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This is a systematic, up-to-date exploration of the politics of European integration that includes balanced coverage of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Union. * Examines European integration as a contested political process that continues to divide and inspire nations, citizens, and politicians * Provides students with the analytical tools to consider why the EU functions as it currently does, whether the EU is sufficiently democratic, the politics behind EU legislation, debates over foreign policy, proposals for institutional reform, and the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis *…mehr
This is a systematic, up-to-date exploration of the politics of European integration that includes balanced coverage of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Union. * Examines European integration as a contested political process that continues to divide and inspire nations, citizens, and politicians * Provides students with the analytical tools to consider why the EU functions as it currently does, whether the EU is sufficiently democratic, the politics behind EU legislation, debates over foreign policy, proposals for institutional reform, and the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis * Brings together the latest scholarly research from comparative politics, international relations, law, and democratic theory * Accompanied by a range of student resources including chapter-level flashcards and independent study questions - available at href="http://www.wiley.com/go/glencross">www.wiley.com/go/glencross
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Andrew Glencross is a Lecturer in International Politics at the Department of History and Politics at the University of Stirling. He is the author of What Makes the EU Viable? European Integration in the Light of the Antebellum US Experience (2009) and co-editor of European Union Federalism and Constitutionalism: The Legacy of Altiero Spinelli (2010).
Inhaltsangabe
List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii List of Timelines xv List of Boxes xvii Acknowledgments xix Introduction 1 PART I THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 11 1 The Idea of Europe: Foundations and Justifications for Unity 13 1.0 Introduction: What and Where Is Europe? 14 1.1 The Historical Background to Th inking about European Unity 16 1.2 Early Ideas and Pioneers of Unity 18 1.2.1 William Penn 19 1.2.2 Abbot Saint Pierre 19 1.2.3 Immanuel Kant 20 1.2.4 Aristide Briand 21 1.3 The Peace or Civilizing Justification for Unity 22 1.4 The Prosperity Justification for Unity 24 1.5 The Strengthening State Capacity Justification for Unity 26 1.6 Concluding Summary 28 2 The Institutional Development of European Integration, 1945-1973 33 2.0 Introduction: Uniting for Peace 34 2.1 The Struggle to Resolve Post-War Security and Economic Issues, 1945-1951 36 2.2 The Creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 38 2.3 The Functioning of the ECSC and the Attempt at Full Military and Political Union, 1951-1957 42 2.4 The Continuing Pursuit of Economic Integration: Creating the EEC, 1957 45 2.5 Overcoming the First Tests: The Common Agricultural Policy and the Empty Chair Crisis, 1957-1973 47 2.5.1 The launch of the Common Agricultural Policy 48 2.5.2 The empty chair crisis 49 2.6 Concluding Summary 51 3 The Institutional Development of European Integration, 1973-2010 57 3.0 Introduction: The Widening and Deepening of European Integration 58 3.1 Living with the First Enlargement Round and Preparing for the Next, 1973-1986 60 3.1.1 Mediterranean enlargement and strengthening democracy 61 3.1.2 The British budget contribution dispute 62 3.2 Completing the Single Market as a Prelude to Monetary and Political Union, 