Joseph J. Torres, Thomas G. Bailey

Life in the Open Ocean (eBook, ePUB)

The Biology of Pelagic Species

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Life in the Open Ocean Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species provides in-depth coverage of the different marine animal groups that form the communities inhabiting the ocean's pelagic realm. This comprehensive resource explores the physical environment, foraging strategies, energetics, locomotion, sensory mechanisms, global and vertical distributions, special adaptations, and other characteristics of a wide array of marine taxa. Bringing together the most recent information available in a single volume, authors Joseph J. Torres and Thomas G. Bailey cover the Cnidaria (stinging jellies), the ctenophores (comb jellies), pelagic nemerteans, pelagic annelids, crustaceans, cephalopods and pelagic gastropods, invertebrate chordates, as well as micronektonic and larger fishes such as sharks, tunas, mackerels, and mahi-mahi. Detailed chapters on each pelagic group describe internal and external anatomy, classification and history, feeding and digestion, bioluminescent systems and their function, reproduction and development, respiration, excretion, nervous systems, and more. The first book of its kind to address all of the major animal groups comprising both the swimmers and drifters of the open sea, this important resource: * Explains how different animals have adapted to live in the open-ocean environment * Covers all sensory mechanisms of animals living in the pelagic habitat, including photoreception, mechanoreception, and chemoreception * Treats the diverse micronekton assemblage as a community * Includes a thorough introduction to the physical oceanography and properties of water in the pelagic realm Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species is an excellent senior-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in biology and biological oceanography, and a valuable reference for all those with interest in open-ocean biology.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 1008
• Erscheinungstermin: 14. Januar 2022
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119840312
• Artikelnr.: 67768527

Autorenporträt

Joseph J. Torres is Emeritus Professor of Marine Science, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL, USA. He is an internationally-renowned marine biologist with research interests in the physiological ecology of the deep- and open-oceanic realms. Thomas G. Bailey is retired director of NOAA's Caribbean Marine Research Center following a long career in deep-ocean science at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution as head of the Department of Zooplankton Ecology. He is a highly respected in-situ marine scientist known for innovative techniques in capturing and experimenting with delicate sea creatures at great depth.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xviii

Acknowledgments xx

1 Physics and the Physical Environment 1

The Vastness of the Open Ocean 2

The Properties of Water 2

Density 4

Viscosity 5

Reynolds Number 6

Drag 7

Temperature 8

The Oceans and Ocean Basins 9

Ocean Circulation 10

Surface Currents: Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 10

Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 15

Upwelling 16

Deep-Ocean Circulation 16

Water Masses 18

Oxygen 24

Pressure 24

Sound 26

Light 29

Absorption and Scattering 31

Traditional Depth Zones in the Ocean 33

Concluding Thoughts 34

References 35

2 Physiological Accommodation to Environmental Challenges 36

Temperature 37

Terms 38

Temperature Effects on Survival: The Tolerance Polygon 39

Temperature Effects on Rate Processes - The Q10 Approximation 41

Patterns of Thermal Acclimation 43

Climatic Adaptation in Ectotherms 44

Temperature Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Concentration: The Quantitative Strategy for Short-term Change 47

Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Quality - Isozymes, Allozymes, and Temperature Adaptation 47

What Properties of Enzymes Can Be Changed? 51

Lipids and Temperature 53

A Membrane Primer 54

Pressure 59

Early Work 60

Later Work 61

Whole Animal Work 63

Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Pressure 64

Pressure and Membranes 68

Oxygen 69

Severity of Oxygen Minima, "Dead Zones," and the Intertidal 71

Adaptations to Oxygen Minima 71

The Aerobic Strategy 71

Salinity 75

Depth 77

Concluding Thoughts 83

References 84

3 The Cnidaria 89

Introduction 89

Classification 89

History 89

Classification Schemes 90

Phylum Cnidaria 91

Subphylum Medusozoa 91

Subphylum Anthozoa 91

Subphylum Myxozoa 91

The Hydromedusae 92

Morphology Basics 92

Morphological Detail and Life Histories 95

The Scyphomedusae 99

Basic Characteristics 99

Morphological Detail and Life Histories 101

General 101

Coronatae 101

Semaeostomae 102

Rhizostomae 104

The Cubomedusae 105

Foraging Strategies 105

General Considerations 106

The Cnidae 107

Venoms 108

Interaction with Prey 109

Direct Interception 110

Encounter Zone 110

The Model 114

Swimming and Hunting Behavior 115

Water Flow and Swimming 115

Attraction Between Predator and Prey 116

Diets, Feeding Rates, and Impacts on Prey Populations 117

Rogue Hydroids: Predatory Polyps in the Midwater 119

Feeding in the Cubomedusae 120

Locomotion 121

The Mesoglea 123

Nerve Nets and Nervous Control of Swimming 124

Senses and Sensory Mechanisms 125

The Siphonophores 127

Terminology and Affinities of Siphonophore "Persons" 128

Whole Animal Organization 134

Life Histories 137

The Siphonophore Conundrum 137

Feeding 138

Fishing Behavior 138

Digestion 139

Diets and Selectivity 139

Ecological Importance 141

Locomotion 141

Buoyancy 143

Vertical Distr