T. Barry Levine, Arlene Bradley Levine

Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Trends indicate that the metabolic syndrome will become the leading risk factor for heart disease. Now more than ever you need an all-in-one reference that provides the tools and practical advice you need to: * Identify at-risk patients * Explain individual contributing factors * Aid in patient education and motivation * Direct comprehensive care and * Choose the most appropriate interventions Comprehensively revised to reflect leading-edge research and now organized to facilitate easy access to essential information and clinically-relevant guidance, Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease, 2e offers this and more. Not only will you receive a solid understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease but also the rationale for today's most effective treatments. What's new? Filled with timely new content, this updated edition covers: * New discoveries that have changed our understanding of the pathogenesis and interrelationship of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CHD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) * The relevance of mitochondria and telomeres * Sleep and its impact on cardiometabolic health * The pivotal interplay between insulin and forkhead transcriptionfactors * Calorie restriction research * Bariatric surgery experiences and outcomes In addition, each chapter includes essential information on comorbidities, interventions, and pharmacotherapeutic options - an exclusive feature found only in the second edition!

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 512
• Erscheinungstermin: 5. Juli 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118480076
• Artikelnr.: 38254000

Autorenporträt

T. Barry Levine, MD, FACC, is Chief Medical Officer, A.B.L.E. Medical Consulting. He is Professor of Medicine at Drexel University College of Medicine in Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Levine is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the International Academy of Cardiology, and a board member of the Tracleer International Scientific Advisory Board. In addition, he is a member of the American Federation for Clinical Research, the American Heart Association, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, the American College of Chest Physicians, and the Heart Failure Society of America. Dr. Levine has been recognized by his peers in "Best Doctors in America" and "Top Docs in Pittsburgh". Dr. Levine has participated in numerous clinical trials, authored many articles (138), and created a variety of media presentations on heart failure, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. He along with Dr. Arlene B. Levine has written "A Patient's Guide to Heart Failure" and has authored a textbook, "Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease". Arlene Bradley Levine, MD, FACC, is CEO, A.B.L.E. Medical Consulting. She is Assistant Professor of Medicine at Michigan State University and? is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Levine is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. She is a member of the American Heart Association, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, the American College of Chest Physicians, and the Heart Failure Society of America. Dr. Levine has authored 45 articles, and has been recognized by her peers in "Best Doctors in America" and "Top Docs in Pittsburgh".

