F. Carl Knopf

Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Process and Energy Systems (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Energy costs impact the profitability of virtually all industrial processes. Stressing how plants use power, and how that power is actually generated, this book provides a clear and simple way to understand the energy usage in various processes, as well as methods for optimizing these processes using practical hands-on simulations and a unique approach that details solved problems utilizing actual plant data. Invaluable information offers a complete energy-saving approach essential for both the chemical and mechanical engineering curricula, as well as for practicing engineers.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 488
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. Dezember 2011
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118121139
• Artikelnr.: 37342213

Autorenporträt

F. Carl Knopf is the Robert D. and Adele Anding Professor of Chemical Engineering and Associate Director of the Center for Energy Studies' Minerals Processing Research Institute at Louisiana State University.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xiii Conversion Factors xvii List of Symbols xix 1. Introduction to
Energy Usage, Cost, and Efficiency 1 1.1 Energy Utilization in the United
States 1 1.2 The Cost of Energy 1 1.3 Energy Efficiency 4 1.4 The Cost of
Self-Generated versus Purchased Electricity 10 1.5 The Cost of Fuel and
Fuel Heating Value 11 1.6 Text Organization 12 1.7 Getting Started 15 1.8
Closing Comments 16 References 16 Problems 17 2. Engineering Economics with
VBA Procedures 19 2.1 Introduction to Engineering Economics 19 2.2 The Time
Value of Money: Present Value (PV) and Future Value (FV) 19 2.3 Annuities
22 2.4 Comparing Process Alternatives 29 2.5 Plant Design Economics 33 2.6
Formulating Economics-Based Energy Optimization Problems 34 2.7 Economic
Analysis with Uncertainty: Monte Carlo Simulation 36 2.8 Closing Comments
38 References 39 Problems 39 3. Computer-Aided Solutions of Process
Material Balances: The Sequential Modular Solution Approach 42 3.1
Elementary Material Balance Modules 42 3.2 Sequential Modular Approach:
Material Balances with Recycle 46 3.3 Understanding Tear Stream Iteration
Methods 49 3.4 Material Balance Problems with Alternative Specifications 58
3.5 Single-Variable Optimization Problems 61 3.6 Material Balance Problems
with Local Nonlinear Specifications 66 3.7 Closing Comments 68 References
69 Problems 70 4. Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances:
The Simultaneous Solution Approach 76 4.1 Solution of Linear Equation Sets:
The Simultaneous Approach 76 4.2 Solution of Nonlinear Equation Sets: The
Newton-Raphson Method 82 References 92 Problems 93 5. Process Energy
Balances 98 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 Separator: Equilibrium Flash 101 5.3
Equilibrium Flash with Recycle: Simultaneous Approach 109 5.4 Adiabatic
Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Material and Energy Balances Including Rate
Expressions: Euler's First-Order Method 112 5.5 Styrene Process: Material
and Energy Balances with Reaction Rate 117 5.6 Euler's Method versus
Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta Method for Numerical Integration 121 5.7 Closing
Comments 124 References 125 Problems 125 6. Introduction to Data
Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection 132 6.1 Standard Deviation and
Probability Density Functions 133 6.2 Data Reconciliation: Excel Solver 136
6.3 Data Reconciliation: Redundancy and Variable Types 138 6.4 Data
Reconciliation: Linear and Nonlinear Material and Energy Balances 143 6.5
Data Reconciliation: Lagrange Multipliers 149 6.6 Gross Error Detection and
Identification 154 6.7 Closing Remarks 158 References 158 Problems 158 7.
Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design
Calculations: Ideal Gas Fluid Properties 164 7.1 Equilibrium State of a
Simple Compressible Fluid: Development of the T ds Equations 165 7.2
General Energy Balance Equation for an Open System 167 7.3 Cogeneration
Turbine System Performance Calculations: Ideal Gas Working Fluid 167 7.4
Air Basic Gas Turbine Performance Calculations 169 7.5 Energy Balance for
the Combustion Chamber 172 7.6 The HRSG: Design Performance Calculations
173 7.7 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance with Design HRSG 177
7.8 HRSG Off-Design Calculations: Supplemental Firing 180 7.9 Gas Turbine
Design and Off-Design Performance 185 7.10 Closing Remarks 193 References
194 Problems 194 8. Development of a Physical Properties Program for
Cogeneration Calculations 198 8.1 Available Function Calls for Cogeneration
