Guodong Chen
Characterization of Impurities and Degradants Using Mass Spectrometry
Herausgeber: Pramanik, Birendra; Lee, Mike S
Guodong Chen
Characterization of Impurities and Degradants Using Mass Spectrometry
Herausgeber: Pramanik, Birendra; Lee, Mike S
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The book highlights the current practices and future trends in structural characterization of impurities and degradants. It begins with an overview of mass spectrometry techniques as related to the analysis of impurities and degradants, followed by studies involving characterization of process related impurities (including potential genotoxic impurities), and excipient related impurities in formulated products. Both general practitioners in pharmaceutical research and specialists in analytical chemistry field will benefit from this book that will detail step-by-step approaches and new…mehr
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The book highlights the current practices and future trends in structural characterization of impurities and degradants. It begins with an overview of mass spectrometry techniques as related to the analysis of impurities and degradants, followed by studies involving characterization of process related impurities (including potential genotoxic impurities), and excipient related impurities in formulated products. Both general practitioners in pharmaceutical research and specialists in analytical chemistry field will benefit from this book that will detail step-by-step approaches and new strategies to solve challenging problems related to pharmaceutical research.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 496
- Erscheinungstermin: 31. Mai 2011
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 31mm
- Gewicht: 891g
- ISBN-13: 9780470386187
- ISBN-10: 0470386185
- Artikelnr.: 28165170
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 496
- Erscheinungstermin: 31. Mai 2011
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 31mm
- Gewicht: 891g
- ISBN-13: 9780470386187
- ISBN-10: 0470386185
- Artikelnr.: 28165170
BIRENDRA N. PRAMANIK is a Distinguished Fellow at Merck Research Laboratories, where he directs spectroscopy programs covering mass spectrometry and NMR efforts. He was previously a distinguished fellow at Schering-Plough Research Institute. He received his PhD in organic chemistry under the late Professor Ajay K. Bose from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1977. MIKE S. LEE is President of Milestone Development Services, a provider of consulting services specializing in pharmaceutical analysis and accelerated drug discovery and development strategies in Newtown, Pennsylvania. He previously directed program research at Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute in New Brunswick, New Jersey. GUODONG CHEN is Principal Scientist in Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences at Bristol-Myers Squibb in Princeton, New Jersey. He heads a mass spectrometry group in support of drug discovery as well as development programs in small molecule pharmaceuticals and biologics. He received his PhD in analytical chemistry from Purdue University under the direction of Professor R. Graham Cooks.
PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. ACRONYMS. PART I METHODOLOGY. 1 Introduction to Mass
Spectrometry (Scott A. Smith, Ruth Waddell Smith, Yu Xia, and Zheng
Ouyang). 1.1 History. 1.2 Ionization Methods. 1.3 Mass Spectrometer Types.
1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 1.5 Separation Techniques Coupled to Mass
Spectrometry. 1.6 Prospects for Mass Spectrometry. References. 2 LC Method
Development and Strategies (Gang Xue and Yining Zhao). 2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Column, pH and Solvent Screening. 2.3 Gradient and Temperature
Optimization. 2.4 Orthogonal Screening. 2.5 High-Efficiency Separation. 2.6
Conclusions. References. 3 Rapid Analysis of Drug-Related Substances using
Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time
Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Hao Chen and Jiwen Li). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2
Ionization Apparatus, Mechanisms and General Performance. 3.3 Drug Analysis
in Biological Matrices using DESI and DART. 3.4 High-Throughput Analysis.
