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Offering complete and comprehensive coverage of modern sonar spectrum system analysis, Underwater Acoustics: Analysis, Design and Performance of Sonar provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the subject and has been carefully structured to offer a much-needed update to the classic text by Urick. Expanded to included computational approaches to the topic, this book treads the line between the highly theoretical and mathematical texts and the more populist, non-mathematical books that characterize the existing literature in the field. The author compares and contrasts different techniques…mehr
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- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 366
- Erscheinungstermin: 28. Juni 2011
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119957492
- Artikelnr.: 37343465
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 366
- Erscheinungstermin: 28. Juni 2011
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119957492
- Artikelnr.: 37343465
Acoustic Waves. 1.2 Speed of Propagation. 1.3 Acoustic Wave Parameters. 1.4
Doppler Shift. 1.5 Intensity, SPL, and Decibels. 1.6 Combining Acoustic
Waves. 1.7 Comparative Parameter for Sound in Water and Air. References. 2
The Sonar Equations. 2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 2.2 Active Sonar Equation.
2.3 Signal Excess. 2.4 Figure of Merit. References. 3 Transducers,
Directionality, and Arrays. 3.1 Transducer Response. 3.2 Beam Pattern
Response. 3.3 Linear Arrays. 3.4 Rectangular Planar Array. 3.5 Amplitude
Shading. 3.6 Continuous Arrays. 3.7 Volumetric Arrays. 3.8 Product Theorem.
3.9 Broadband Beam Patterns. 3.10 Directivity and Array Gain. 3.11 Noise
Cross-Correlation between Hydrophones. 3.12 Directivity of Line Arrays.
3.13 Directivity of Area Arrays. 3.14 Directivity of Volumetric Arrays.
3.15 Difference Arrays. 3.16 Multiplicative Arrays. 3.17 Sparsely Populated
Arrays. 3.18 Adaptive Beamforming. References. 4 Active Sonar Sources. 4.1
Source Level. 4.2 Cavitation. 4.3 Near-Field Interactions. 4.4 Explosive
Sources. 4.5 Physics of Shock Waves in Water. 4.6 Bubble Pulses. 4.7 Pros
and Cons of Explosive Charges. 4.8 Parametric Acoustic Sources. References.
5 Transmission Loss. 5.1 Sound Speed Profile in the Sea. 5.2 Snell's Law
and Transmission across an Interface. 5.3 Reflection and Transmission
Coefficients. 5.4 Transmission through a Plate. 5.5 Ray Tracing. 5.6
Spreading Loss. 5.7 Absorption of Sound in the Ocean. References. 6
Transmission Loss: Interaction with Boundaries. 6.1 Sea State, Wind Speed,
and Wave Height. 6.2 Pierson-Moskowitz Model for Fully Developed Seas. 6.3
Sea Surface Interaction. 6.4 Bottom Loss. 6.5 Leakage Out of a Duct,
Low-Frequency Cutoff. 6.6 Propagation Loss Model Descriptions. References.
7 Ambient Noise. 7.1 Ambient Noise Models. 7.2 Seismic Noise. 7.3 Ocean
Turbulence. 7.4 Shipping Noise. 7.5 Wave Noise. 7.6 Thermal Noise. 7.7 Rain
Noise. 7.8 Temporal Variability of Ambient Noise. 7.9 Depth Effects on
Noise. 7.10 Directionality of Noise. 7.11 Under Ice Noise. 7.12 Spatial
Coherence of Ambient Noise. References. 8 Reverberation. 8.1 Scattering,
Backscattering Strength, and Target Strength. 8.2 Reverberation Frequency
Spread and Doppler Gain Potential. 8.3 Important Observation with Respect
to Reverberation. References. 9 Active Target Strength. 9.1 Target Strength
Definition. 9.2 Active Target Strength of a Large Sphere. 9.3 Active Target
Strength of a Very Small Sphere. 9.4 Target Strengths of Simple Geometric
Forms. 9.5 Target Strength of Submarines. 9.6 The TAP Model. 9.7 Target
Strength of Surface Ships. 9.8 Target Strength of Mines and Torpedoes. 9.9
Target Strength of Fish. References. 10 Radiated Noise. 10.1 General
Characteristics of Ship Radiated Noise. 10.2 Propeller Radiated Noise. 10.3
Machinery Noise. 10.4 Resonance Noise. 10.5 Hydrodynamic Noise. 10.6
Platform Quieting. 10.7 Total Radiated Noise. Reference. 11 Self Noise.
11.1 Flow Noise. 11.2 Turbulent Noise Coherence. 11.3 Strumming Noise.
References. 12 Statistical Detection Theory. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Case
1: Signal Is Known Exactly. 12.3 Case 2: Signal Is White Gaussian Noise.
References. 13 Methodology for Calculation of the Recognition Differential.