1986-1992 65 3.2.1 French, German, and British perspectives on the SEA 66 3.3 Designing European Unity for the Post-Cold War Era, 1992-2004 68 3.3.1 Negotiating the Maastricht Treaty, 1992 69 3.3.2 Preparing for a new enlargement 71 3.4 From Constitutional Failure to the Lisbon Treaty, 2004-2010 73 3.4.1 The Constitutional Treaty, 2004 74 3.4.2 The Lisbon Treaty, 2009 75 3.5 Concluding Summary 77 PART II ANALYZING INTEGRATION 83 4 The EU's Institutional Dynamics 85 4.0 Introduction: The Functioning of the EU 86 4.1 An Overview of the Dynamics of EU Policy-Making 87 4.2 The Ordinary Legislative Procedure (OLP) 89 4.2.1 The role of the Commission 89 4.2.2 The legislative institutions: The Council of the EU and the European Parliament 93 4.3 The Role of Interest Groups and Experts 95 4.3.1 Assessing the infl uence of interest group lobbying 96 4.4 The Commission's Watchdog Role and the Importance of the CJEU 99 4.4.1 The development of the Court of Justice's powers 100 4.5 Special Provisions for Foreign Policy 104 4.5.1 The legal basis and decision-making structure of EU foreign policy 104 4.6 Concluding Summary 106 5 EU Policy-Making in Action: Major EU Policies 111 5.0 Introduction: The EU's Major Policy Areas 112 5.1 The EU Budget 113 5.2 The Euro 115 5.2.1 Preparing for European Monetary Union 115 5.3 The Single Market 118 5.3.1 Pursuing deregulation or negative integration 118 5.3.2 Pursuing re-regulation or positive integration 119 5.3.3 The single market as a work in progress 120 5.4 Social and Environmental Policy 122 5.4.1 EU environmental policy 123 5.5 Justice and Citizenship 125 5.5.1 Immigration, border control, and citizenship rights 126 5.6 Enlargement 128 5.6.1 Conditions placed on admitting new members 129 5.7 Concluding Summary 131 6 The EU in Comparative Perspective 137 6.0 Introduction: Why Compare? 138 6.1 The EU Compared with Federal States 139 6.1.1 Why depict the EU as a federation? 139 6.1.2 Explaining EU Politics using Federalism 142 6.2 The EU Compared with International Organizations 143 6.2.1 The absence of reciprocity or the quid pro quo principle in the EU 144 6.2.2 Explaining why the EU has integrated more 145 6.3 The sui generis Interpretation 148 6.3.1 Th ree facets of EU uniqueness 149 6.3.2 Explaining why European integration looks unique 151 6.4 Concluding Summary 153 PART III DEBATING THE EU SYSTEM AND ITS POLICY OUTPUTS 159 7 EU Internal Policies: The Theory, Practice, and Politics of Regulation 161 7.0 Introduction: Regulatory Outputs and EU Politics 162 7.1 Regulatory Theory and European Integration 163 7.1.1 Regulating against market failure 164 7.1.2 The debate over how to regulate 165 7.2 EU Regulation in Practice 167 7.2.1 Deregulation in practice 167 7.2.2 Regulating for common standards and its effectiveness 170 7.3 Not Just a Regulatory State: The Politics of EU Regulatory Outputs 171 7.3.1 The politics of deregulation 171 7.3.2 Balancing winning and losing sides in regulatory outputs 174 7.3.3 How political preferences infl uence regulatory outputs 175 7.4 Theorizing EU Regulation and Explaining Its Eff ects 177 7.4.1 Explaining the growth of EU regulation 177 7.4.2 Theorizing the consequences of EU regulation 179 7.5 Concluding Summary 180 8 The Institutionalization of EU Foreign Policy and Debates over the EU's International Role 185 8.0 Introduction: What Is at Stake in Understanding EU Foreign Relations? 186 8.1 The Institutions and Institutionalization of EU Foreign Policy 187 8.1.1 The Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Common Security and Defence Policy 188 8.1.2 Building capacity 189 8.2 The Debate over EU Foreign Policy Eff ectiveness 192 8.2.1 The Transatlantic dimension 193 8.2.2 Finding consensus 195 8.3 The Ideological Debate over the Aims of EU Foreign Policy 197 8.3.1 The EU as a normative power? 