3.5 Chemical Imaging and Profiling. 3.6 Future Perspectives. References. 4
Orbitrap High-Resolution Applications (Robert J. Strife). 4.1 Historical
Anecdote. 4.2 General Description of Orbitrap Operating Principles. 4.3 The
Orbitrap is a "Fourier Transform" Device. 4.4 Performing Experiments in
Trapping Devices. 4.5 Determining Elemental Compositions of "Unknowns"
Using an Orbitrap. 4.6 Orbitrap Figures of Merit in Mass Measurement. 4.7
HPLC Orbitrap MS: Accurate Mass Demonstration and Differentiation of Small
Molecule Formulas Very Proximate in Mass/Charge Ratio Space. 4.8
Determination of Trace Contaminant Compositions by Simple Screening HPLC-MS
and Infusion Orbitrap MS. 4.9 Determining Substructures: Orbitrap Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (MS^n). 4.10 Multianalyzer (Hybridized) System: The
Linear Ion Trap/Orbitrap for MS/MS and Higher-Order MS^n, n>2. 4.11 Mass
Mapping to Discover Impurities. 4.12 The Current Practice of Orbitrap Mass
Spectrometry. 4.13 Conclusion. References. 5 Structural Characterization of
Impurities and Degradation Products in Pharmaceuticals Using
High-Resolution LC-MS and Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass
Spectrometry (Guodong Chen and Birendra N. Pramanik). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2
Characterization of Impurities. 5.3 Characterization of Degradation
Products. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Isotope Patten Recognition on
Molecular Formula Determination for Structural Identification of Impurities
(Ming Gu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three Basic Approaches to Isotope Pattern
Recognition. 6.3 The Importance of Lineshape Calibration. 6.4 Spectral
Accuracy. 6.5 Formula Determination with Quadrupole MS. 6.6 Formula
Determination with High-Resolution MS. 6.7 Conclusions and Future
Directions. References. PART II APPLICATION. 7 Practical Application of
Very High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Across the Pharmaceutical
Development-Manufacturing Continuum (Brent Kleintop and Qinggang Wang). 7.1
Introduction. 7.2 Theory and Benefits of VHPLC. 7.3 VHPLC Method
Development. 7.4 Other Practical Considerations. 7.5 VHPLC Method
Validation. 7.6 Summary. References. 8 Impurity Identification for Drug
Substances (David W. Berberich, Tao Jiang, Joseph McClurg, Frank Moser, and
R. Randy Wilhelm). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Case Studies. 8.3 Conclusions.
References. 9 Impurity Identification in Process Chemistry by Mass
Spectrometry (David Q. Liu, Mingjiang Sun, and Lianming Wu). 9.1
Introduction. 9.2 Experimentation. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Concluding
Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 10 Structure Elucidation of
Pharmaceutical Impurities and Degradants in Drug Formulation Development
(Changkang Pan, Frances Liu, and Michael Motto). 10.1 Importance of Drug
Degradation Studies in Drug Development. 10.2 Drug Degradation Studies in
Formulation Development. 10.3 Complexity of Impurity Identification in Drug
Development. 10.4 Strategy for Structure Elucidation of Unknowns. 10.5
Hyphenated Analytical Techniques Used in Drug Development. 10.6 Case
Studies. Acknowledgment. References. 11 Investigation of Degradation
Products and Extractables in Developing Topical OTC (Over the Counter) and
NCE (New Chemical Entity) Consumer Healthcare Medication Products (Fa
Zhang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Oxidatively Induced Coupling of Miconazole
Nitrate with Butylated Hydroxytoluene in a Topical Ointment. 11.3
Extractables from Rubber Closures of a Prefilled Semisolid Drug Applicator.
11.4 New Degradation Products and Pathways of Vitamin D and Its Analogs.
11.5 Reductive Degradation of a 1,2,4-Thiadiazolium Derivative. 11.6
Conclusions. References. 12. Characterization of Impurities and Degradants
in Protein Therapeutics by Mass Spectrometry (Li Tao, Michael Ackerman, Wei
Wu, Peiran Liu, and Reb Russell). 12.1 Introduction to Therapeutic
Proteins. 12.2 Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry. 12.3 Impurities. 12.4
Degradation Products. 12.5 Conclusions. References. 13 Identification and
Quantification of Degradants and Impurities in Antibodies (David M. Hambly
and Himanshu S. Gadgil). 13.1 Introduction to Antibodies and Protein Drugs.
13.2 Overview of Degradations and Impurities in Protein Drugs and
Antibodies. 13.3 Methods to Identify and Quantitate Degradations and
Impurities. 13.4 Conclusions. Appendix. References. INDEX.
Spectrometry (Scott A. Smith, Ruth Waddell Smith, Yu Xia, and Zheng
Ouyang). 1.1 History. 1.2 Ionization Methods. 1.3 Mass Spectrometer Types.
