Donald C. Rennels, Hobart M. Hudson

Pipe Flow

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Pipe Flow provides the information required to design and analyze the piping systems needed to support a broad range of industrial operations, distribution systems, and power plants. Throughout the book, the authors demonstrate how to accurately predict and manage pressure loss while working with a variety of piping systems and piping components.

The book draws together and reviews the growing body of experimental and theoretical research, including important loss coefficient data for a wide selection of piping components. Experimental test data and published formulas are examined, integrated and organized into broadly applicable equations. The results are also presented in straightforward tables and diagrams.

Sample problems and their solution are provided throughout the book, demonstrating how core concepts are applied in practice. In addition, references and further reading sections enable the readers to explore all the topics in greater depth.

With its clear explanations, Pipe Flow is recommended as a textbook for engineering students and as a reference for professional engineers who need to design, operate, and troubleshoot piping systems. The book employs the English gravitational system as well as the International System (or SI).

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 320
• Erscheinungstermin: Mai 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 286mm x 221mm x 21mm
• Gewicht: 938g
• ISBN-13: 9780470901021
• ISBN-10: 0470901020
• Artikelnr.: 34745014

Autorenporträt

Donald C. Rennels has been working in the Nuclear Energy Division of GE since 1971. His work has included developing network flow models of reactor vessel internals and various nuclear steam supply systems as well as preparing technical design procedures. In his time at GE, he has won six General Manager Awards. Hobart M. Hudson has been working in the Test Division of Aerojet since 1977. As a senior engineering specialist, he performed analyses of existing rocket test equipment and designed new equipment. As a mechanical engineering consultant, he has worked on various rocket test system designs and analyses, including the Mars Lander Engine.