Inhaltsangabe

Preface viii List of Abbreviations ix 1 The Metabolic Syndrome: A Relevant
Concept? 1 2 Mitochondria 3 Background 3 Cellular respiration 6 Modulation
of mitochondrial metabolic activity 9 Factors that affect mitochondrial
number and activity 10 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
coactivator-1 11 Mitochondrial production of prooxidant species 12
Mitochondria and nitric oxide 15 Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis 17 The
mitochondrial permeability transition 18 Apoptosis 22 Causes for
mitochondrial dysfunction 22 Implications of mitochondrial dysfunction 27
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease 27 Mitochondrial
dysfunction and metabolic disease 29 Conclusion 32 Bibliography 34 3
Telomeres 40 Telomere structure 40 Telomere function 41 Telomere shortening
41 Telomere dysfunction 42 Physiologic age 42 Gender differences 43
Telomerase 43 Cell senescence and apoptosis 46 Telomeres in aging 49 Risk
factors for cardiometabolic disease 51 Telomeres senescence and chronic
disease 54 Cardiovascular disease 54 Insulin resistance and type 2 DM 57
Conclusion 58 Bibliography 60 4 The FoxO Transcription Factors and Sirtuins
64 Forkhead transcription factors 64 Functions of FoxO 68 Cardiovascular
forkhead effects 70 Metabolic forkhead effects 72 Histone acetylation and
deacetylation 75 Sirtuin deacetylases 76 Sirtuin regulation 78
Antiinflammatory cardiovascular and myocyte sirtuin effects 80 Sirtuin
effects on metabolism 81 Sirtuins and cell longevity 83 Forkhead
deregulation and insulin resistance 85 Paradoxical effect of nutrition
versus stress on cell death suppression 87 Conclusion 89 Bibliography 90 5
Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 96 Anabolism and catabolism 96
Control of plasma glucose 96 Insulin 97 Insulin receptor location 98
Metabolic insulin signaling 101 Insulin-mediated glucose uptake 103
Nutrient storage and metabolism 104 Vascular and antiinflammatory effects
106 Mitogenic action 107 Insulin-like growth factor 108 Insulin and IGF
impact on cell longevity 111 Amylin 113 Glucagon 113 Conclusion 113
Bibliography 114 6 Oxidative Stress 120 Free radicals 120 Oxidases 120
Sources for free radicals 123 Endogenous antioxidants 124 Physiologic
functions of oxidative stress 126 Mechanisms of oxidative damage 127
Cellular stress-sensitive pathways 127 Cellular targets of oxidative stress
128 Oxidative stress-related diseases 129 Endothelial dysfunction with
oxidative stress 129 Cardiovascular disease 130 Insulin resistance and type
2 DM 131 Conclusion 133 Bibliography 134 7 Mental Stress 139 Stress
responses 139 Central stress pathways 139 Peripheral stress pathways 140
Fight-flight-fright responses to acute stress 142 Sequelae of sustained
passive stress 142 Inflammatory effects of stress pathways 143 Vascular and
lipoprotein effects of stress pathways 143 Stress impact on body weight 146
Metabolic effects of stress pathways 146 Depression and other mood
disturbances 149 Conclusion 152 Bibliography 153 8 Sleep 159 Stages of
sleep 159 Cardiovascular parameters during normal sleep 160 Function of
sleep 161 Sleep duration 164 Circadian rhythm 165 Examples of circadian
regulation 166 Neurohormonal modulation of wakefulness 168 Neurohormonal
modulation of sleep 170 Sleep-arousal transitions 172 Sleep deficit 174
Pathophysiologic effects of sleep debt 175 Sleep debt and risk of
cardiometabolic disorder 177 Sleep disorders 179 Conclusion 182
Bibliography 183 9 Inflammation 192 Immune responses 192 Selected
participants in the inflammatory response 193 C-reactive protein 198 The
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inflammation 199 Inflammation and
chronic diseases 202 Inflammation endothelial and vascular dysfunction 202
Inflammation and atherosclerosis 205 Acute inflammation carbohydrate
metabolism and dyslipidemia 210 Chronic inflammation and the metabolic
syndrome 213 Causes for systemic inflammation 215 Conclusion 218
Bibliography 219 10 Adipose Tissue and Overweight 228 Energy storage 228
Diverse fat depots 230 Adipose tissue as immune organ 234 Adipose tissue as
endocrine organ 236 Adipokines with beneficial cardiometabolic effect 237
Adipokines with detrimental cardiometabolic effect 244 Obesity
comorbidities and cardiovascular disease 250 Obesity insulin resistance and
diabetes 252 Conclusion 254 Bibliography 255 11 Weight Loss and Diet 266
Homeostatic responses to weight gain and weight loss 266 Adipose weight
loss effects 267 Antiinflammatory vasculoprotective and metabolic effects
of weight loss 267 Dietary intervention for weight loss 269 Calorie
restriction 270 Surgical intervention 277 Diet 279 Exercise as adjunct to
weight loss 289 Conclusion 289 Bibliography 291 12 Skeletal Muscle and
Exercise 303 Myocyte structure and function 303 Metabolic adaptations in
skeletal muscle 305 Energy sensors 311 Skeletal muscle in inflammation 317
Skeletal muscle in insulin resistance 318 Exercise effect on inflammation
and oxidative stress 320 Exercise effect on metabolism in obesity 322
Exercise effect and cardiovascular health 322 Exercise and insulin
resistance 325 Exercise and mortality 328 Exercise recommendation 331
Conclusion 332 Bibliography 334 13 Lipids Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and
Therapy 347 Apolipoproteins 347 Lipoproteins 347 Apo A-containing
lipoproteins 348 Apo B-containing lipoproteins 355 Apolipoproteins C D and
E 360 The triglyceride lipase family 360 The normal metabolism of free
fatty acids 363 Inflammation and hepatic insulin resistance 365 Atherogenic
dyslipidemia in insulin resistance 369 Lipid-lowering therapy 372 The HMG
CoA reductase inhibitors 374 Nicotinic acid 387 The fibric acid derivatives
388 Bile acid sequestrants 391 Ezetimibe 391 CETP inhibition 391 Conclusion
392 Bibliography 393 14 The Endothelium Cardiovascular Disease and Therapy
409 Endothelial function 409 Nitric oxide synthase and eNOS 409 Endothelial
NO synthesis 410 Specific enhancers of NO synthesis 413 Functions of nitric
oxide 415 Shear stress and vascular function 418 Mechanisms of endothelial
dysfunction 420 Insulin insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction 424
Implications of endothelial dysfunction 428 Assessment of endothelial
function 430 Hypertension 432 Cardiomyopathy 434 Coronary and peripheral
vascular disease 440 Pharmacologic antagonism of the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelin-1 443 Beta-adrenergic
blockade 448 Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors 449 Conclusion 450 Bibliography
451 15 Insulin Resistance Metabolic Syndrome and Therapy 468 Diagnostic
criteria for the metabolic syndrome 468 Prevalence of the metabolic
syndrome 470 Insulin resistance 470 Causes of insulin resistance 474
Pathways toward insulin resistance 476 Pharmacologic therapy to improve
insulin sensitivity 480 Conclusion 483 Bibliography 484 Index 491