1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 1.5 Separation Techniques Coupled to Mass
Spectrometry. 1.6 Prospects for Mass Spectrometry. References. 2 LC Method
Development and Strategies (Gang Xue and Yining Zhao). 2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Column, pH and Solvent Screening. 2.3 Gradient and Temperature
Optimization. 2.4 Orthogonal Screening. 2.5 High-Efficiency Separation. 2.6
Conclusions. References. 3 Rapid Analysis of Drug-Related Substances using
Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time
Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Hao Chen and Jiwen Li). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2
Ionization Apparatus, Mechanisms and General Performance. 3.3 Drug Analysis
in Biological Matrices using DESI and DART. 3.4 High-Throughput Analysis.
3.5 Chemical Imaging and Profiling. 3.6 Future Perspectives. References. 4
Orbitrap High-Resolution Applications (Robert J. Strife). 4.1 Historical
Anecdote. 4.2 General Description of Orbitrap Operating Principles. 4.3 The
Orbitrap is a "Fourier Transform" Device. 4.4 Performing Experiments in
Trapping Devices. 4.5 Determining Elemental Compositions of "Unknowns"
Using an Orbitrap. 4.6 Orbitrap Figures of Merit in Mass Measurement. 4.7
HPLC Orbitrap MS: Accurate Mass Demonstration and Differentiation of Small
Molecule Formulas Very Proximate in Mass/Charge Ratio Space. 4.8
Determination of Trace Contaminant Compositions by Simple Screening HPLC-MS
and Infusion Orbitrap MS. 4.9 Determining Substructures: Orbitrap Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (MS^n). 4.10 Multianalyzer (Hybridized) System: The
Linear Ion Trap/Orbitrap for MS/MS and Higher-Order MS^n, n>2. 4.11 Mass
Mapping to Discover Impurities. 4.12 The Current Practice of Orbitrap Mass
Spectrometry. 4.13 Conclusion. References. 5 Structural Characterization of
Impurities and Degradation Products in Pharmaceuticals Using
High-Resolution LC-MS and Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass
Spectrometry (Guodong Chen and Birendra N. Pramanik). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2
Characterization of Impurities. 5.3 Characterization of Degradation
Products. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Isotope Patten Recognition on
Molecular Formula Determination for Structural Identification of Impurities
(Ming Gu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three Basic Approaches to Isotope Pattern
Recognition. 6.3 The Importance of Lineshape Calibration. 6.4 Spectral
Accuracy. 6.5 Formula Determination with Quadrupole MS. 6.6 Formula
Determination with High-Resolution MS. 6.7 Conclusions and Future
Directions. References. PART II APPLICATION. 7 Practical Application of
Very High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Across the Pharmaceutical
Development-Manufacturing Continuum (Brent Kleintop and Qinggang Wang). 7.1
Introduction. 7.2 Theory and Benefits of VHPLC. 7.3 VHPLC Method
Development. 7.4 Other Practical Considerations. 7.5 VHPLC Method
Validation. 7.6 Summary. References. 8 Impurity Identification for Drug
Substances (David W. Berberich, Tao Jiang, Joseph McClurg, Frank Moser, and
R. Randy Wilhelm). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Case Studies. 8.3 Conclusions.
References. 9 Impurity Identification in Process Chemistry by Mass
Spectrometry (David Q. Liu, Mingjiang Sun, and Lianming Wu). 9.1
Introduction. 9.2 Experimentation. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Concluding
Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 10 Structure Elucidation of
Pharmaceutical Impurities and Degradants in Drug Formulation Development
(Changkang Pan, Frances Liu, and Michael Motto). 10.1 Importance of Drug
Degradation Studies in Drug Development. 10.2 Drug Degradation Studies in
Formulation Development. 10.3 Complexity of Impurity Identification in Drug
Development. 10.4 Strategy for Structure Elucidation of Unknowns. 10.5
Hyphenated Analytical Techniques Used in Drug Development. 10.6 Case
Studies. Acknowledgment. References. 11 Investigation of Degradation
Products and Extractables in Developing Topical OTC (Over the Counter) and
NCE (New Chemical Entity) Consumer Healthcare Medication Products (Fa
Zhang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Oxidatively Induced Coupling of Miconazole
Nitrate with Butylated Hydroxytoluene in a Topical Ointment. 11.3
Extractables from Rubber Closures of a Prefilled Semisolid Drug Applicator.