Inhaltsangabe

PREFACE xv NOMENCLATURE xvii Abbreviation and Definition xix PART I
METHODOLOGY 1 Prologue 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS 3 1.1 Systems of Units 3 1.2 Fluid
Properties 4 1.2.1 Pressure 4 1.2.2 Density 5 1.2.3 Velocity 5 1.2.4 Energy
5 1.2.5 Viscosity 5 1.2.6 Temperature 5 1.2.7 Heat 6 1.3 Important
Dimensionless Ratios 6 1.3.1 Reynolds Number 6 1.3.2 Relative Roughness 6
1.3.3 Loss Coeffi cient 7 1.3.4 Mach Number 7 1.3.5 Froude Number 7 1.3.6
Reduced Pressure 7 1.3.7 Reduced Temperature 7 1.4 Equations of State 7
1.4.1 Equation of State of Liquids 7 1.4.2 Equation of State of Gases 8 1.5
Fluid Velocity 8 1.6 Flow Regimes 8 References 12 Further Reading 12 2
CONSERVATION EQUATIONS 13 2.1 Conservation of Mass 13 2.2 Conservation of
Momentum 13 2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 14 2.4 Conservation of
Energy 16 2.4.1 Potential Energy 16 2.4.2 Pressure Energy 17 2.4.3 Kinetic
Energy 17 2.4.4 Heat Energy 17 2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 18 2.5 General
Energy Equation 18 2.6 Head Loss 18 2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction
Factor 19 2.8 Conventional Head Loss 20 2.9 Grade Lines 20 References 21
Further Reading 21 3 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW 23 3.1 Conventional Head Loss 23
3.2 Sources of Head Loss 23 3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 24 3.2.2 Induced
Turbulence 28 3.2.3 Summing Loss Coeffi cients 29 References 29 Further
Reading 30 4 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 31 4.1 Problem Solution Methods 31 4.2
Approximate Compressible Flow Using Incompressible Flow Equations 32 4.2.1
Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 32 4.2.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet
Properties 33 4.2.3 Using Expansion Factors 34 4.3 Adiabatic Compressible
Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 37 4.3.1 Using Mach Number as a
Parameter 37 4.3.2 Using Static Pressure and Temperature as Parameters 41
4.4 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 42 4.5
Example Problem: Compressible Flow through Pipe 43 References 47 Further
Reading 47 5 NETWORK ANALYSIS 49 5.1 Coupling Effects 49 5.2 Series Flow 50
5.3 Parallel Flow 50 5.4 Branching Flow 51 5.5 Example Problem: Ring
Sparger 51 5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 52 5.5.2 Input Parameters 52
5.5.3 Initial Calculations 53 5.5.4 Network Equations 53 5.5.5 Solution 54
5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 54 5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 55
5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 58 References 60 Further Reading 60 6
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS 61 6.1 Methodology 61 6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain
Times 62 6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel 62 6.2.2 Spherical Vessel 63
6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 64 6.3 Example
Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 65 6.3.1 No Heat Transfer 65 6.3.2 Heat
Transfer 66 6.4 Example Problem: Time-Step Integration 67 6.4.1 Upright
Cylindrical Vessel Drain Problem 67 6.4.2 Direct Solution 67 6.4.3
Time-Step Solution 67 References 68 Further Reading 68 7 UNCERTAINTY 69 7.1
Error Sources 69 7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 69 7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty
71 7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 71 7.4.1 Input Data 71 7.4.2 Solution
72 7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 72 7.5.1 Input Data 72 7.5.2 Solution 73
PART II LOSS COEFFICIENTS 75 Prologue 75 8 SURFACE FRICTION 77 8.1 Friction
Factor 77 8.1.1 Laminar Flow Region 77 8.1.2 Critical Zone 77 8.1.3
Turbulent Flow Region 78 8.2 The Colebrook-White Equation 78 8.3 The Moody
Chart 79 8.4 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 79 8.4.1 Moody's
Approximate Formula 79 8.4.2 Wood's Approximate Formula 79 8.4.3 The
Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 79 8.4.4 Chen's Formula 79
8.4.5 Shacham's Formula 80 8.4.6 Barr's Formula 80 8.4.7 Haaland's Formulas
80 8.4.8 Manadilli's Formula 80 8.4.9 Romeo's Formula 80 8.4.10 Evaluation
of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook-White Equation 80 8.5 All-Regime
Friction Factor Formulas 81 8.5.1 Churchill's 1977 Formula 81 8.5.2 Modifi
cations to Churchill's 1977 Formula 81 8.6 Surface Roughness 82 8.6.1 New,
Clean Pipe 82 8.6.2 The Relationship between Absolute Roughness and
Friction Factor 82 8.6.3 Inherent Margin 84 8.6.4 Loss of Flow Area 84
8.6.5 Machined Surfaces 84 8.7 Noncircular Passages 85 References 87
Further Reading 87 9 ENTRANCES 89 9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 89 9.1.1 Flush
Mounted 89 9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 90 9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 90 9.2
Rounded Entrance 91 9.3 Beveled Entrance 91 9.4 Entrance through an Orifice
92 9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 92 9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 93 9.4.3
Thick-Edged Orifice 93 9.4.4 Beveled Orifice 93 References 99 Further
Reading 99 10 CONTRACTIONS 101 10.1 Flow Model 101 10.2 Sharp-Edged
Contraction 102 10.3 Rounded Contraction 103 10.4 Conical Contraction 104
