Richard W. Baker

Membrane Technology and Applications (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

"... the best handbook on membrane technology, which is currently on the market... " -Membrane News (on the previous edition) Building on the success of the previous edition, Membrane Technology and Applications Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of separation membranes, their manufacture and their applications. Beginning with a series of general chapters on membrane preparation, transport theory and concentration polarization, the book then surveys several major areas of membrane application in separate chapters. Written in a readily accessible style, each chapter covers its membrane subject thoroughly, from historical and theoretical backgrounds through to current and potential applications. Topics include reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, microfiltration, gas separation and coupled and facilitated transport; chapters on electrodialysis and medical applications round out the coverage. NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION * New sections on the use of membranes in the chlor-alkali industry, membrane distillation, pressure retarded osmosis and constant flux-variable pressure ultrafiltration * Zeolite and ceramic membranes, submerged membrane modules, and fuel cell membranes * Substantially enhanced chapters on ultrafiltration, pervaporation and membrane contactors * Updates to every chapter to reflect the developments in the field

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 592
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. Juli 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118359716
• Artikelnr.: 37354517

Autorenporträt

Richard W. Baker, Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.(MTR), Newark, California, USA

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1. Overview of Membrane Science and
Technology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Development of Membranes 1
1.3 Types of Membranes 4 1.3.1 Isotropic Membranes 4 1.3.2 Anisotropic
Membranes 6 1.3.3 Ceramic, Metal, and Liquid Membranes 6 1.4 Membrane
Processes 6 References 13 2. Membrane Transport Theory 15 2.1 Introduction
15 2.2 The Solution-Diffusion Model 18 2.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
18 2.2.2 Concentration and Pressure Gradients in Membranes 22 2.2.3
Application of the Solution-Diffusion Model to Specific Processes 27 2.2.4
A Unified View 50 2.3 Structure-Permeability Relationships in
Solution-Diffusion Membranes 53 2.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients 55 2.3.2
Sorption Coefficients in Polymers 64 2.4 Pore-Flow Membranes 72 2.4.1
Permeation in Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Membranes 73 2.4.2
Knudsen Diffusion and Surface Diffusion in Microporous Membranes 79 2.4.3
Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) 86 2.4.4 The Transition Region
89 2.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 90 References 92 3. Membranes and
Modules 97 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Isotropic Membranes 98 3.2.1 Isotropic
Nonporous Membranes 98 3.2.2 Isotropic Microporous Membranes 100 3.3
Anisotropic Membranes 102 3.3.1 Phase separation membranes 104 3.3.2
Interfacial Polymerization Membranes 121 3.3.3 Solution-Coated Composite
Membranes 125 3.3.4 Other Anisotropic Membranes 128 3.3.5 Repairing
Membrane Defects 132 3.4 Metal, Ceramic, Zeolite, Carbon, and Glass
Membranes 134 3.4.1 Metal Membranes 134 3.4.2 Ceramic Membranes 135 3.4.3
Zeolite Membranes 139 3.4.4 Mixed-Matrix Membranes 141 3.4.5 Carbon
Membranes 145 3.4.6 Microporous Glass Membranes 148 3.5 Liquid Membranes
148 3.6 Hollow Fiber Membranes 148 3.7 Membrane Modules 154 3.7.1
Plate-and-Frame Modules 155 3.7.2 Tubular Modules 157 3.7.3 Spiral-Wound
Modules 158 3.7.4 Hollow Fiber Modules 162 3.7.5 Other Module Types 165 3.8
Module Selection 167 3.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 169 References
170 4. Concentration Polarization 179 4.1 Introduction 179 4.2 Boundary
Layer Film Model 182 4.3 Determination of the Peclet Number 191 4.4
Concentration Polarization in Liquid Separation Processes 193 4.5
Concentration Polarization in Gas Separation Processes 196 4.6 Cross-Flow,
Co-Flow, and Counter-Flow 197 4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 204
References 205 5. Reverse Osmosis 207 5.1 Introduction and History 207 5.2
Theoretical Background 208 5.3 Membranes and Materials 213 5.3.1 Cellulosic
Membranes 213 5.3.2 Noncellulosic Polymer Membranes 216 5.3.3 Interfacial
Composite Membranes 217 5.3.4 Other Membrane Materials 219 5.4 Reverse
Osmosis Membrane Categories 220 5.4.1 Seawater and Brackish Water
Desalination Membranes 221 5.4.2 Nanofiltration Membranes 222 5.4.3
Hyperfiltration Organic Solvent Separating Membranes 224 5.5 Membrane
Selectivity 227 5.6 Membrane Modules 228 5.7 Membrane Fouling Control 231
5.7.1 Scale 231 5.7.2 Silt 233 5.7.3 Biofouling 233 5.7.4 Organic Fouling
235 5.7.5 Membrane Cleaning 236 5.8 Applications 237 5.8.1 Brackish Water
