.- 7.7 Histamine.- 8 Immunobiology of Collagen.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Antigenicity of Collagen and Procollagen.- 8.3 Immune Response to Collagens and Procollagens.- 8.4 Effect of Cytokines on Collagen Metabolism.- 9 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.- 9.3 The Marfan Syndrome.- 9.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta.- 9.4.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I.- 9.4.2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II.- 9.4.3 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III.- 9.4.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV.- 9.5 Epidermolysis Bullosa.- 9.6 Chondrodysplasias.- 9.7 Congenital Dislocation of the Hip.- 9.8 The Nail-Patella Syndrome.- 9.9 Hereditary Progressive Glomerulopathy (Alport's Syndrome).- 9.10 Homocystinuria.- 9.11Alkaptonuria.- 9.12 Aspartylglycosaminuria.- 9.13 Familial Cutaneous Collagenoma.- 9.14 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia.- 9.15 Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae.- 9.16 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.- 9.17 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen Metabolism in Animals.- 10 Collagen Diseases.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Scleroderma and Related Conditions.- 10.3 Other Collagen Diseases.- 10.4 Drug-Induced Lupus-Like Syndrome.- 11 Musculoskeletal System.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Bone.- 11.2.1 Structure and Function.- 11.2.2 Collagen in Bone.- 11.2.3 Collagen in Pathology of Bone.- 11.2.3.1 Disturbed Regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism.- 11.2.3.2 Osteoporosis.- 11.2.3.3 Paget's Disease.- 11.3 Cartilage.- 11.3.1 Structure and Function.- 11.3.2 Collagens of the Cartilage.- 11.4 Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.1 Structure and Function.- 11.4.2 Collagen in the Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.3 Collagen in Pathology of the Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.3.1 Age-Related Degeneration.- 11.4.3.2 Chemonucleolysis.- 11.4.3.3 Scoliosis.- 11.5 Tendons and Related Structures.- 11.5.1 Structure and Function.- 11.5.2 Collagen in Tendinous Pathology.- 11.5.2.1 Dupuytren's Contracture.- 11.5.2.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.- 11.6 Joints.- 11.6.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.- 11.7 Skeletal Muscle.- 11.7.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.- 11.7.2 Collagen in the Pathology.- 11.8 Collagen in Rheumatic Disorders.- 11.8.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 11.8.2 Osteoarthrosis.- 11.8.3 Animal Models of Rheumatic Disorders.- 12 Cardiovascular System.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Heart.- 12.2.1 General Structural Features.- 12.2.2 Collagen in the Normal Heart Muscle.- 12.2.3 Collagen in Myocardial Hypertrophy.- 12.2.4 Collagen in Myocardial Infarction.- 12.2.5 Collagen in the Valves inHealth and Disease.- 12.3 Vessels.- 12.3.1 General Characteristics.- 12.3.2 Collagen in the Normal Vessel Wall.- 12.3.3 Atherosclerosis.- 12.3.4 Hypertension.- 13 Respiratory System.- 13.1 General Structural Features.- 13.2 Collagen Content in the Lungs.- 13.3 Cells Involved in Collagen Production.- 13.4 Collagen and Lung Disease.- 13.4.1 Introduction.- 13.4.2 Fibrotic Lung Disorders.- 13.4.3 Destructive Lung Disorders.- 14 The Liver.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Collagen Content in the Liver.- 14.3 Collagen Synthesizing Cells.- 14.4 Fibrosis as a Response of the Liver Bioecosystem.- 14.5 Collagen Content in the Fibrotic Liver.- 14.6 Metabolism of Collagen in the Liver.- 14.7 Regulation of Collagen Metabolism and Development of Fibrosis.- 14.8 Collagen in Liver Regeneration.- 14.9 Collagen Metabolism in Diseases of the Bile Ducts.- 14.10 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Hepatic Disorders.- 15 The Teeth and Periodontal Tissues.- 15.1 Structure and Collagen Content in Normal Teeth.- 15.1.1 Dentin.- 15.1.2 Cementum.- 15.1.3 Enamel.- 15.1.4 Dental Pulp.- 15.1.5 Periodontium.- 15.2 The Role of Collagen in Development of Teeth.- 15.3 Collagen and Dental and Periodontal Pathology.- 15.3.1 Periodontal Disease.- 15.3.2 Hydantoin-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia.- 16 The Skin and Wound Healing.- 16.1 Collagen in the Skin.- 16.2 Collagen in Cutaneous Diseases.- 16.3 Collagen in Keloids.- 16.4 Wound Healing.- 17 The Eye and The Ear.- 17.1 The Eye.- 17.1.1 General Structural Features.- 17.1.2 The Cornea and the Sclera.- 17.1.3 The Uvea.- 17.1.4 The Lens.- 17.1.5 The Vitreous Body.- 17.1.6 The Retina.- 17.1.7 Collagen in Ocular Pathology.- 17.2 The Ear.- 18 Urinary and Reproductive Systems.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 The Urinary System.- 18.3 The Ovary.- 18.4 The Uterus and Pregnancy.- 18.5 Placenta.- 19 Collagen in the Nervous System.- 20 Collagen in Hematology.- 20.1 Collagen and Hematostasis.- 20.2 Collagen in the Bone Marrow.- 20.3 Collagen in the Lymph Nodes.- 21 Collagen and Neoplasia.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Collagen in the Stroma of Neoplasms.- 21.3 Collagenolysis and Tumor Invasion.- 22 Effect of Nutrition.- 22.1 Malnutrition and Overnutrition.- 22.2 Scurvy.- 23 Effect of Ionizing Radiation.- 24 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Metabolism.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Direct Inhibitors of Collagen Synthesis.- 24.2.1 Pharmacological Control of Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.- 24.2.1.1 Structural Analogues of Proline.- 24.2.1.2 Cosubstrates and Cofactors of Hydroxylation.- 24.2.1.3 Fibrostatins.- 24.2.2 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Secretion.- 24.2.3 Pharmacological Control of the Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.- 24.2.4 Pharmacological Control of Extracellular Processing of Collagen.- 24.2.4.1 Lathyrism.- 24.2.4.2 Penicillamine.- 24 2 4 3 Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase with Respect to Pyridoxal.- 24.2.5 Antifibroblast Serum.- 24.3 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Degradation.- 24.3.1 Induction of Collagenolysis.- 24.3.2 Inhibitors of Collagenase Secretion.- 24.3.3 Inhibitors of Mammalian Collagenases.- 24.4 Drugs That Indirectly Affect Collagen Metabolism.- 24.4.1 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- 24.4.2 Tissue Extracts.- 24.4.3 Heavy Metals.- 24.4.4 Fluoride.- 24.4.5 Cytostatic Drugs.- 24.4.6 Immunomodulants.- 24.4.7 Antibiotics.- 25 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Clinical Practice.- References.