13.1 Continuous Broadband Signals (PBB). 13.2 Continuous Narrowband Signals
(PNB). 13.3 Active Sonar. 13.4 Aural Detection. 13.5 Display Nomenclature.
References. 14 False Alarms, False Contacts, and False Targets. 14.1 Sea
Story. 14.2 Failure to Detect. 14.3 Detection Theory. 14.4 False Alarm
Probability Calculation. 14.5 False/Nonthreat Contacts. 14.6 False Targets.
14.7 Summary and Conclusions. References. 15 Variability and Uncertainty.
15.1 Random Variability of a Sonar. 15.2 Sources of Variability.
References. 16 Modeling Detection and Tactical Decision Aids. 16.1 Figure
of Merit Range or R50 %. 16.2 Tactical Decision Aids. References. 17
Cumulative Probability of Detection. 17.1 Why is CPD Important? 17.2
Discrete Glimpse and Continuous Looking. 17.3 Lambda-Sigma Jump Model. 17.4
Nonjump Processes. 17.5 What Are Appropriate Random Parameters? 17.6
Approximation Method for Computation of the Cumulative Probability of
Detection (CPD). References. 18 Tracking, Target Motion Analysis, and
Localization. 18.1 Bearing Trackers. 18.2 General Principle of Tracking and
Bearing Measurement. 18.3 Other Sources of Bearing Error for Area Arrays.
18.4 Additional Sources of Errors for Line Arrays. 18.5 Bottom Bounce. 18.6
Manual versus Automatic Tracking. 18.7 Localization and Target Motion
Analysis. 18.8 Bearings Only Methodologies. 18.9 Four-Bearing TMA. 18.10
Ekelund Ranging. 18.11 Range and Bearing TMA. 18.12 Other Bearings Only TMA
Methodologies. 18.13 Other TMA and Localization Schemes. References. 19
Design and Evaluation of Sonars. 19.1 Choice of Frequency and Size. 19.2
Computational Requirements. 19.3 Signal Processing after Beamformer. 19.4
Active Pulse Choice. 19.5 Monostatic, Bistatic, and Multistatic Active
Sonars. 19.6 Ambiguity Functions. 19.7 Mine Hunting and Bottom Survey
Sonars. 19.8 Echo Sounding and Fishing Sonars. 19.9 Navigation. 19.10
Vehicle Location and At-Sea Rescue. 19.11 Intercept Receivers. 19.12
Communications. 19.13 Marine Mammals and Active Sonar. References. A
Fourier Transforms. A.1 Definitions. A.2 Parseval's Theorem and
Plancherel's Theorem. A.3 Properties of Fourier Transforms. A.4
Localization or Uncertainty Property. B Analysis of Errors Associated with
a Least Squares Methodology. Reference. Index.
Acoustic Waves. 1.2 Speed of Propagation. 1.3 Acoustic Wave Parameters. 1.4
Doppler Shift. 1.5 Intensity, SPL, and Decibels. 1.6 Combining Acoustic
Waves. 1.7 Comparative Parameter for Sound in Water and Air. References. 2
The Sonar Equations. 2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 2.2 Active Sonar Equation.
2.3 Signal Excess. 2.4 Figure of Merit. References. 3 Transducers,
Directionality, and Arrays. 3.1 Transducer Response. 3.2 Beam Pattern
Response. 3.3 Linear Arrays. 3.4 Rectangular Planar Array. 3.5 Amplitude
Shading. 3.6 Continuous Arrays. 3.7 Volumetric Arrays. 3.8 Product Theorem.
3.9 Broadband Beam Patterns. 3.10 Directivity and Array Gain. 3.11 Noise
Cross-Correlation between Hydrophones. 3.12 Directivity of Line Arrays.
3.13 Directivity of Area Arrays. 3.14 Directivity of Volumetric Arrays.
3.15 Difference Arrays. 3.16 Multiplicative Arrays. 3.17 Sparsely Populated
Arrays. 3.18 Adaptive Beamforming. References. 4 Active Sonar Sources. 4.1
Source Level. 4.2 Cavitation. 4.3 Near-Field Interactions. 4.4 Explosive
Sources. 4.5 Physics of Shock Waves in Water. 4.6 Bubble Pulses. 4.7 Pros
and Cons of Explosive Charges. 4.8 Parametric Acoustic Sources. References.
5 Transmission Loss. 5.1 Sound Speed Profile in the Sea. 5.2 Snell's Law
and Transmission across an Interface. 5.3 Reflection and Transmission
Coefficients. 5.4 Transmission through a Plate. 5.5 Ray Tracing. 5.6
Spreading Loss. 5.7 Absorption of Sound in the Ocean. References. 6
Transmission Loss: Interaction with Boundaries. 6.1 Sea State, Wind Speed,
and Wave Height. 6.2 Pierson-Moskowitz Model for Fully Developed Seas. 6.3
Sea Surface Interaction. 6.4 Bottom Loss. 6.5 Leakage Out of a Duct,
Low-Frequency Cutoff. 6.6 Propagation Loss Model Descriptions. References.