198 8.4 The Explanatory Debate over EU Foreign Policy 201 8.4.1 Power and interests as explanatory factors 201 8.4.2 Identity as an explanatory factor 202 8.5 Concluding Summary 205 9 What Model for Uniting Europe? 211 9.0 Introduction: Competing Models of European Integration 212 9.1 Federalism 213 9.1.1 Problems with the federal vision 214 9.2 Confederalism 216 9.2.1 Proposals for more confederalism in the EU 219 9.3 The Networked Governance Model 220 9.3.1 Concerns about legitimacy and eff ectiveness 223 9.4 The Diff erentiated Integration Model 224 9.4.1 Diff erentiation to allow some countries to integrate more 226 9.5 Concluding Summary 228 PART IV DEMOCRACY AND INTEGRATION 233 10 Democracy in the European Union 235 10.0 Introduction: More Integration, More Democracy? 236 10.1 Democratic Accountability in the EU: Beyond Majoritarianism 237 10.1.1 Accountability without majoritarianism 239 10.2 The Democratic Deficit Debate 241 10.2.1 The procedural critique of EU democracy: A lack of responsiveness to citizens 242 10.2.2 The normative critique of EU democracy: The narrowing of political alternatives 246 10.2.3 The case against a democratic deficit 248 10.3 Enhancing Democracy in the EU 249 10.3.1 Adding parliamentary or presidential features 249 10.3.2 Developing transnational parties and enhancing indirect accountability 250 10.3.3 Obstacles to enhancing EU democracy 253 10.4 Concluding Summary 255 11 The Impact of European Integration on National Politics 261 11.0 Introduction: Political Adaptation to European Integration 262 11.1 European Integration and National Politics: The End of the Permissive Consensus 263 11.1.1 The emergence of a "constraining dissensus" 264 11.2 Euroskepticism and Its Varieties 267 11.2.1 When and where euroskepticism is expressed 267 11.2.2 Hard euroskepticism 271 11.2.3 Soft euroskepticism 272 11.3 National Referendums on EU Issues 273 11.3.1 Why hold referendums? 274 11.3.2 The political dynamics of referendum campaigns 276 11.4 Concluding Summary 278 12 Integration and Democracy in the Shadow of the Eurozone Debt Crisis 285 12.0 Introduction: The Eurozone Crisis as a Challenge to Democracy and Integration 286 12.1 The Causes of the Eurozone Crisis 288 12.1.1 Benefi ts and concerns surrounding the European Monetary Union (EMU) 288 12.1.2 The global fi nancial crisis' eff ect on the Eurozone 290 12.2 The Travails of Formulating an EU Response 292 12.2.1 Deciding whether to provide a bailout and on what terms 293 12.2.2 The Fiscal Compact and moves toward a banking union 295 12.3 Criticism and Controversies Surrounding the EU Response 297 12.3.1 Democratic decision-making? 298 12.3.2 The right response? 299 12.3.3 Who is to blame? 302 12.4 Conclusion: What the Crisis Means for the Future of Integration 305 Index 311
List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii List of Timelines xv List of Boxes xvii Acknowledgments xix Introduction 1 PART I THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 11 1 The Idea of Europe: Foundations and Justifications for Unity 13 1.0 Introduction: What and Where Is Europe? 14 1.1 The Historical Background to Th inking about European Unity 16 1.2 Early Ideas and Pioneers of Unity 18 1.2.1 William Penn 19 1.2.2 Abbot Saint Pierre 19 1.2.3 Immanuel Kant 20 1.2.4 Aristide Briand 21 1.3 The Peace or Civilizing Justification for Unity 22 1.4 The Prosperity Justification for Unity 24 1.5 The Strengthening State Capacity Justification for Unity 26 1.6 Concluding Summary 28 2 The Institutional Development of European Integration, 1945-1973 33 2.0 Introduction: Uniting for Peace 34 2.1 The Struggle to Resolve Post-War Security and Economic Issues, 1945-1951 36 2.2 The Creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 38 2.3 The Functioning of the ECSC and the Attempt at Full