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Despite economic growth in Kazakhstan, more than 80 per cent of Kazakhstan's ethnic Germans have emigrated to Germany to date. Disappointing experiences of the migrants, along with other aspects of life in Germany, have been transmitted through transnational networks to ethnic Germans still living in Kazakhstan. Consequently, Germans in Kazakhstan today feel more alienated than ever from their 'historic homeland'. This book explores the interplay of those memories, social networks and state policies, which play a role in the 'construction' of a Kazakhstani German identity.
Despite economic growth in Kazakhstan, more than 80 per cent of Kazakhstan's ethnic Germans have emigrated to Germany to date. Disappointing experiences of the migrants, along with other aspects of life in Germany, have been transmitted through transnational networks to ethnic Germans still living in Kazakhstan. Consequently, Germans in Kazakhstan today feel more alienated than ever from their 'historic homeland'. This book explores the interplay of those memories, social networks and state policies, which play a role in the 'construction' of a Kazakhstani German identity.
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Rita Sanders is a Research Project Member at the Department of Cultural and Social Anthropology at the University of Cologne. She has worked as a lecturer at the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Maps, Figures, Illustrations and Tables Acknowledgements Note on Transliteration Introduction * Kazakhstani Germans and the Study of Nationalities in Central Asia * Concepts of Ethnicity * Based on Cultural Grounds - Ethnicity as a Resource - Categorization and Power - A Product of Individual Life Experience - Ethnic Boundaries as Cultural Schemas * Fieldwork in Taldykorgan PART I: MEMORIES, HISTORIES AND LIFE STORIES Chapter 1. Memories and Histories * Shifting Memories of the Past * The Deportation of 1941 - Discrimination against Germans - Transition and Continuity - The Hard-Working German * The Russian Empire: Colonization of the Kazakh Steppe * The Russian Empire: the Settlers from the German States * The Soviet Union: Concepts of Nation and Nationality * The Soviet Union: Its Formation and Nationality Policies * National Delineation - Collectivization - Facing the Menace of the German Reich: The Passport System and Deportations - The Kazakh SSR after 1945 * Kazakhstan: The Formation of a Nation-State and the Role of Nationality * 'Kazakhization' - Language Policies - Kazakhstani Identity - Kazakhstani Germans Chapter 2. The Enmeshment of Identities and Life Stories * The Truth of Life Stories * Four Life Stories, Four Identity Types * Soviet Identity - Kazakhstani Identity - Russian German Identity - Kazakhstani German Identity * Summary PART II: NATIONALITY, POWER AND CHANGE Chapter 3. Assessing Nationality * Nationality as a Unifier of Territorial Belonging, Language, Religion * and 'Mentality' * Common Ancestry - Language - Religion - 'Mentality' * National Dichotomies * Kazakh Primordialism vs. Russian Constructionism * Kazakhs' Esteem - Russians' Inclusiveness * Normative Entanglements * Summary Chapter 4. Everyday Nationality in the Kazakh Nation-State * 'The Friendship of Peoples-Is Our Wealth!' * Losing Language Hegemony * Identification: Strategies and Emotions * Kazakhstan as a Homeland * Summary PART III: NON-MIGRANTS' SOCIAL TIES Migration and Social Networks Chapter 5. Relations in the Locality: Ethnic Mixing and Missing Kazakhs * The Relevance of Nationality in Personal Networks * The Relevance of Nationality in Marriages * Is there a 'German Community' in Taldykorgan? * Summary Chapter 6. Disruption in the Transnational Social Field * Relatives and Friends Abroad * Exodus to a 'Historic Homeland' * Views on Germany * Networks and Identity * Summary PART IV: THE EFFECT OF TWO STATES' POLICIES OF 'GERMANNESS' ON KAZAKHSTANI GERMANS Chapter 7. Changing Transnational Institutions * The 'German House' * Support from Germany * Socializing with other Germans * A Parish in Transition from 'German' to 'Lutheran' * The German House in Transition * Summary Chapter 8. The Divergent Ethnic Policies of Kazakhstan and Germany * The Kazakh State's Official Promotion of Interethnic Harmony * The German State's Contradictory Policies * Summary Conclusion: Germans at Home in Kazakhstan * Identity and Memories * Identities and Identifications * Friendship of the Peoples? * Exclusion through Inclusion: The Role of Personal and Institutional Links to Germany References Appendix
List of Maps, Figures, Illustrations and Tables Acknowledgements Note on Transliteration Introduction * Kazakhstani Germans and the Study of Nationalities in Central Asia * Concepts of Ethnicity * Based on Cultural Grounds - Ethnicity as a Resource - Categorization and Power - A Product of Individual Life Experience - Ethnic Boundaries as Cultural Schemas * Fieldwork in Taldykorgan PART I: MEMORIES, HISTORIES AND LIFE STORIES Chapter 1. Memories and Histories * Shifting Memories of the Past * The Deportation of 1941 - Discrimination against Germans - Transition and Continuity - The Hard-Working German * The Russian Empire: Colonization of the Kazakh Steppe * The Russian Empire: the Settlers from the German States * The Soviet Union: Concepts of Nation and Nationality * The Soviet Union: Its Formation and Nationality Policies * National Delineation - Collectivization - Facing the Menace of the German Reich: The Passport System and Deportations - The Kazakh SSR after 1945 * Kazakhstan: The Formation of a Nation-State and the Role of Nationality * 'Kazakhization' - Language Policies - Kazakhstani Identity - Kazakhstani Germans Chapter 2. The Enmeshment of Identities and Life Stories * The Truth of Life Stories * Four Life Stories, Four Identity Types * Soviet Identity - Kazakhstani Identity - Russian German Identity - Kazakhstani German Identity * Summary PART II: NATIONALITY, POWER AND CHANGE Chapter 3. Assessing Nationality * Nationality as a Unifier of Territorial Belonging, Language, Religion * and 'Mentality' * Common Ancestry - Language - Religion - 'Mentality' * National Dichotomies * Kazakh Primordialism vs. Russian Constructionism * Kazakhs' Esteem - Russians' Inclusiveness * Normative Entanglements * Summary Chapter 4. Everyday Nationality in the Kazakh Nation-State * 'The Friendship of Peoples-Is Our Wealth!' * Losing Language Hegemony * Identification: Strategies and Emotions * Kazakhstan as a Homeland * Summary PART III: NON-MIGRANTS' SOCIAL TIES Migration and Social Networks Chapter 5. Relations in the Locality: Ethnic Mixing and Missing Kazakhs * The Relevance of Nationality in Personal Networks * The Relevance of Nationality in Marriages * Is there a 'German Community' in Taldykorgan? * Summary Chapter 6. Disruption in the Transnational Social Field * Relatives and Friends Abroad * Exodus to a 'Historic Homeland' * Views on Germany * Networks and Identity * Summary PART IV: THE EFFECT OF TWO STATES' POLICIES OF 'GERMANNESS' ON KAZAKHSTANI GERMANS Chapter 7. Changing Transnational Institutions * The 'German House' * Support from Germany * Socializing with other Germans * A Parish in Transition from 'German' to 'Lutheran' * The German House in Transition * Summary Chapter 8. The Divergent Ethnic Policies of Kazakhstan and Germany * The Kazakh State's Official Promotion of Interethnic Harmony * The German State's Contradictory Policies * Summary Conclusion: Germans at Home in Kazakhstan * Identity and Memories * Identities and Identifications * Friendship of the Peoples? * Exclusion through Inclusion: The Role of Personal and Institutional Links to Germany References Appendix
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