Y. Frank Cheng

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: * Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines * High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines * Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments * Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds * Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking--the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies--this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 288
• Erscheinungstermin: 23. Januar 2013
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118536988
• Artikelnr.: 37758199

Autorenporträt

Y. FRANK CHENG, PhD, is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Pipeline Engineering at the University of Calgary. Dr. Cheng has published over 115 journal articles dedicated to corrosion, pipeline engineering, and materials science. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences Committee for Pipeline Transportation of Diluted Bitumen; the Editorial Board of Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology; and the Board of Directors of the Canadian Fracture Research Corporation. Dr. Cheng is also Theme Editor of Pipeline Engineering for the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, developed under the auspices of UNESCO.

Inhaltsangabe

Foreword xiii Preface xv List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Pipelines as "Energy Highways"
2 1.2 Pipeline Safety and Integrity Management
3 1.3 Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking
3 References
5 2 Fundamentals of Stress Corrosion Cracking 7 2.1 Definition of Stress Corrosion Cracking
7 2.2 Specific Metal-Environment Combinations
9 2.3 Metallurgical Aspects of SCC
11 2.3.1 Effect of Strength of Materials on SCC
11 2.3.2 Effect of Alloying Composition on SCC
11 2.3.3 Effect of Heat Treatment on SCC
11 2.3.4 Grain Boundary Precipitation
12 2.3.5 Grain Boundary Segregation
12 2.4 Electrochemistry of SCC
13 2.4.1 SCC Thermodynamics
13 2.4.2 SCC Kinetics
14 2.5 SCC Mechanisms
15 2.5.1 SCC Initiation Mechanisms
15 2.5.2 Dissolution-Based SCC Propagation
16 2.5.3 Mechanical Fracture-Based SCC Propagation
18 2.6 Effects of Hydrogen on SCC and Hydrogen Damage
20 2.6.1 Sources of Hydrogen
20 2.6.2 Characteristics of Hydrogen in Metals
21 2.6.3 The Hydrogen Effect
21 2.6.4 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Damage
25 2.7 Role of Microorganisms in SCC
27 2.7.1 Microbially Influenced Corrosion
27 2.7.2 Microorganisms Involved in MIC
29 2.7.3 Role of MIC in SCC Processes
31 2.8 Corrosion Fatigue
32 2.8.1 Features of Fatigue Failure
33 2.8.2 Features of Corrosion Fatigue
34 2.8.3 Factors Affecting CF and CF Management
35 2.9 Comparison of SCC, HIC, and CF
35 References
37 3 Understanding Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking 43 3.1 Introduction
43 3.2 Practical Case History of SCC in Pipelines
44 3.2.1 Case 1: SCC of Enbridge Glenavon Pipelines (SCC in an Oil Pipeline)
45 3.2.2 Case 2: SCC of Williams Lake Pipelines (SCC in a Gas Pipeline)
46 3.3 General Features of Pipeline SCC
46 3.3.1 High-pH SCC of Pipelines
47 3.3.2 Nearly Neutral-pH SCC of Pipelines
48 3.3.3 Cracking Characteristics
48 3.4 Conditions for Pipeline SCC
50 3.4.1 Corrosive Environments
50 3.4.2 Susceptible Line Pipe Steels
53 3.4.3 Stress
58 3.5 Role of Pressure Fluctuation in Pipelines: SCC or Corrosion Fatigue?
62 References
68 4 Nearly Neutral-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines 73 4.1 Introduction
73 4.2 Primary Characteristics
73 4.3 Contributing Factors
75 4.3.1 Coatings
75 4.3.2 Cathodic Protection
79 4.3.3 Soil Characteristics
81 4.3.4 Microorganisms
83 4.3.5 Temperature
85 4.3.6 Stress
85 4.3.7 Steel Metallurgy
88 4.4 Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracks from Corrosion Pits
89 4.5 Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation Mechanism
96 4.5.1 Role of Hydrogen in Enhanced Corrosion of Steels
96 4.5.2 Potential-Dependent Nearly Neutral-pH SCC of Pipelines
99 4.5.3 Pipeline Steels in Nearly Neutral-pH Solutions: Always Active Dissolution?
101 4.6 Models for Prediction of Nearly Neutral-pH SCC Propagation
104 References
111 5 High-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines 117 5.1 Introduction
117 5.2 Primary Characteristics
117 5.3 Contributing Factors
