Helmi A. Youssef

Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys (eBook, ePUB)

Traditional and Nontraditional Techniques

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Provides a comprehensive description for machining technologies of stainless steels and super alloys with consideration to current industrial applications. * Presents current and recent developments related to traditional and nontraditional machining techniques of stainless steels and super alloys * Arranges types of stainless steels and super alloys in qualitative and quantitative form, as related to their machining characteristics, providing the reader with information regarding optimum working condition for each material * Proposes a 10-level machinability chart to rank important grades of stainless steels * Arranges the machinability rating of the most commonly used super alloys in a descending order * Presents non-traditional machining processes along with some hybrid processes which have been applied successfully to stainless steels and super alloys

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 304
• Erscheinungstermin: 20. Oktober 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118919460
• Artikelnr.: 44011181

Autorenporträt

Professor Helmi A. Youssef, born in August, 1938 in Alexandria, Egypt, has acquired his B.Sc. in Production Engineering, Alexandria University in 1960. He completed then his scientific building in Carolo-Welhelmina, TH Braunschweig in Germany, during the period 1961-1967, where he acquired his Dipl.-Ing., and Dr.-Ing. Degree in the domain of Non-traditional Machining. In Alexandria University, he has been promoted to associate, then since 1978 to full professor. In the period 1995-1998, professor Youssef was the chairman of the Production Engineering Dept., and since 1989, he was a member of the scientific committee for promotion of professors in Egyptian Universities. Between 1975 and 1998, he was a visiting professor in many Arab, and German Universities. He established his own laboratories, and supervised many M.Sc. and Ph D theses. Professor Youssef has organized and participated in international conferences. He has published many scientific papers in specialized journals, and authored books in his fields of specialization; two of which have been published by CRC, on machining and manufacturing technologies, in 2008, and 2011, respectively. Currently, Prof. Youssef is Emeritus Professor in PED, Alexandria University.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xiii About the Author xix Acknowledgments xxi Nomenclature xxiii
Glossary xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Stainless Steels and Super Alloys as
Difficult?]to?]Cut Materials 1 1.1.1 Historical Background of Stainless
Steels and Super Alloys 2 1.1.1.1 Stainless Steels 2 1.1.1.2 Super Alloys 3
1.1.2 Industrial Applications of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 3
1.1.2.1 Stainless Steels 3 1.1.2.2 Super Alloys 4 1.2 Traditional and
Nontraditional Machining Processes 4 1.2.1 Importance of Machining in
Manufacturing Technology 4 1.2.2 Classification of Machining Processes 6
1.2.3 Variables of Machining Processes 9 1.2.3.1 Input (Independent)
Variables 9 1.2.3.2 Output (Dependent) Variables 9 References 10 2 Types
and Classifications of Stainless Steels 11 2.1 Role of Alloying Elements in
Stainless Steels 11 2.2 Types of Stainless Steels 13 2.2.1 Basic Alloys of
Stainless Steels (Ferritic, Martensitic, Austenitic) 13 2.2.1.1 Ferritic
Stainless Steels of AISI?]Designations 13 2.2.1.2 Martensitic Stainless
Steels also of AISI?]Designation 18 2.2.1.3 Austenitic Stainless Steels of
AISI?]Designation 19 2.2.2 Derived Alloys of Stainless Steels (Duplex,