Calculations 198 8.2 Pure Species Thermodynamic Properties 202 8.3
Derivation of Working Equations for Pure Species Thermodynamic Properties
207 8.4 Ideal Mixture Thermodynamic Properties: General Development and
Combustion Reaction Considerations 209 8.5 Ideal Mixture Thermodynamic
Properties: Apparent Difficulties 211 8.6 Mixing Rules for EOS 213 8.7
Closing Remarks 215 References 216 Problems 216 9. Gas Turbine Cogeneration
System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Real Fluid
Properties 222 9.1 Cogeneration Gas Turbine System Performance
Calculations: Real Physical Properties 223 9.2 HRSG: Design Performance
Calculations 230 9.3 HRSG Off-Design Calculations: Supplemental Firing 232
9.4 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance 235 9.5 Closing Remarks
237 References 238 Problems 238 10. Gas Turbine Cogeneration System
Economic Design Optimization and Heat Recovery Steam Generator Numerical
Analysis 243 10.1 Cogeneration System: Economy of Scale 244 10.2
Cogeneration System Confi guration: Site Power-to-Heat Ratio 244 10.3
Economic Optimization of a Cogeneration System: The CGAM Problem 245 10.4
Economic Design Optimization of the CGAM Problem: Ideal Gas 249 10.5 The
CGAM Cogeneration Design Problem: Real Physical Properties 250 10.6
Comparing CogenD and General Electric's GateCycle(TM) 253 10.7 Numerical
Solution of HRSG Heat Transfer Problems 254 10.8 Closing Remarks 266
References 267 Problems 267 11. Data Reconciliation and Gross Error
Detection in a Cogeneration System 272 11.1 Cogeneration System Data
Reconciliation 272 11.2 Cogeneration System Gross Error Detection and
Identification 278 11.3 Visual Display of Results 281 11.4 Closing Comments
281 References 282 Problems 283 12. Optimal Power Dispatch in a
Cogeneration Facility 284 12.1 Developing the Optimal Dispatch Model 284
12.2 Overview of the Cogeneration System 286 12.3 General Operating
Strategy Considerations 287 12.4 Equipment Energy Efficiency 287 12.5
Predicting the Cost of Natural Gas and Purchased Electricity 298 12.6
Development of a Multiperiod Dispatch Model for the Cogeneration Facility
302 12.7 Closing Comments 309 References 310 Problems 310 13. Process
Energy Integration 314 13.1 Introduction to Process Energy
Integration/Minimum Utilities 314 13.2 Temperature Interval/Problem Table
Analysis with 0° Approach Temperature 316 13.3 The Grand Composite Curve
(GCC) 317 13.4 Temperature Interval/Problem Table Analysis with "Real"
Approach Temperature 318 13.5 Determining Hot and Cold Stream from the
Process Flow Sheet 319 13.6 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Maximum
Energy Recovery (MER) 324 13.7 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Stream
Splitting 328 13.8 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Minimum Number of
Units (MNU) 329 13.9 Software for Teaching the Basics of Heat Exchanger
Network Design (Teaching Heat Exchanger Networks (THEN)) 331 13.10 Heat
Exchanger Network Design: Distillation Columns 331 13.11 Closing Remarks
336 References 336 Problems 337 14. Process and Site Utility Integration
343 14.1 Gas Turbine-Based Cogeneration Utility System for a Processing
Plant 343 14.2 Steam Turbine-Based Utility System for a Processing Plant
353 14.3 Site-Wide Utility System Considerations 356 14.4 Closing Remarks
362 References 363 Problems 363 15. Site Utility Emissions 368 15.1
Emissions from Stoichiometric Considerations 369 15.2 Emissions from
Combustion Equilibrium Calculations 370 15.3 Emission Prediction Using
Elementary Kinetics Rate Expressions 380 15.4 Models for Predicting
Emissions from Gas Turbine Combustors 382 15.5 Closing Remarks 393
References 393 CVODE Tutorial 393 Problems 394 16. Coal-Fired Conventional
Utility Plants with CO2 Capture (Design and Off-Design Steam Turbine
Performance) 397 16.1 Power Plant Design Performance (Using Operational
Data for Full-Load Operation) 398 16.2 Power Plant Off-Design Performance
(Part Load with Throttling Control Operation) 406 16.3 Levelized Economics
for Utility Pricing 409 16.4 CO2 Capture and Its Impact on a Conventional
Utility Power Plant 413 16.5 Closing Comments 414 References 417 Problems
417 17. Alternative Energy Systems 419 17.1 Levelized Costs for Alternative
Energy Systems 419 17.2 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): Determination of
Levelized Cost 420 17.3 Nuclear Power Cycle 425 References 427 Problems 427
Appendix. Bridging Excel and C Codes 429 A.1 Introduction 429 A.2 Working
with Functions 431 A.3 Working with Vectors 434 A.4 Working with Matrices
442 A.5 Closing Comments 446 References 448 Tutorial 448 Microsoft C++ 2008
Express: Creating C Programs and DLLs 448 Index 458