Desalination 238 5.8.2 Seawater Desalination 240 5.8.3 Ultrapure Water 241
5.8.4 Wastewater Treatment 242 5.8.5 Nanofiltration 244 5.8.6 Organic
Solvent Separation 245 5.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 246 References
247 6. Ultrafiltration 253 6.1 Introduction and History 253 6.2
Characterization of Ultrafiltration Membranes 254 6.3 Membrane Fouling 257
6.3.1 Constant Pressure/Constant Flux Operation 257 6.3.2 Concentration
Polarization 261 6.3.3 Fouling Control 271 6.4 Membranes 274 6.5 Constant
Pressure Modules, System Design, and Applications 274 6.5.1 Cross-Flow
Ultrafiltration Modules 275 6.5.2 Constant Pressure (Cross-Flow) System
Design 278 6.5.3 Applications of Cross-Flow Membrane Modules 282 6.5.4 Food
Industry 284 6.6 Constant Flux Modules, System Design, and Applications 292
6.6.1 Constant Flux/Variable Pressure Modules 292 6.6.2 Submerged Membrane
Modules and System Design 293 6.6.3 Submerged Membrane Applications 296 6.7
Conclusions and Future Directions 299 References 300 7. Microfiltration 303
7.1 Introduction and History 303 7.2 Background 305 7.2.1 Types of Membrane
305 7.2.2 Membrane Characterization 306 7.2.3 Microfiltration Membranes and
Modules 313 7.2.4 Process Design 316 7.3 Applications 320 7.3.1 Sterile
Filtration of Pharmaceuticals 322 7.3.2 Sterilization of Wine and Beer 322
7.3.3 Microfiltration in the Electronics Industry 323 7.4 Conclusions and
Future Directions 323 References 324 8. Gas Separation 325 8.1 Introduction
and History 325 8.2 Theoretical Background 326 8.2.1 Polymer Membranes 328
8.2.2 Metal Membranes 337 8.2.3 Ceramic and Zeolite Membranes 337 8.2.4
Thermally Rearranged/Microporous Carbon Membranes 338 8.2.5 Mixed-Matrix
Membranes 338 8.3 Membrane Modules 338 8.4 Process Design 339 8.4.1
Pressure Ratio 340 8.4.2 Stage-Cut 343 8.4.3 Multistep and Multistage
System Designs 345 8.4.4 Recycle Designs 347 8.5 Applications 349 8.5.1
Hydrogen Separations 350 8.5.2 Oxygen/Nitrogen Separation 352 8.5.3 Natural
Gas Separations 359 8.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation 361 8.5.5 Vapor/Gas
Separations 368 8.5.6 Dehydration of Air 369 8.5.7 Carbon Dioxide/Hydrogen
and Carbon Dioxide/ Nitrogen Separations 370 8.5.8 Vapor/Vapor Separations
372 8.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 373 References 375 9.
Pervaporation 379 9.1 Introduction and History 379 9.2 Theoretical
Background 381 9.3 Membrane Materials and Modules 389 9.3.1 Membrane
Materials 389 9.3.2 Dehydration Membranes 392 9.3.3 Organic/Water
Separation Membranes 393 9.3.4 Organic/Organic Separation Membranes 394
9.3.5 Membrane Modules 395 9.4 System Design 398 9.5 Applications 400 9.5.1
Solvent Dehydration 401 9.5.2 Separation of Dissolved Organics from Water
406 9.5.3 Separation of Organic Mixtures 409 9.6 Conclusions and Future
Directions 412 References 412 10. Ion Exchange Membrane Processes -
Electrodialysis 417 10.1 Introduction/History 417 10.2 Theoretical
Background 421 10.2.1 Transport through Ion Exchange Membranes 421 10.3
Chemistry of Ion Exchange Membranes 423 10.3.1 Homogeneous Membranes 425
10.3.2 Heterogeneous Membranes 426 10.4 Electrodialysis 428 10.4.1
Concentration Polarization and Limiting Current Density 428 10.4.2 Current
Efficiency and Power Consumption 433 10.4.3 System Design 435 10.5
Electrodialysis Applications 438 10.5.1 Brackish Water Desalination 438
10.5.2 Salt Recovery from Seawater 438 10.5.3 Other Electrodialysis
Separation Applications 440 10.5.4 Continuous Electrodeionization and
Ultrapure Water 442 10.5.5 Bipolar Membranes 443 10.6 Fuel Cells 444 10.7
Membranes in Chlor-Alkali Processes 448 10.8 Conclusions and Future
Directions 449 References 449 11. Carrier Facilitated Transport 453 11.1
Introduction/History 453 11.2 Coupled Transport 459 11.2.1 Background 459
11.2.2 Characteristics of Coupled Transport Membranes 463 11.2.3 Coupled
Transport Membranes 468 11.2.4 Applications 472 11.3 Facilitated Transport
473 11.3.1 Background 473 11.3.2 Process Designs 476 11.3.3 Applications
481 11.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 486 References 487 12. Medical
Applications of Membranes 493 12.1 Introduction 493 12.2 Hemodialysis 493
12.3 Blood Oxygenators 498 12.4 Plasma Fractionation 500 12.5 Controlled
Drug Delivery 501 12.5.1 Membrane Diffusion-Controlled Systems 502 12.5.2
Biodegradable Systems 510 12.5.3 Osmotic Systems 512 References 518 13.
Other Membrane Processes 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Dialysis 521 13.3
Donnan Dialysis (Diffusion Dialysis) 522 13.4 Charge Mosaic Membranes and
Piezodialysis 526 13.5 Membrane Contactors and Membrane Distillation 529
13.5.1 Applications of Membrane Contactors 532 13.6 Membrane Reactors 538
13.6.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors 541 13.7 Ion-Conducting Membrane
Reactors 544 13.8 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse
Electrodialysis (RED) 547 13.9 Chiral Drug Separation 551 13.10 Conclusions
and Future Directions 552 References 553 Appendix 559 Index 571