11.4 New Degradation Products and Pathways of Vitamin D and Its Analogs.
11.5 Reductive Degradation of a 1,2,4-Thiadiazolium Derivative. 11.6
Conclusions. References. 12. Characterization of Impurities and Degradants
in Protein Therapeutics by Mass Spectrometry (Li Tao, Michael Ackerman, Wei
Wu, Peiran Liu, and Reb Russell). 12.1 Introduction to Therapeutic
Proteins. 12.2 Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry. 12.3 Impurities. 12.4
Degradation Products. 12.5 Conclusions. References. 13 Identification and
Quantification of Degradants and Impurities in Antibodies (David M. Hambly
and Himanshu S. Gadgil). 13.1 Introduction to Antibodies and Protein Drugs.
13.2 Overview of Degradations and Impurities in Protein Drugs and
Antibodies. 13.3 Methods to Identify and Quantitate Degradations and
Impurities. 13.4 Conclusions. Appendix. References. INDEX.
PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. ACRONYMS. PART I METHODOLOGY. 1 Introduction to Mass
Spectrometry (Scott A. Smith, Ruth Waddell Smith, Yu Xia, and Zheng
Ouyang). 1.1 History. 1.2 Ionization Methods. 1.3 Mass Spectrometer Types.
1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 1.5 Separation Techniques Coupled to Mass
Spectrometry. 1.6 Prospects for Mass Spectrometry. References. 2 LC Method
Development and Strategies (Gang Xue and Yining Zhao). 2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Column, pH and Solvent Screening. 2.3 Gradient and Temperature
Optimization. 2.4 Orthogonal Screening. 2.5 High-Efficiency Separation. 2.6
Conclusions. References. 3 Rapid Analysis of Drug-Related Substances using
Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time
Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Hao Chen and Jiwen Li). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2
Ionization Apparatus, Mechanisms and General Performance. 3.3 Drug Analysis
in Biological Matrices using DESI and DART. 3.4 High-Throughput Analysis.
3.5 Chemical Imaging and Profiling. 3.6 Future Perspectives. References. 4
Orbitrap High-Resolution Applications (Robert J. Strife). 4.1 Historical
Anecdote. 4.2 General Description of Orbitrap Operating Principles. 4.3 The
Orbitrap is a "Fourier Transform" Device. 4.4 Performing Experiments in
Trapping Devices. 4.5 Determining Elemental Compositions of "Unknowns"
Using an Orbitrap. 4.6 Orbitrap Figures of Merit in Mass Measurement. 4.7
HPLC Orbitrap MS: Accurate Mass Demonstration and Differentiation of Small
Molecule Formulas Very Proximate in Mass/Charge Ratio Space. 4.8
Determination of Trace Contaminant Compositions by Simple Screening HPLC-MS
and Infusion Orbitrap MS. 4.9 Determining Substructures: Orbitrap Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (MS^n). 4.10 Multianalyzer (Hybridized) System: The
Linear Ion Trap/Orbitrap for MS/MS and Higher-Order MS^n, n>2. 4.11 Mass
Mapping to Discover Impurities. 4.12 The Current Practice of Orbitrap Mass
Spectrometry. 4.13 Conclusion. References. 5 Structural Characterization of
Impurities and Degradation Products in Pharmaceuticals Using
High-Resolution LC-MS and Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass
Spectrometry (Guodong Chen and Birendra N. Pramanik). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2
Characterization of Impurities. 5.3 Characterization of Degradation
Products. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Isotope Patten Recognition on
Molecular Formula Determination for Structural Identification of Impurities
(Ming Gu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three Basic Approaches to Isotope Pattern
Recognition. 6.3 The Importance of Lineshape Calibration. 6.4 Spectral
Accuracy. 6.5 Formula Determination with Quadrupole MS. 6.6 Formula
Determination with High-Resolution MS. 6.7 Conclusions and Future
Directions. References. PART II APPLICATION. 7 Practical Application of
Very High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Across the Pharmaceutical
