Jane Kucera

Reverse Osmosis (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

REVERSE OSMOSIS Reverse osmosis (RO) is the world's leading demineralization technology. It is used to provide clean water for potable and ultrapure uses as well as to treat wastewater for recycle or reuse. Regardless of the application or industry, the basics of RO are the same. This book provides the reader with in-depth knowledge about RO basics for any application. This third edition is completely updated, still covering the basics of RO but with new insights as to how to optimize performance. Sections of the book cover the history of RO, membrane and transport model development, pretreatment to minimize membrane deposition and damage, effective cleaning and troubleshooting methods, and data collection and analysis. A new section was added that provides detail about RO and water sustainability. Alternative membrane materials and high-recovery RO are some of the topics included in this new section. Topics are presented in clear and concise language with enough depth to enhance comprehension. The reader will walk away with a new understanding of the topics covered in the book, thereby enabling them to optimize their own RO systems. Engineers and consultants will be able to design or troubleshoot RO systems more effectively. This book is the complete and definitive guide to RO for all persons concerned with RO systems.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 672
• Erscheinungstermin: 3. Mai 2023
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119725206
• Artikelnr.: 68435624

Autorenporträt

Jane Kucera is a senior technical consultant with Nalco Water, an Ecolab Company, where she designs water and wastewater use and reuse facilities. With over 40 years of experience, she has an MS in chemical engineering and has authored two books, both with Scrivener Publishing, the first and second editions of Reverse Osmosis, and the first and second editions of Desalination: Water from Water. She is active in the International Water Conference (IWC) and served as the 2023 Conference Chair. She received the 2021 Award of Merit offered by the Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania for her work in the water treatment industry and contributions to the IWC. Jane has a Teaching Credential from the State of California and taught chemistry at Linfield University, Los Angeles Valley College, and Central Oregon Community College.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface to the 3rd Edition xxi

Acknowledgements xxiii

Section I: Fundamentals 1

1 Introduction to Reverse Osmosis: History, Challenges, and Future Directions 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 A Brief History of Reverse Osmosis 5

1.2.1 Early Development 5

1.2.2 Advances 1970s-1980s 10

1.2.3 Advances from 1990s through the Early 2000s 12

1.3 Challenges and Prospects 14

1.3.1 Membrane Materials Development 15

1.3.2 Modification of Element Construction for Ultra-High Pressure or High-Temperature Operation 17

1.3.2.1 Ultra-High Pressure Spiral Wound RO 17

1.3.2.2 High-Temperature Elements 18

1.3.3 Optimization of RO Element Feed Channel Spacer 19

1.3.4 Other Advances and Future Requirements 23

1.4 Summary 26

Symbols 26

Nomenclature 27

References 27

2 Principles and Terminology 33

2.1 Semipermeable Membranes 33

2.2 Osmosis 33

2.3 Reverse Osmosis 35

2.4 Basic Performance Parameters: Recovery, Rejection, and Flux 35

2.4.1 Recovery and Concentration Factor 35

2.4.2 Rejection 38

2.4.3 Flux 41

2.4.3.1 Water Flux 41

2.4.3.2 Solute Flux 43

2.5 Filtration 43

2.5.1 Dead-End Filtration 43

2.5.2 Cross-Flow Filtration 43

2.6 Concentration Polarization 45

Symbols 47

Nomenclature 48

References 48

3 Membranes: Transport Models, Characterization, and Elements 51

3.1 Membrane Transport Models 51

3.1.1 Solution-Diffusion Transport Model 52

3.1.2 Modified Solution-Diffusion Transport Models 55

3.1.2.1 Solution-Diffusion Imperfection Model 55

3.1.2.2 Extended Solution-Diffusion Model 56

3.1.3 Pore-Based Transport Models 56

3.1.4 Models Based on Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 57

3.2 Polymeric Membranes 57

3.2.1 Cellulose Acetate 57

3.2.2 Linear Polyamide (Aramids) 61

3.2.3 Fully Aromatic Polyamide Composite Membranes 63

3.2.3.1 NS-100 Membrane 64

3.2.3.2 FT-30 Composite Membrane 67

3.2.4 Characterization of CA and Composite Polyamide Membranes 73

3.2.4.1 Surface Roughness 73

3.2.4.2 Zeta Potential (Surface Charge) 76

3.2.4.3 Hydrophilicity 76

3.2.5 Other Membrane Polymers 78

3.3 Membrane Elements 80

3.3.1 Plate and Frame Elements 81

3.3.2 Tubular Elements 82

3.3.3 Hollow Fine Fiber Elements 83

3.3.4 Spiral Wound Elements 84

3.4 Specialty Membranes and Elements 91

3.4.1 Specialty Membranes 91

3.4.1.1 Dry Membranes 91

3.4.1.2 Boron-Rejecting Membranes 92

3.4.2 Specialty Elements 93

3.4.2.1 Sanitary Elements 93

3.4.2.2 Disc Tube Elements 94

3.4.2.3 Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP) Elements and System 94

3.4.2.4 Ultra-High Pressure and High Temperature Elements 95

Symbols 95

Nomenclature 96

References 97

Section II: System Design and Engineering 103

4 Basic Design Arrangements and Concentration Polarization Guidelines 105

4.1 Arrays and Stages 105

4.1.1 Recovery per System Array 106

4.1.2 Element-By-Element Flow and Quality Distribution 108

4.1.3 Flux Guidelines 109

4.1.4 Cross-Flow Velocity Guidelines for Array Design 111

4.1.5 Concentrate Recycle 112

4.2 Passes 113

Symbols 115

Nomenclature 115