7 Ambient Noise. 7.1 Ambient Noise Models. 7.2 Seismic Noise. 7.3 Ocean
Turbulence. 7.4 Shipping Noise. 7.5 Wave Noise. 7.6 Thermal Noise. 7.7 Rain
Noise. 7.8 Temporal Variability of Ambient Noise. 7.9 Depth Effects on
Noise. 7.10 Directionality of Noise. 7.11 Under Ice Noise. 7.12 Spatial
Coherence of Ambient Noise. References. 8 Reverberation. 8.1 Scattering,
Backscattering Strength, and Target Strength. 8.2 Reverberation Frequency
Spread and Doppler Gain Potential. 8.3 Important Observation with Respect
to Reverberation. References. 9 Active Target Strength. 9.1 Target Strength
Definition. 9.2 Active Target Strength of a Large Sphere. 9.3 Active Target
Strength of a Very Small Sphere. 9.4 Target Strengths of Simple Geometric
Forms. 9.5 Target Strength of Submarines. 9.6 The TAP Model. 9.7 Target
Strength of Surface Ships. 9.8 Target Strength of Mines and Torpedoes. 9.9
Target Strength of Fish. References. 10 Radiated Noise. 10.1 General
Characteristics of Ship Radiated Noise. 10.2 Propeller Radiated Noise. 10.3
Machinery Noise. 10.4 Resonance Noise. 10.5 Hydrodynamic Noise. 10.6
Platform Quieting. 10.7 Total Radiated Noise. Reference. 11 Self Noise.
11.1 Flow Noise. 11.2 Turbulent Noise Coherence. 11.3 Strumming Noise.
References. 12 Statistical Detection Theory. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Case
1: Signal Is Known Exactly. 12.3 Case 2: Signal Is White Gaussian Noise.
References. 13 Methodology for Calculation of the Recognition Differential.
13.1 Continuous Broadband Signals (PBB). 13.2 Continuous Narrowband Signals
(PNB). 13.3 Active Sonar. 13.4 Aural Detection. 13.5 Display Nomenclature.
References. 14 False Alarms, False Contacts, and False Targets. 14.1 Sea
Story. 14.2 Failure to Detect. 14.3 Detection Theory. 14.4 False Alarm
Probability Calculation. 14.5 False/Nonthreat Contacts. 14.6 False Targets.
14.7 Summary and Conclusions. References. 15 Variability and Uncertainty.
15.1 Random Variability of a Sonar. 15.2 Sources of Variability.
References. 16 Modeling Detection and Tactical Decision Aids. 16.1 Figure
of Merit Range or R50 %. 16.2 Tactical Decision Aids. References. 17
Cumulative Probability of Detection. 17.1 Why is CPD Important? 17.2
Discrete Glimpse and Continuous Looking. 17.3 Lambda-Sigma Jump Model. 17.4
Nonjump Processes. 17.5 What Are Appropriate Random Parameters? 17.6
Approximation Method for Computation of the Cumulative Probability of
Detection (CPD). References. 18 Tracking, Target Motion Analysis, and
Localization. 18.1 Bearing Trackers. 18.2 General Principle of Tracking and
Bearing Measurement. 18.3 Other Sources of Bearing Error for Area Arrays.
18.4 Additional Sources of Errors for Line Arrays. 18.5 Bottom Bounce. 18.6
Manual versus Automatic Tracking. 18.7 Localization and Target Motion
Analysis. 18.8 Bearings Only Methodologies. 18.9 Four-Bearing TMA. 18.10
Ekelund Ranging. 18.11 Range and Bearing TMA. 18.12 Other Bearings Only TMA
Methodologies. 18.13 Other TMA and Localization Schemes. References. 19
Design and Evaluation of Sonars. 19.1 Choice of Frequency and Size. 19.2
Computational Requirements. 19.3 Signal Processing after Beamformer. 19.4
Active Pulse Choice. 19.5 Monostatic, Bistatic, and Multistatic Active
Sonars. 19.6 Ambiguity Functions. 19.7 Mine Hunting and Bottom Survey
Sonars. 19.8 Echo Sounding and Fishing Sonars. 19.9 Navigation. 19.10
Vehicle Location and At-Sea Rescue. 19.11 Intercept Receivers. 19.12
Communications. 19.13 Marine Mammals and Active Sonar. References. A
Fourier Transforms. A.1 Definitions. A.2 Parseval's Theorem and
Plancherel's Theorem. A.3 Properties of Fourier Transforms. A.4
Localization or Uncertainty Property. B Analysis of Errors Associated with
a Least Squares Methodology. Reference. Index.