10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 105 10.4.2 Local Loss 105 10.5 Beveled
Contraction 106 10.6 Smooth Contraction 107 10.7 Pipe Reducer: Contracting
107 References 112 Further Reading 112 11 EXPANSIONS 113 11.1 Sudden
Expansion 113 11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 114 11.3 Multistage Conical
Diffusers 117 11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 117 11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical
Diffuser 118 11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 120 11.5 Pipe Reducer: Expanding 121
References 128 Further Reading 128 12 EXITS 131 12.1 Discharge from a
Straight Pipe 131 12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 132 12.3 Discharge
from an Orifi ce 132 12.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifi ce 132 12.3.2 Round-Edged
Orifi ce 133 12.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifi ce 133 12.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifi ce
133 12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 134 13 ORIFICES 139 13.1
Generalized Flow Model 139 13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifi ce 140 13.2.1 In a
Straight Pipe 140 13.2.2 In a Transition Section 141 13.2.3 In a Wall 141
13.3 Round-Edged Orifi ce 142 13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 143 13.3.2 In a
Transition Section 143 13.3.3 In a Wall 144 13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 145
13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 145 13.4.2 In a Transition Section 145 13.4.3 In
a Wall 146 13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 146 13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 146
13.5.2 In a Transition Section 148 13.5.3 In a Wall 148 13.6 Multihole
Orifices 149 13.7 Noncircular Orifices 149 References 154 Further Reading
154 14 FLOW METERS 157 14.1 Flow Nozzle 157 14.2 Venturi Tube 158 14.3
Nozzle/Venturi 159 References 161 Further Reading 161 15 BENDS 163 15.1
Elbows and Pipe Bends 163 15.2 Coils 166 15.2.1 Constant Pitch Helix 167
15.2.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 167 15.3 Miter Bends 168 15.4 Coupled Bends
169 15.5 Bend Economy 169 References 174 Further Reading 174 16 TEES 177
16.1 Diverging Tees 178 16.1.1 Flow through Run 178 16.1.2 Flow through
Branch 179 16.1.3 Flow from Branch 182 16.2 Converging Tees 182 16.2.1 Flow
through Run 182 16.2.2 Flow through Branch 184 16.2.3 Flow into Branch 185
References 200 Further Reading 200 17 PIPE JOINTS 201 17.1 Weld Protrusion
201 17.2 Backing Rings 202 17.3 Misalignment 203 17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe
Joint 203 17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 203 18 VALVES 205 18.1 Multiturn Valves
205 18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 205 18.1.2 Gate Valve 206 18.1.3 Globe Valve 206
18.1.4 Pinch Valve 207 18.1.5 Needle Valve 207 18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 207
18.2.1 Ball Valve 208 18.2.2 Butterfl y Valve 208 18.2.3 Plug Valve 208
18.3 Self-Actuated Valves 209 18.3.1 Check Valve 209 18.3.2 Relief Valve
210 18.4 Control Valves 210 18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 211 References 211
Further Reading 212 19 THREADED FITTINGS 213 19.1 Reducers: Contracting 213
19.2 Reducers: Expanding 213 19.3 Elbows 214 19.4 Tees 214 19.5 Couplings
214 19.6 Valves 215 Reference 215 PART III FLOW PHENOMENA 217 Prologue 217
20 CAVITATION 219 20.1 The Nature of Cavitation 219 20.2 Pipeline Design
220 20.3 Net Positive Suction Head 220 20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray
Pump 221 20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 222 20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel
Pipe 222 Reference 224 Further Reading 224 21 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION 225
21.1 Steady Internal Flow 225 21.2 Steady External Flow 225 21.3 Water
Hammer 226 21.4 Column Separation 227 References 228 Further Reading 228 22
TEMPERATURE RISE 231 22.1 Reactor Heat Balance 232 22.2 Vessel Heat Up 232
22.3 Pumping System Temperature 232 References 233 23 FLOW TO RUN FULL 235
23.1 Open Flow 235 23.2 Full Flow 237 23.3 Submerged Flow 237 23.4 Reactor
Application 239 Further Reading 240 APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
AT 1 ATMOSPHERE 241 APPENDIX B PIPE SIZE DATA 245 B.1 Commercial Pipe Data
246 APPENDIX C PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND UNIT CONVERSIONS 253 C.1 Important
Physical Constants 253 C.2 Unit Conversions 254 APPENDIX D COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR EQUATIONS 263 D.1 The Redlich-Kwong Equation 263 D.2 The Lee-Kesler
Equation 264 D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 266 APPENDIX E
ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH FRICTION, USING MACH NUMBER AS A PARAMETER
269 E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 269
E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 272 E.3
Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 272 E.4
Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 273
References 274 APPENDIX F VELOCITY PROFILE EQUATIONS 275 F.1 Benedict
Velocity Profile Derivation 275 F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity
Profile Derivation 277 References 278 INDEX 279