Development-Manufacturing Continuum (Brent Kleintop and Qinggang Wang). 7.1
Introduction. 7.2 Theory and Benefits of VHPLC. 7.3 VHPLC Method
Development. 7.4 Other Practical Considerations. 7.5 VHPLC Method
Validation. 7.6 Summary. References. 8 Impurity Identification for Drug
Substances (David W. Berberich, Tao Jiang, Joseph McClurg, Frank Moser, and
R. Randy Wilhelm). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Case Studies. 8.3 Conclusions.
References. 9 Impurity Identification in Process Chemistry by Mass
Spectrometry (David Q. Liu, Mingjiang Sun, and Lianming Wu). 9.1
Introduction. 9.2 Experimentation. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Concluding
Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 10 Structure Elucidation of
Pharmaceutical Impurities and Degradants in Drug Formulation Development
(Changkang Pan, Frances Liu, and Michael Motto). 10.1 Importance of Drug
Degradation Studies in Drug Development. 10.2 Drug Degradation Studies in
Formulation Development. 10.3 Complexity of Impurity Identification in Drug
Development. 10.4 Strategy for Structure Elucidation of Unknowns. 10.5
Hyphenated Analytical Techniques Used in Drug Development. 10.6 Case
Studies. Acknowledgment. References. 11 Investigation of Degradation
Products and Extractables in Developing Topical OTC (Over the Counter) and
NCE (New Chemical Entity) Consumer Healthcare Medication Products (Fa
Zhang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Oxidatively Induced Coupling of Miconazole
Nitrate with Butylated Hydroxytoluene in a Topical Ointment. 11.3
Extractables from Rubber Closures of a Prefilled Semisolid Drug Applicator.
11.4 New Degradation Products and Pathways of Vitamin D and Its Analogs.
11.5 Reductive Degradation of a 1,2,4-Thiadiazolium Derivative. 11.6
Conclusions. References. 12. Characterization of Impurities and Degradants
in Protein Therapeutics by Mass Spectrometry (Li Tao, Michael Ackerman, Wei
Wu, Peiran Liu, and Reb Russell). 12.1 Introduction to Therapeutic
Proteins. 12.2 Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry. 12.3 Impurities. 12.4
Degradation Products. 12.5 Conclusions. References. 13 Identification and
Quantification of Degradants and Impurities in Antibodies (David M. Hambly
and Himanshu S. Gadgil). 13.1 Introduction to Antibodies and Protein Drugs.
13.2 Overview of Degradations and Impurities in Protein Drugs and
Antibodies. 13.3 Methods to Identify and Quantitate Degradations and
Impurities. 13.4 Conclusions. Appendix. References. INDEX.
Spectrometry (Scott A. Smith, Ruth Waddell Smith, Yu Xia, and Zheng
Ouyang). 1.1 History. 1.2 Ionization Methods. 1.3 Mass Spectrometer Types.
1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 1.5 Separation Techniques Coupled to Mass
Spectrometry. 1.6 Prospects for Mass Spectrometry. References. 2 LC Method
Development and Strategies (Gang Xue and Yining Zhao). 2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Column, pH and Solvent Screening. 2.3 Gradient and Temperature
Optimization. 2.4 Orthogonal Screening. 2.5 High-Efficiency Separation. 2.6
Conclusions. References. 3 Rapid Analysis of Drug-Related Substances using
Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time
Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Hao Chen and Jiwen Li). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2
Ionization Apparatus, Mechanisms and General Performance. 3.3 Drug Analysis
in Biological Matrices using DESI and DART. 3.4 High-Throughput Analysis.