118 5.3.1 Coatings
118 5.3.2 Cathodic Protection
119 5.3.3 Soil Characteristics
123 5.3.4 Microorganisms
125 5.3.5 Temperature
125 5.3.6 Stress
125 5.3.7 Metallurgies
128 5.4 Mechanisms for Stress Corrosion Crack Initiation
128 5.4.1 Electrochemical Corrosion Mechanism of Pipeline Steels in a Thin Layer of Carbonate-Bicarbonate Electrolyte Trapped Under a Disbonded Coating
128 5.4.2 Conceptual Model for Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracks in a High-pH Carbonate-Bicarbonate Electrolyte Under a Disbonded Coating
133 5.5 Mechanisms for Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation
137 5.5.1 Enhanced Anodic Dissolution at a Crack Tip
137 5.5.2 Enhanced Pitting Corrosion at a Crack Tip
143 5.5.3 Relevance to Grain Boundary Structure
144 5.6 Models for the Prediction of a High-pH Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rate
144 References
145 6 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines in Acidic Soil Environments 149 6.1 Introduction
149 6.2 Primary Characteristics
150 6.3 Electrochemical Corrosion Mechanism of Pipeline Steels in Acidic Soil Solutions
151 6.4 Mechanisms for Initiation and Propagation of Stress Corrosion Cracks
151 6.5 Effect of Strain Rate on the SCC of Pipelines in Acidic Soils
154 References
157 7 Stress Corrosion Cracking at Pipeline Welds 159 7.1 Introduction
159 7.2 Fundamentals of Welding Metallurgy
160 7.2.1 Welding Processes
160 7.2.2 Welding Solidification and Microstructure
160 7.2.3 Parameters Affecting the Welding Process
162 7.2.4 Defects at the Weld
162 7.3 Pipeline Welding: Metallurgical Aspects
163 7.3.1 X70 Steel Weld
163 7.3.2 X80 Steel Weld
163 7.3.3 X100 Steel Weld
164 7.4 Pipeline Welding: Mechanical Aspects
164 7.4.1 Residual Stress
164 7.4.2 Hardness of the Weld
166 7.5 Pipeline Welding: Environmental Aspects
170 7.5.1 Introduction of Hydrogen into Welds
170 7.5.2 Corrosion at Welds
172 7.5.3 Electrochemistry of Localized Corrosion at Pipeline Welds
173 7.6 SCC at Pipeline Welds
178 7.6.1 Effects of Material Properties and Microstructure
178 7.6.2 Effects of the Welding Process
179 7.6.3 Hydrogen Sulfide SCC of Pipeline Welds
179 References
180 8 Stress Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Pipeline Steels 185 8.1 Introduction
185 8.2 Development of High-Strength Steel Pipeline Technology
186 8.2.1 Evolution of Pipeline Steels
186 8.2.2 High-Strength Steels in a Global Pipeline Application
187 8.3 Metallurgy of High-Strength Pipeline Steels
189 8.3.1 Thermomechanical Controlled Processing
189 8.3.2 Alloying Treatment
189 8.3.3 Microstructure of High-Strength Steels
190 8.3.4 Metallurgical Defects
192 8.4 Susceptibility of High-Strength Steels to Hydrogen Damage
193 8.4.1 Hydrogen Blistering and HIC of High-Strength Pipeline Steels
193 8.4.2 Hydrogen Permeation Behavior of High-Strength Pipeline Steels
196 8.5 Metallurgical Microelectrochemistry of High-Strength Pipeline Steels
199 8.5.1 Microelectrochemical Activity at Metallurgical Defects
199 8.5.2 Preferential Dissolution and Pitting Corrosion Around Inclusions
203 8.6 Strain Aging of High-Strength Steels and Its Implication on Pipeline SCC
207 8.6.1 Basics of Strain Aging
208 8.6.2 Strain Aging of High-Strength Pipeline Steels
212 8.6.3 Effect of Strain Aging on SCC of High-Strength Pipeline Steels
214 8.7 Strain-Based Design of High-Strength Steel Pipelines
216 8.7.1 Strain Due to Pipe-Ground Movement
217 8.7.2 Parametric Effects on Cracking of Pipelines Under SBD
218 8.8 Mechanoelectrochemical Effect of Corrosion of Pipelines Under Strain
219 References
225 9 Management of Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking 231 9.1 SCC in Pipeline Integrity Management
231 9.1.1 Elements of Pipeline Integrity Management
231 9.1.2 Initial Assessment and Investigation of SCC Susceptibility
234 9.1.3 Classification of SCC Severity and Postassessment
235 9.1.4 SCC Site Selection
236 9.1.5 SCC Risk Assessment
238 9.2 Prevention of Pipeline SCC
240 9.2.1 Selection and Control of Materials
241 9.2.2 Control of Stress
242 9.2.3 Control of Environments
243 9.3 Monitoring and Detection of Pipeline SCC
244 9.3.1 In-Line Inspections
244 9.3.2 Intelligent Pigs
247 9.3.3 Hydrostatic Inspection
248 9.3.4 Pipeline Patrolling
249 9.4 Mitigation of Pipeline SCC
249 References
251 Index 255