PH?]Alloys) 22 2.3 Concluding Comments and Comparative Characteristics 23
References 26 3 Types and Classifications of Super Alloys 27 3.1 General
Features and Classifications 27 3.2 Types of Super Alloys 28 3.2.1 Fe?]Base
Alloys 31 3.2.2 Ni?]Base Alloys 34 3.2.3 Co?]Base Alloys 39 References 41 4
Traditional Machining - Machinability, Tooling, and Cutting Fluids 43 4.1
Machinability Concept in Metal Cutting 43 4.1.1 Definition and General
Aspects 43 4.1.2 Quantifying and Criteria of Machinability 44 4.1.2.1 Tool
Life Criterion 46 4.1.2.2 Cutting Forces and Power Consumption Criterion 48
4.1.2.3 Surface Finish Criterion 50 4.1.3 Enhancing Machinability of
Difficult?]to?]Cut Materials 50 4.1.3.1 Adoption of Free Machining Steels
and Alloys 50 4.1.3.2 Thermally Assisted Machining (Hot Machining) 52
4.1.3.3 High Speed Machining 52 4.1.3.4 Ultrasonic?]Assisted Machining 60
4.1.3.5 Advanced Cooling Techniques 61 4.1.3.6 Cryogenic Treatment of Tool
Materials 63 4.2 Cutting Tool Materials 63 4.2.1 Characteristics of an
Ideal Tool Material 64 4.2.2 Types of Cutting Tool Materials 65 4.2.2.1
High Speed Steel (HSS) 65 4.2.2.2 Cast Nonferrous Alloys (Stellite and
UCON) 67 4.2.2.3 Cemented Carbides (Widia) 69 4.2.2.4 Cemented Titanium
Carbides (TiC?]Based Tools) 73 4.2.2.5 Cermets 73 4.2.2.6 Ceramics
(Alumina?]Based Tools) 73 4.2.2.7 SiAlON 74 4.2.2.8 Cubic Boron Nitride
(CBN) 74 4.2.2.9 Diamond 75 4.2.3 Tool Materials for Machining of Stainless
Steels and Super Alloys 75 4.2.3.1 Cutting Tool Materials for Stainless
Steels 76 4.2.3.2 Tool Materials for Super Alloys 77 4.3 Cutting Fluids for
Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 81 4.3.1 Functions, Characteristics, and
General Considerations 81 4.3.2 Types of Cutting Fluids 82 4.3.2.1
Water?]Base Liquids 82 4.3.2.2 Neat Oils 83 4.3.2.3 Liquid Gas or Cryogenic
Coolants 83 4.3.2.4 Solid Lubricants 84 4.3.3 Application Methods 84 4.3.4
Cutting Fluids for Stainless Steels 85 4.3.4.1 Sulfo?]chlorinated Cutting
Oils 85 4.3.4.2 Emulsifiable Fluids 86 4.3.4.3 Selection of Cutting Fluid
for Stainless Steels 87 4.3.5 Cutting Fluids for Super Alloys 88 4.3.5.1
Turning, Planing, Shaping, and Boring 88 4.3.5.2 Broaching 88 4.3.5.3
Drilling and Reaming 89 4.3.5.4 Tapping and Thread Cutting 89 4.3.5.5
Milling 89 4.3.5.6 Sawing 89 4.3.5.7 Grinding 89 References 91 5
Traditional Machining of Stainless Steels 93 5.1 Machinability of Stainless
Steels 93 5.1.1 Free?]Machining Additives of Stainless Steels 94 5.1.2
Machinability of Free?] and Nonfree?]Machining Stainless Steels 97 5.1.2.1
Ferritic and Martensitic Alloys 99 5.1.2.2 Austenitic Alloys 100 5.1.2.3
Duplex Alloys 101 5.1.2.4 PH?]Alloys 102 5.1.3 Enhanced Machining Stainless
Steels 102 5.1.4 Machinability Ratings of Stainless Steels 102 5.2
Traditional Machining Processes of Stainless Steels 103 5.2.1 Turning 103
5.2.1.1 Form Turning and Cutting Off 104 5.2.2 Drilling 106 5.2.2.1
Important Hints When Drilling Stainless Steels 107 5.2.3 Reaming 110
5.2.3.1 Tool Geometry of Reamers for Stainless Steels 110 5.2.3.2 Reaming
Parameters 111 5.2.4 Milling 111 5.2.5 Broaching 112 5.2.6 Grinding 114 5.3
Surface Treatments of Stainless Steel after Machining 114 5.3.1 Chemical
Cleaning (Pickling) 115 5.3.2 Passivating 116 References 118 6 Traditional
Machining of Super Alloys 119 6.1 Machinability Aspects of Super Alloys 119
6.2 Machinability Rating of Super Alloys 120 6.2.1 Machinability as Based
on Tool Life and Nominal Cutting Speeds 121 6.2.2 Machinability as Based on
Specific Cutting Energy 124 6.3 Traditional Machining Processes (TMPs) of
Super Alloys 125 6.3.1 Challenges and Machining Guidelines for Super Alloys
126 6.3.2 Turning 127 6.3.3 Drilling 130 6.3.4 Reaming 133 6.3.5 Milling
