James Clay Moltz

The Politics of Space Security (eBook, ePUB)

Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests, Third Edition

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

For the past sixty years, countries have conducted military and civilian activities in space, often for competitive purposes. But they have not yet fought in this environment. This book examines the international politics of the space age from 1957 to the present, the reasons why strategic restraint emerged among the major military powers, and how recent trends toward weaponization may challenge prior norms of conflict avoidance. James Clay Moltz analyzes the competing demands of national interests in space against the shared interests of all spacefarers in preserving the safe use of space in the face of emerging threats, such as man-made orbital debris.

This new edition offers analysis of the 2011 to 2018 period, including the second term of President Obama and the beginning of the Trump administration. Focusing on great power competition and cooperation, as well as questions related to the sustainability of current and future national space policies, The Politics of Space Security is an authoritative history of the space age.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Stanford University Press
• Seitenzahl: 400
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. April 2019
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781503609402
• Artikelnr.: 58615662

Autorenporträt

James Clay Moltz is chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group. He is the author of Crowded Orbits: Conflict and Cooperation in Space (2014) and Asia's Space Race: National Motivations, Regional Rivalries, and International Risks (2012).

Inhaltsangabe

Contents and Abstracts
Introduction
chapter abstract
This section discusses two competing visions for space security-space
weaponization and space sanctuary-in the context of emerging threats. It
outlines the chapters in the book and proposes an alternative argument to
existing approaches based on the concept of "environmental security" and
military restraint in the face of such threats as man-made nuclear
radiation and orbital debris.
1The Dynamics of Space Security: Existing Explanations
chapter abstract
This chapter begins by defining "space security" and then provides a short
history of the international politics that have surrounded this term since
1957. Next, it analyzes four analogies that have been used in the
international relations literature to try to explain and predict space
competition and cooperation: the New World, sea power, air power, and the
Antarctic. After noting how actual space dynamics have differed from each
of the analogies, it then summarizes the existing literature on
international space activity, grouping authors into four main schools:
space nationalism, global institutionalism, technological determinism, and
social interactionism. It concludes by suggesting a new approach to space
based on concepts related to collective goods and environmental management.
2Space and Environmental Security
chapter abstract
This chapter discusses space security as an evolving environmental
management challenge, looking particularly at the risks posed to space
activity from man-made radiation caused by nuclear testing in orbit from
1958 to 1962 and, later, from orbital debris created by anti-satellite
weapons tests and other sources. It then lays out an argument based on
gradual state learning about "collective bads" in space and the development
of self-interested strategic restraint. The chapter considers a
counterfactual case of non-learning and extensive weaponization in space,
which would have left space unusable for other purposes. It then examines
how actual learning occurred-through critical events such as the 1962
Starfish Prime nuclear test-and how this learning was institutionalized
through formal and informal international agreements.
3Roots of the U.S.-Soviet Space Race: 1920s-1962
chapter abstract
This chapter provides a detailed political history of the space age up to
1962. It begins by examining the different political and strategic factors
affecting U.S., German, and Soviet rocket activities in the 1920s and
1930s. It then looks at why Nazi Germany surged ahead with the V-2 missile,
and how both the U.S. and Soviet space programs benefited after the war
from German missile technology. The chapter next discusses why the Soviet
Union treated missile development as a top priority program after 1945,
while the United States-with its extensive bomber forces and nuclear
advantage-did not. Finally, it looks at the rising competition between the
two programs after Sputnik's launch in 1957 and the assumption of both
sides that space would soon become a venue for war.
4The Emergence of Cooperative Restraint: 1962-1975
chapter abstract
This chapter explains how shared fears about the effects of orbital nuclear
testing on space activity, after the U.S. Starfish Prime nuclear test in
July of 1962, caused the first set of U.S.-Soviet agreements on cooperative
restraint in space. This led to the signing of the 1963 Partial Test Ban
Treaty and two U.N. resolutions on space restraint, which were later
codified in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The chapter traces the shift of
U.S.-Soviet space competition toward passive military programs and civil
