Norman P. Lieberman

Process Engineering for a Small Planet (eBook, PDF)

How to Reuse, Re-Purpose, and Retrofit Existing Process Equipment

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Methods for more planet-friendly process engineering Our earth is just one big, complex Process Facility with limited air, water, and mineral resources. It responds to a number of process variables--among them, humanity and the environmental effects of our carbon consumption. What can professionals in the Hydrocarbon Process Industry do to retard environmental degradation? Rather than looking to exotic technology for solutions, Process Engineering for a Small Planet details ready-at-hand methods that the process engineer can employ to help combat the environmental crisis. Drawing from the author's professional experience working with petroleum refineries petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, and natural gas wells, this handbook explains how to operate and retrofit process facilities to: * Reuse existing process equipment * Save energy * Reduce greenhouse gas emissions * Expand plant capacity without installing new equipment * Reduce corrosion and equipment failures Covering topics from expanding fractionator and compressor capacity and vacuum tower heater expansion to minimizing process water consumption and increasing centrifugal pump capacity, Process Engineering for a Small Planet offers big ideas for saving our small planet.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 304
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. Januar 2010
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9780470637043
• Artikelnr.: 37298155

Autorenporträt

NORMAN P. LIEBERMAN is an independent process design engineer and field troubleshooter. His clients are refineries and petrochemical plants. He is well known in the process industry for his seminar "Troubleshooting Process Operations," which has been presented to over 16,000 engineers and plant operators.