133 6.3.6 Broaching 137 6.3.7 Grinding 139 6.3.7.1 Selection of Grinding
Wheel Designation 139 References 140 7 Nontraditional Machining Processes -
an Overview 141 7.1 Nontraditional Machining Processes 141 7.2 Mechanical
Nontraditional Processes 142 7.2.1 Jet Machining 142 7.2.1.1 Abrasive Jet
Machining 142 7.2.1.2 Water Jet Machining 143 7.2.1.3 Abrasive Water Jet
Machining 145 7.2.2 Abrasive Flow Machining 146 7.2.2.1 Parameters
Affecting MRR of AFM 147 7.2.2.2 Advantages of AFM 147 7.2.3 Ultrasonic
Machining 147 7.2.3.1 Transducer and Magnetostriction Effect 149 7.2.3.2
Acoustic Horns (Mechanical Amplifiers or Concentrators) 150 7.2.3.3 Process
Capabilities 150 7.3 Electrochemical and Chemical Machining Processes 151
7.3.1 Electrochemical Machining 151 7.3.1.1 Process Capabilities 152
7.3.1.2 Pulsed Electrochemical Machining (PECM) 154 7.3.1.3 Shaped Tube
Electrolytic Machining (STEM) 156 7.3.1.4 Electro?]stream (ES) or Capillary
Drilling 158 7.3.2 Electrochemical Grinding 159 7.3.3 Chemical Machining
160 7.3.3.1 Chemical Milling (CH?]milling) 160 7.3.3.2 Photochemical
Machining (Spray Etching) 162 7.4 Thermoelectric Processes 164 7.4.1
Electrical Discharge Machining 164 7.4.1.1 Types of Generators, Applicable
for ED?]Machines 165 7.4.1.2 Process Capabilities 165 7.4.2 Electron Beam
Machining 166 7.4.3 Laser Beam Machining 168 7.4.4 Plasma Arc Cutting 172
7.5 Nontraditional Machining Processes - an Outlook 173 References 177 8
Nontraditional Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 179 8.1
Mechanical Nontraditional Machining Processes of Stainless Steels and Super
Alloys 179 8.1.1 Jet Machining 179 8.1.2 Ultrasonic Machining (USM) of
Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 180 8.1.3 Abrasive Flow Machining of
Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 181 8.2 Electrochemical and Chemical
Machining Processes of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 183 8.2.1
Electrochemical Machining 183 8.2.2 Shaped Tube Electrolytic Machining
(STEM) of Stainless Steel and Super Alloys 194 8.2.3 Electro?]stream (ES)
Machining of Stainless Steel and Super Alloys 196 8.2.4 Electrochemical
Grinding (ECG) of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 196 8.2.5 Chemical
Milling (CH?]Milling) 196 8.2.5.1 MRR and Depth Tolerance 197 8.2.5.2
Surface Quality 198 8.2.6 Photochemical Machining (Spray Etching) 199 8.3
Thermoelectric Machining Processes 201 8.3.1 Electric Discharge Machining
(EDM) 201 8.3.2 Electrical Discharge Milling of SSs and SAs 204 8.3.2.1
Fields of Applications of ED?]Milling 204 8.3.2.2 Advantages and
Limitations of ED?]Milling 205 8.3.3 Electron Beam Machining 206 8.3.4
Laser Beam Machining 206 8.3.5 Plasma Arc Cutting 210 8.4 Economical
Analysis of ECM and Thermo?]electrical Processes of Turbo?]machinery
Components 211 8.5 Nontraditional Micro?]drilling of Deep Holes - a
Comparison 214 8.6 Thermally?]Assisted Machining of Stainless Steels and
Super Alloys 214 8.6.1 Surface Integrity and Removal Rates for TAM of
Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 215 8.6.2 Laser Assisted Turning (LAM) of
Inconel?]718 216 8.6.3 Plasma Assisted Turning (PAT) of Super Alloys and
PH?]Stainless Steel 217 References 218 9 Current and Recent Developments
Regarding Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 221 9.1 General
Considerations 221 9.2 Recent Research Work Related to Traditional
Machining of Stainless Steels 222 9.3 Recent Research Works Related to
Traditional Machining of Super Alloys 230 9.4 Recent Research Work Related
to Nontraditional Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 242
References 245 Appendix 249 Review Questions 253 Index 265