3.5 Chemical Imaging and Profiling. 3.6 Future Perspectives. References. 4
Orbitrap High-Resolution Applications (Robert J. Strife). 4.1 Historical
Anecdote. 4.2 General Description of Orbitrap Operating Principles. 4.3 The
Orbitrap is a "Fourier Transform" Device. 4.4 Performing Experiments in
Trapping Devices. 4.5 Determining Elemental Compositions of "Unknowns"
Using an Orbitrap. 4.6 Orbitrap Figures of Merit in Mass Measurement. 4.7
HPLC Orbitrap MS: Accurate Mass Demonstration and Differentiation of Small
Molecule Formulas Very Proximate in Mass/Charge Ratio Space. 4.8
Determination of Trace Contaminant Compositions by Simple Screening HPLC-MS
and Infusion Orbitrap MS. 4.9 Determining Substructures: Orbitrap Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (MS^n). 4.10 Multianalyzer (Hybridized) System: The
Linear Ion Trap/Orbitrap for MS/MS and Higher-Order MS^n, n>2. 4.11 Mass
Mapping to Discover Impurities. 4.12 The Current Practice of Orbitrap Mass
Spectrometry. 4.13 Conclusion. References. 5 Structural Characterization of
Impurities and Degradation Products in Pharmaceuticals Using
High-Resolution LC-MS and Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass
Spectrometry (Guodong Chen and Birendra N. Pramanik). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2
Characterization of Impurities. 5.3 Characterization of Degradation
Products. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Isotope Patten Recognition on
Molecular Formula Determination for Structural Identification of Impurities
(Ming Gu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three Basic Approaches to Isotope Pattern
Recognition. 6.3 The Importance of Lineshape Calibration. 6.4 Spectral
Accuracy. 6.5 Formula Determination with Quadrupole MS. 6.6 Formula
Determination with High-Resolution MS. 6.7 Conclusions and Future
Directions. References. PART II APPLICATION. 7 Practical Application of
Very High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Across the Pharmaceutical
Development-Manufacturing Continuum (Brent Kleintop and Qinggang Wang). 7.1
Introduction. 7.2 Theory and Benefits of VHPLC. 7.3 VHPLC Method
Development. 7.4 Other Practical Considerations. 7.5 VHPLC Method
Validation. 7.6 Summary. References. 8 Impurity Identification for Drug
Substances (David W. Berberich, Tao Jiang, Joseph McClurg, Frank Moser, and
R. Randy Wilhelm). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Case Studies. 8.3 Conclusions.
References. 9 Impurity Identification in Process Chemistry by Mass
Spectrometry (David Q. Liu, Mingjiang Sun, and Lianming Wu). 9.1
Introduction. 9.2 Experimentation. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Concluding
Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 10 Structure Elucidation of
Pharmaceutical Impurities and Degradants in Drug Formulation Development
(Changkang Pan, Frances Liu, and Michael Motto). 10.1 Importance of Drug
Degradation Studies in Drug Development. 10.2 Drug Degradation Studies in
Formulation Development. 10.3 Complexity of Impurity Identification in Drug
Development. 10.4 Strategy for Structure Elucidation of Unknowns. 10.5
Hyphenated Analytical Techniques Used in Drug Development. 10.6 Case
Studies. Acknowledgment. References. 11 Investigation of Degradation
Products and Extractables in Developing Topical OTC (Over the Counter) and
NCE (New Chemical Entity) Consumer Healthcare Medication Products (Fa
Zhang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Oxidatively Induced Coupling of Miconazole
Nitrate with Butylated Hydroxytoluene in a Topical Ointment. 11.3
Extractables from Rubber Closures of a Prefilled Semisolid Drug Applicator.
11.4 New Degradation Products and Pathways of Vitamin D and Its Analogs.
11.5 Reductive Degradation of a 1,2,4-Thiadiazolium Derivative. 11.6
Conclusions. References. 12. Characterization of Impurities and Degradants
in Protein Therapeutics by Mass Spectrometry (Li Tao, Michael Ackerman, Wei
Wu, Peiran Liu, and Reb Russell). 12.1 Introduction to Therapeutic
Proteins. 12.2 Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry. 12.3 Impurities. 12.4
Degradation Products. 12.5 Conclusions. References. 13 Identification and
Quantification of Degradants and Impurities in Antibodies (David M. Hambly
and Himanshu S. Gadgil). 13.1 Introduction to Antibodies and Protein Drugs.
13.2 Overview of Degradations and Impurities in Protein Drugs and
Antibodies. 13.3 Methods to Identify and Quantitate Degradations and
Impurities. 13.4 Conclusions. Appendix. References. INDEX.