Inhaltsangabe

Foreword. Preface. Introduction: Turning of the Tide. 1. Expanding
Fractionator and Compressor Capacity. Reuse of Existing Fractionator.
Changing Tray Deck Panels. Alternates to New Compressor. Keeping Compressor
Rotor Clean. Calculating Liquid Injection Rates to Compressor. 2. Vacuum
Tower Heater Expansion. Entrainment Velocity Limitations. Missing Tray Deck
Manways. Heater Draft Limitation. Improving Ejector Performance. Velocity
Steam in Heater Passes. 3. Natural-Draft-Fired Heaters. Control Excess Air.
O2 and Combustible Analyzers. Improving Air-Fuel Mixing. Convective Section
Air Leaks. Air Preheater Leaks. Indirect Air Preheat. 4. Crude Pre-Flash
Towers. Pre-Flash Tower Flooding. Energy Saving with Pre-Flash Towers.
Capacity Benefits. Pre-Flash Tower External Reflux. 5. Amine Regeneration
and Sulfur Recovery. Amine Capacity Expansion. Sulfur Plant Capacity
Expansion. Rich Amine Flash Drum Design. Cascaded Seal Legs. Sulfur
Recovery from Sour Water Stripper Off-Gas. Acid Gas of High CO2 Content.
Sulfur Plant Oxygen Enrichment. 6. Treating and Drying Hydrocarbons. Jet
Fuel Treating. Salt Dryer Operation. Water-Washing Sodium Naphthanates from
Jet Fuel. Pipe Distributor Design. Treating Sour Naphtha. Converting
Mercaptans to Disulfides. 7. Minimizing Process Water Consumption.
Two-Stage Wastewater Stripper. Steam Condensate Recovery. Condensate Drum
Balance Line Location. Water Hammer. Measuring Condensate Recovery. Cooling
Tower Cycles of Concentration. 8. Incremental Expansion Design Concept:
Reprocessing Waste Lube Oil. Reprocessing Waste Lube Oil. Vacuum Tower
Design. Wash Oil Grid Coking. Vapor Horn Design in Vacuum Towers. Stripping
Tray Efficiency. Precondenser Fouling. Pump NPSH Limit in Vacuum Service.
Exchanger Fouling in Waste Oil Service. Transfer-Line Sonic Velocity. 9.
Improving Fractionation Efficiency in Complex Fractionators. Pre-Flash
Tower Concept. Intermediate Reflux. Stripping Tray Efficiency. Maximizing
Diesel Recovery from Crude. Picket Weirs. Adjusting Pump-arounds. Pressure
Optimization. 10. Increasing Centrifugal Pump Capacity and Efficiency.
Hydraulic Limitations. Worn Impeller-to-Case Clearances. Impeller Wear
Ring. Upgrading Impeller Size. Marginal Cavitation. Viscosity Effects on
Efficiency. NPSH Limited Condition. 11. Eliminating Process Control Valves
Using Variable-Speed Drivers. Frequency Control of Motors. Eliminating
Control Valves on Pump Discharge. Direct Speed Control of Steam Turbine.
Variable-Speed Compressors. Spill-backs Waste Energy. Calculating Incentive
for Variable-Speed Drivers. Floating Tower Pressure Control. 12. Expanding
Refrigeration Capacity. Centrifugal Compressor Head vs. Flow Curve.
Calculating Compression Work. Horsepower vs. Suction Pressure Limited.
Effect of Increasing Suction Pressure. Reducing Refrigerant Condenser
Fouling. Effect of Noncondensibles. Condensate Backup in Condenser. 13.
Oversizing Equipment Pitfalls. Amine H2S Scrubber. Optimizing Number of
Trays in Absorbers. Consequences of Overdesign. Use of Demister in Knockout
Drum. Low Demister Velocity Promotes Mist Entrainment. 14. Optimizing Use
of Steam Pressure to Minimize Consumption of Energy. Preserving the
Potential of Steam to Do Work. Power Recovery from Steam to a Reboiler. Use
of the Mollier Diagram. Cogeneration Plants. Extracting Work from Reboiler
Steam Using Existing Equipment. Understanding Thermodynamics of Flowing
Steam. Steam Turbine Efficiency Checklist. 15. Expanding Compressor
Capacity and Efficiency. Reciprocating Compressors. Pulsation Dampener
Plates. Adjustable Head-End Unloaders. Natural Gas Engines. Axial
Compressor. Rotor Fouling of Axial Air Compressor. Centrifugal Compressors.
Cleaning Centrifugal Compressor Rotor. 16. Vapor-Liquid Separator
Entrainment Problems. Effect of Foam on Indicated Liquid Levels.
Hydrogen-Heavy Gas Oil Separtors. Foam Induced Carry-Over. Enhancing
De-Entrainment Rates. Vapor Distribution Aids De-Entrainment. 17.
Retrofitting Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers for Greater Efficiency. Running
Slops Without Fouling. Floating Suction in Charge Tanks. Exchanger Online
Spalling. Effect of Feed Interruptions. Tube Velocity and Surface
Roughness. Shell-Side Seal Strips. Cooling High-Viscosity Fluids. Expanding
Water Cooler Capacity. Hydrocarbon Losses to Cooling Towers. 18. Reducing
Sulfur and Hydrocarbon Emissions. Sulfur Plant Waste Heat Boiler
Modifications. Hydrocarbon Leaks in Seawater Cooling Systems. Incinerator
Back-Fire in Sulfur Plant Main Reaction Furnace. Loss of Draft Due to Air
Leaks. Global Emissions in Perspective. 19. Hydrocarbon Leaks to the
Environment. Measuring Leaks Through Valves. Fixing Leaking Valves
On-Stream. Detecting Leaking Relief Valves. On-Stream Repair of Leaking
Relief Valves. Measuring Flows in Flare Lines. Leaks into Cooling Water.
Air Cooler Leaks. Valve Stem Packing. Leaking Pump Mechanical Seal and
Improper Use of Seal Flush. Fixing Weld Leaks On-Stream. 20.
Composition-Induced Flooding in Packed Towers: FCU Fractionator Expansion.
Fluid Cracking Unit Fractionator Expansion. Flooding of Slurry Oil P/A
Sections. FCU Fractionator Vapor Line Quench. Multipump Piping Stress
Analysis. Perception vs. Reality in Process Design. 21. Maintenance for
Longer Run Lengths. Sulfuric Acid Regeneration. Importance of Reactor
Insulation. On-Stream Piping Repairs. Preserving Pump Mechanical Seals.
Concept of Avoiding Unit Shutdowns. 22. Instrument Malfunctions. Control
Valve Loss Due to Instrument Air Pressure Signal. Stuck Flow Control Valve
Stem. Mislocated Liquid-Level Tap. Reducing Load to Vacuum System by
Correcting False. Level Indication. 23. Summary Checklist for Reuse of
Process Equipment. Fired Heaters. Heat Exchangers. Fin-Fan Air Coolers.
Distillation Tower Trays. Vapor-Liquid Separators. Centrifugal Pumps.
Fixed-Bed Reactors. Electric Motors. Gas and Steam Turbines. Reciprocating
and Centrifugal Compressors. Air Blowers. Water-Hydrocarbon Separators.
Overcoming Utility System Limits. 24. Water-Hydrocarbon Separation:
Corrosive Effects of Water. Water-Oil Separators. Corrosive Elements from
Cracking Plants. Water Traps in Strippers. Current CO2 Levels.
Environmental Overview. Appendix: Solar Power Potential. Index.