Military and Political Union, 1951-1957 42 2.4 The Continuing Pursuit of Economic Integration: Creating the EEC, 1957 45 2.5 Overcoming the First Tests: The Common Agricultural Policy and the Empty Chair Crisis, 1957-1973 47 2.5.1 The launch of the Common Agricultural Policy 48 2.5.2 The empty chair crisis 49 2.6 Concluding Summary 51 3 The Institutional Development of European Integration, 1973-2010 57 3.0 Introduction: The Widening and Deepening of European Integration 58 3.1 Living with the First Enlargement Round and Preparing for the Next, 1973-1986 60 3.1.1 Mediterranean enlargement and strengthening democracy 61 3.1.2 The British budget contribution dispute 62 3.2 Completing the Single Market as a Prelude to Monetary and Political Union, 1986-1992 65 3.2.1 French, German, and British perspectives on the SEA 66 3.3 Designing European Unity for the Post-Cold War Era, 1992-2004 68 3.3.1 Negotiating the Maastricht Treaty, 1992 69 3.3.2 Preparing for a new enlargement 71 3.4 From Constitutional Failure to the Lisbon Treaty, 2004-2010 73 3.4.1 The Constitutional Treaty, 2004 74 3.4.2 The Lisbon Treaty, 2009 75 3.5 Concluding Summary 77 PART II ANALYZING INTEGRATION 83 4 The EU's Institutional Dynamics 85 4.0 Introduction: The Functioning of the EU 86 4.1 An Overview of the Dynamics of EU Policy-Making 87 4.2 The Ordinary Legislative Procedure (OLP) 89 4.2.1 The role of the Commission 89 4.2.2 The legislative institutions: The Council of the EU and the European Parliament 93 4.3 The Role of Interest Groups and Experts 95 4.3.1 Assessing the infl uence of interest group lobbying 96 4.4 The Commission's Watchdog Role and the Importance of the CJEU 99 4.4.1 The development of the Court of Justice's powers 100 4.5 Special Provisions for Foreign Policy 104 4.5.1 The legal basis and decision-making structure of EU foreign policy 104 4.6 Concluding Summary 106 5 EU Policy-Making in Action: Major EU Policies 111 5.0 Introduction: The EU's Major Policy Areas 112 5.1 The EU Budget 113 5.2 The Euro 115 5.2.1 Preparing for European Monetary Union 115 5.3 The Single Market 118 5.3.1 Pursuing deregulation or negative integration 118 5.3.2 Pursuing re-regulation or positive integration 119 5.3.3 The single market as a work in progress 120 5.4 Social and Environmental Policy 122 5.4.1 EU environmental policy 123 5.5 Justice and Citizenship 125 5.5.1 Immigration, border control, and citizenship rights 126 5.6 Enlargement 128 5.6.1 Conditions placed on admitting new members 129 5.7 Concluding Summary 131 6 The EU in Comparative Perspective 137 6.0 Introduction: Why Compare? 138 6.1 The EU Compared with Federal States 139 6.1.1 Why depict the EU as a federation? 139 6.1.2 Explaining EU Politics using Federalism 142 6.2 The EU Compared with International Organizations 143 6.2.1 The absence of reciprocity or the quid pro quo principle in the EU 144 6.2.2 Explaining why the EU has integrated more 145 6.3 The sui generis Interpretation 148 6.3.1 Th ree facets of EU uniqueness 149 6.3.2 Explaining why European integration looks unique 151 6.4 Concluding Summary 153 PART III DEBATING THE EU SYSTEM AND ITS POLICY OUTPUTS 159 7 EU Internal Policies: The Theory, Practice, and Politics of Regulation 161 7.0 Introduction: Regulatory Outputs and EU Politics 162 7.1 Regulatory Theory and European Integration 163 7.1.1 Regulating against market failure 164 7.1.2 The debate over how to regulate 165 7.2 EU Regulation in Practice 167 7.2.1 Deregulation in practice 167 7.2.2 Regulating for common standards and its effectiveness 170 7.3 Not Just a Regulatory State: The Politics of EU Regulatory Outputs 171 7.3.1 The politics of deregulation 171 7.3.2 Balancing winning and losing sides in regulatory outputs 174 7.3.3 How political preferences infl uence regulatory outputs 175 7.4 Theorizing EU Regulation and Explaining Its Eff ects 177 7.4.1 Explaining the growth of EU regulation 177 7.4.2 Theorizing the consequences of EU regulation 179 7.5 Concluding Summary 180 8 The Institutionalization of EU Foreign Policy and Debates over the EU's International Role 185 8.0 Introduction: What Is at Stake in Understanding EU Foreign Relations? 