space activity, such as the Kennedy-inspired Moon race, won by NASA in
1969. The chapter discusses the détente era, the signing of the
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the SALT I agreement (which banned
attacks on verification satellites), and the waning of space cooperation
following the joint Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975.
5Challenges to Space Security and Their Resolution: 1976-1991
chapter abstract
This chapter examines rising U.S.-Soviet space tensions in the late 1970s
and early 1980s, their decline after the Gorbachev reforms, and then their
sudden end with the Soviet Union's break-up in 1991. It begins with the
decline of détente and the restarting of the Soviet kinetic-kill,
anti-satellite program, which led to reciprocal development efforts by the
United States. President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983
further increased U.S.-Soviet tensions, with its plan for space-based
lasers and interceptors and an end to the ABM Treaty. The U.S. test of a
kinetic anti-satellite weapon in 1985 raised new understanding about the
risks of man-made orbital debris, causing changes to U.S. military
practices regarding space. By the end of the period, Soviet reforms created
new opportunities for space cooperation, including renewed scientific
exchanges and bilateral discussions on limiting orbital debris.
6Post-Cold War Space Uncertainty: 1992-2000
chapter abstract
This chapter begins with the story of how U.S.-Russian space cooperation
with the Russian Mir space station and the U.S. space shuttle expanded into
Russian membership in the U.S.-led International Space Station (ISS). The
chapter also tracks U.S.-Russian disputes over missile defenses and the ABM
Treaty during the 1990s, as well as the end of international negotiations
in Geneva on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS). It then
discusses the remarkable growth of commercial cooperation between Russian
space enterprises and U.S. corporations. But the chapter also describes how
the near-collapse of Russia's early-warning network in space led to new
concerns over crisis stability. By the end of this period, President
Clinton had elected to remain in the ABM Treaty, but Congressional
Republicans called for an end to the cornerstone of space security with
Moscow, setting up a likely confrontation.
7Renewed U.S. Space Nationalism: 2001-2008
chapter abstract
This chapter analyzes the Bush administration's space policy, the U.S.
withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, and the return of space nationalism. It
also examines China's emergence as a major spacefaring nation with its
Shenzhou V manned flight, as well as China's controversial decision to test
a kinetic anti-satellite weapon in 2007, creating a cloud of long-lived
orbital debris. The chapter discusses the rise of new commercial space
companies, such as SpaceX and Virgin Galactic, whose commercial human
spaceflight projects planned to break the dominance of state-led programs.
Finally, the chapter reviews several international proposals to improve
space security during this period, including the European Code of Conduct,
the Russo-Chinese-backed Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of
Weapons in Space (PPWT), and the U.N. Debris Mitigation Guidelines.
8Expanding International Norms amid Tensions: 2009-Present
chapter abstract
This chapter examines space security developments from 2009 to 2018. The
chapter first discusses President Obama's 2010 U.S. National Space Policy
and the 2011 U.S. National Security Space Strategy, which focused attention
on "responsible behavior" in space and expanded cooperation with allies and
the commercial sector. But China's decision to continue anti-satellite
weapons testing and Russian President Putin's reconstitution of his
country's military space constellations and counterspace weapons programs
created new tensions. The chapter tracks the failure of International Code
of Conduct at the United Nations, as well as the progress of talks on
Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities in Vienna. It then examines
how emerging commercial space actors began to promote stability and
transparency in space by offering unprecedented services in space
situational awareness and traffic management. Finally, the chapter
discusses President Trump's space security policy and his proposal for a
U.S. Space Force.
9Alternative Futures for Space Security
chapter abstract
The concluding chapter returns to the four schools of thought on space
trends laid out in Chapter 1-space nationalism, global institutionalism,
technological determinism, and social interactionism. The chapter first
reviews the "lessons" of the first sixty years of space security and then
analyzes some key emerging challenges: space traffic control, space
situational awareness, and crowding of the radio frequency spectrum and the
geostationary orbital belt. The chapter then projects the arguments of each
school into the future, while looking at such challenges as lunar
governance, space mining, and weaponization. Finally, it examines the
growing role of the commercial space sector and its interests in stability,
the rule of law, and peaceful space operations. It concludes by refocusing
attention on the need to maintain a safe space environment, if humankind is
going to be able to continue to develop the orbital realm.