Ian M. Ward, John Sweeney

Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Providing an updated and comprehensive account of the properties of solid polymers, the book covers all aspects of mechanical behaviour. This includes finite elastic behavior, linear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxations, mechanical anisotropy, non-linear viscoelasicity, yield behavior and fracture. New to this edition is coverage of polymer nanocomposites, and molecular interpretations of yield, e.g. Bowden, Young, and Argon. The book begins by focusing on the structure of polymers, including their chemical composition and physical structure. It goes on to discuss the mechanical properties and behaviour of polymers, the statistical molecular theories of the rubber-like state and describes aspects of linear viscoelastic behaviour, its measurement, and experimental studies. Later chapters cover composites and experimental behaviour, relaxation transitions, stress and yielding. The book concludes with a discussion of breaking phenomena.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 480
• Erscheinungstermin: 22. Oktober 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118413197
• Artikelnr.: 37356193

Autorenporträt

Professor Ian M. Ward is an internationally recognized and well respected authority on this subject. Chair in Physics at Leeds University since 1970, he has gained a reputation as an outstanding scientist. He is also a co-founder of the British Polymer Physics Group and the winner of several awards, including the Glazebrook medal of the Institute of Physics (2004) and the Netlon award (2004) both given for his work in polymer physics. Professor John Sweeney holds a Personal Chair in Polymer Mechanics at the University of Bradford. He has researched in various areas of solid polymer behaviour, including viscoelasticity, fracture mechanics, shear banding, large deformations and nanocomposites. He is well known for his collaborations with Professor Ward and his association with the internationally recognized Polymer IRC (Interdisciplinary Research Centre).

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xiii 1 Structure of Polymers 1 1.1 Chemical Composition 1 1.2
Physical Structure 9 2 The Mechanical Properties of Polymers: General
Considerations 19 2.1 Objectives 19 2.2 The Different Types of Mechanical
Behaviour 19 2.3 The Elastic Solid and the Behaviour of Polymers 21 2.4
Stress and Strain 22 2.5 The Generalised Hooke's Law 26 3 The Behaviour in
the Rubber-Like State: Finite Strain Elasticity 31 3.1 The Generalised
Definition of Strain 31 3.2 The Stress Tensor 43 3.3 The Stress-Strain
Relationships 44 3.4 The Use of a Strain Energy Function 47 4 Rubber-Like
Elasticity 61 4.1 General Features of Rubber-Like Behaviour 61 4.2 The
Thermodynamics of Deformation 62 4.3 The Statistical Theory 65 4.4
Modifications of Simple Molecular Theory 72 4.5 The Internal Energy
Contribution to Rubber Elasticity 80 4.6 Conclusions 83 5 Linear
Viscoelastic Behaviour 87 5.1 Viscoelasticity as a Phenomenon 87 5.2
Mathematical Representation of Linear Viscoelasticity 92 5.3 Dynamical
Mechanical Measurements: The Complex Modulus and Complex Compliance 103 5.4
The Relationships between the Complex Moduli and the Stress Relaxation
Modulus 109 5.5 The Relaxation Strength 114 6 The Measurement of
Viscoelastic Behaviour 119 6.1 Creep and Stress Relaxation 119 6.2 Dynamic
Mechanical Measurements 123 6.3 Wave-Propagation Methods 127 7 Experimental
Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and
Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence 135 7.1 General Introduction 135
7.2 Time-Temperature Equivalence and Superposition 140 7.3 Transition State
Theories 143 7.4 The Time-Temperature Equivalence of the Glass Transition
Viscoelastic Behaviour in Amorphous Polymers and the Williams, Landel and
Ferry (WLF) Equation 147 7.5 Normal Mode Theories Based on Motion of
Isolated Flexible Chains 156 7.6 The Dynamics of Highly Entangled Polymers
160 8 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167 8.1 The Description of
Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167 8.2 Mechanical Anisotropy in Polymers
168 8.3 Measurement of Elastic Constants 171 8.4 Experimental Studies of
Mechanical Anisotropy in Oriented Polymers 185 8.5 Interpretation of
Mechanical Anisotropy: General Considerations 192 8.6 Experimental Studies
of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour and Their Interpretation 198 8.7 The
Aggregate Model for Chain-Extended Polyethylene and Liquid Crystalline
Polymers 212 8.8 Auxetic Materials: Negative Poisson's Ratio 216 9 Polymer
Composites: Macroscale and Microscale 227 9.1 Composites: A General
Introduction 227 9.2 Mechanical Anisotropy of Polymer Composites 228 9.3
Short Fibre Composites 233 9.4 Nanocomposites 238 9.5 Takayanagi Models for
Semi-Crystalline Polymers 241 9.6 Ultra-High-Modulus Polyethylene 250 9.7
Conclusions 255 10 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and
Molecular Interpretation 261 10.1 Amorphous Polymers: An Introduction 261
10.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition in Amorphous Polymers 263 10.3
Relaxation Transitions in Crystalline Polymers 269 10.4 Conclusions 282 11
Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 285 11.1 The Engineering Approach 286
11.2 The Rheological Approach 289 11.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation as
Thermally Activated Processes 306 11.4 Multi-axial Deformation:
Three-Dimensional Non-linear Viscoelasticity 313 12 Yielding and
Instability in Polymers 319 12.1 Discussion of the Load-Elongation Curves
in Tensile Testing 320 12.2 Ideal Plastic Behaviour 327 12.3 Historical
Development of Understanding of the Yield Process 335 12.4 Experimental
Evidence for Yield Criteria in Polymers 338 12.5 The Molecular
Interpretations of Yield 342 12.6 Cold-Drawing, Strain Hardening and the
True Stress-Strain Curve 359 12.7 Shear Bands 366 12.8 Physical
Considerations Behind Viscoplastic Modelling 369 12.9 Shape Memory Polymers
371 13 Breaking Phenomena 379 13.1 Definition of Tough and Brittle
Behaviour in Polymers 379 13.2 Principles of Brittle Fracture of Polymers
380 13.3 Controlled Fracture in Brittle Polymers 385 13.4 Crazing in Glassy
Polymers 386 13.5 The Structure and Formation of Crazes 391 13.6 Controlled
Fracture in Tough Polymers 400 13.7 The Molecular Approach 413 13.8 Factors
Influencing Brittle-Ductile Behaviour: Brittle-Ductile Transitions 414 13.9
The Impact Strength of Polymers 422 13.10 The Tensile Strength and Tearing
of Polymers in the Rubbery State 430 13.11 Effect of Strain Rate and
Temperature 432 References 439 Further Reading 447 Index 449