186 8.1 The Institutions and Institutionalization of EU Foreign Policy 187 8.1.1 The Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Common Security and Defence Policy 188 8.1.2 Building capacity 189 8.2 The Debate over EU Foreign Policy Eff ectiveness 192 8.2.1 The Transatlantic dimension 193 8.2.2 Finding consensus 195 8.3 The Ideological Debate over the Aims of EU Foreign Policy 197 8.3.1 The EU as a normative power? 198 8.4 The Explanatory Debate over EU Foreign Policy 201 8.4.1 Power and interests as explanatory factors 201 8.4.2 Identity as an explanatory factor 202 8.5 Concluding Summary 205 9 What Model for Uniting Europe? 211 9.0 Introduction: Competing Models of European Integration 212 9.1 Federalism 213 9.1.1 Problems with the federal vision 214 9.2 Confederalism 216 9.2.1 Proposals for more confederalism in the EU 219 9.3 The Networked Governance Model 220 9.3.1 Concerns about legitimacy and eff ectiveness 223 9.4 The Diff erentiated Integration Model 224 9.4.1 Diff erentiation to allow some countries to integrate more 226 9.5 Concluding Summary 228 PART IV DEMOCRACY AND INTEGRATION 233 10 Democracy in the European Union 235 10.0 Introduction: More Integration, More Democracy? 236 10.1 Democratic Accountability in the EU: Beyond Majoritarianism 237 10.1.1 Accountability without majoritarianism 239 10.2 The Democratic Deficit Debate 241 10.2.1 The procedural critique of EU democracy: A lack of responsiveness to citizens 242 10.2.2 The normative critique of EU democracy: The narrowing of political alternatives 246 10.2.3 The case against a democratic deficit 248 10.3 Enhancing Democracy in the EU 249 10.3.1 Adding parliamentary or presidential features 249 10.3.2 Developing transnational parties and enhancing indirect accountability 250 10.3.3 Obstacles to enhancing EU democracy 253 10.4 Concluding Summary 255 11 The Impact of European Integration on National Politics 261 11.0 Introduction: Political Adaptation to European Integration 262 11.1 European Integration and National Politics: The End of the Permissive Consensus 263 11.1.1 The emergence of a "constraining dissensus" 264 11.2 Euroskepticism and Its Varieties 267 11.2.1 When and where euroskepticism is expressed 267 11.2.2 Hard euroskepticism 271 11.2.3 Soft euroskepticism 272 11.3 National Referendums on EU Issues 273 11.3.1 Why hold referendums? 274 11.3.2 The political dynamics of referendum campaigns 276 11.4 Concluding Summary 278 12 Integration and Democracy in the Shadow of the Eurozone Debt Crisis 285 12.0 Introduction: The Eurozone Crisis as a Challenge to Democracy and Integration 286 12.1 The Causes of the Eurozone Crisis 288 12.1.1 Benefi ts and concerns surrounding the European Monetary Union (EMU) 288 12.1.2 The global fi nancial crisis' eff ect on the Eurozone 290 12.2 The Travails of Formulating an EU Response 292 12.2.1 Deciding whether to provide a bailout and on what terms 293 12.2.2 The Fiscal Compact and moves toward a banking union 295 12.3 Criticism and Controversies Surrounding the EU Response 297 12.3.1 Democratic decision-making? 298 12.3.2 The right response? 299 12.3.3 Who is to blame? 302 12.4 Conclusion: What the Crisis Means for the Future of Integration 305 Index 311
Rezensionen
"All in all, the book provides a broad overview of European integration and strives to fill the gaps left by existing textbooks." (JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 17 December 2014)
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