Lead-Free Solder Process Development (eBook, ePUB)

Redaktion: Henshall, Gregory; Handwerker, Carol A.; Bath, Jasbir

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Discusses the growth mechanisms of tin whiskers and the effective mitigation strategies necessary to reduce whisker growth risks This book covers key tin whisker topics, ranging from fundamental science to practical mitigation strategies. The text begins with a review of the characteristic properties of local microstructures around whisker and hillock grains to identify why these particular grains and locations become predisposed to forming whiskers and hillocks. The book discusses the basic properties of tin-based alloy finishes and the effects of various alloying elements on whisker formation, with a focus on potential mechanisms for whisker suppression or enhancement for each element. Tin whisker risk mitigation strategies for each tier of the supply chain for high reliability electronic systems are also described. * Discusses whisker formation factors including surface grain geometry, crystallographic orientation-dependent surface grain boundary structure, and the localization of elastic strain/strain energy density distribution * Examines how whiskers and hillocks evolve in time through real-time studies of whisker growth with the scanning electron microscope/focused ion beaming milling (SEM/FIB) * Covers characterization methods of tin and tin-based alloy finishes such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) * Reviews theories of mechanically-induced tin whiskers with case studies using pure tin and other lead-free finishes shown to evaluate the pressure-induced tin whiskers Mitigating Tin Whisker Risks: Theory and Practice is intended for the broader electronic packaging and manufacturing community including: manufacturing engineers, packaging development engineers, as well as engineers and researchers in high reliability industries.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 284
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. März 2011
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118102749
• Artikelnr.: 37362879

Autorenporträt

GREGORY HENSHALL is Master Engineer at Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. He has more than twenty years' experience in materials research and development, including twelve years of experience with soldering alloys and electronics manufacturing and nine years focused on lead-free technology. Dr. Henshall currently serves as chair for the iNEMI (International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative) Lead-Free Alloy Alternatives Project. JASBIR BATH is the owner of Bath Technical Consultancy LLC in Fremont, California. He has over fifteen years' experience in research, design, development, and implementation in the areas of soldering, surface mount, and packaging technologies working for companies including Flextronics International/Solectron Corporation and ITRI (International Tin Research Institute). Bath has been chair of various iNEMI lead-free consortia involving OEMs, EMS, and component and material supplier companies on alloy selection, assembly, and rework. CAROL A. HANDWERKER is the Reinhardt Schuhmann Jr. Professor of Materials Engineering at Purdue University, Indiana. Previously, she was chief of the Metallurgy Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where she participated in the NCMS (National Center for Manufacturing Sciences) Lead-Free Solder Project and co-chaired the iNEMI Lead-Free Alloy Selection Team. Dr. Handwerker is currently active on the iNEMI Technical, Research, and Environmental Leadership Steering Committees, as well as a participant in a range of iNEMI project teams.

Inhaltsangabe

Technical Reviewers. Preface. Introduction. Contributors. 1. Regulatory and
Voluntary Drivers for Environmental Improvement: Hazardous Substances,
Lifecycle Design and End of Life (John Hawley). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2
Substances of Environmental Concern. 1.3 Design for Environment/Energy
Efficiency. 1.4 Recycling and Take-back. 1.5 Summary. 1.6 References. 2.
Lead-free Surface Mount Technology (Jasbir Bath, Jennifer Nguyen and Sundar
Sethuraman). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 No-clean and Water-soluble Lead-free
Pastes. 2.3 Solder Paste Handling. 2.4 Board and Stencil Design. 2.5 Screen
Printing and Printability of Lead-free Solder Pastes. 2.6 Paste inspection.
2.7 Component Placement (Paste Tackiness). 2.8 Reflow Soldering and the
Reflow Profile. 2.9 Effect of Nitrogen versus Air Atmosphere during
Lead-free Reflow. 2.10 Head-in-Pillow Component Soldering Defect. 2.11
Solder Joint Visual Inspection. 2.12 AOI (Automated Optical Inspection).
2.13 X-ray Inspection. 2.14 ICT/Functional Testing. 2.15 Conclusions. 2.16
Future Work. 2.17 Acknowledgements. 2.18 References. 3. Lead-free Wave
Soldering (Dennis Barbini and Jasbir Bath). 3.0 Introduction. 3.1 Wave
soldering process boundaries. 3.2 Soldering temperatures on the chip and
main soldering waves. 3.3 Alloys for Lead-free Wave Soldering. 3.4 The
function of nitrogen in wave soldering. 3.5 The effect of PCB Design on
wave solder joint formation. 3.6 Standards related to wave soldering. 3.7
Conclusions. 3.8 Future work. 3.9 Acknowledgements. 3.10 References. 4.
Lead-free Rework (Alan Donaldson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Surface Mount
Technology (SMT) Hand Soldering/Touch-up. 4.3 BGA/CSP Rework. 4.4 BGA
Socket Rework. 4.5 X-ray. 4.6 Through-hole Hand Soldering Rework. 4.7
Through-hole Mini-pot/Solder Fountain Rework. 4.8 Best Practices and Rework
Equipment Calibrations. 4.9 Conclusions. 4.10 Future Work. 4.11 References.
5 Lead-Free Alloys for BGA/CSP Components (Gregory A. Henshall). 5.1
Introduction. 5.2 Overview of New Lead-Free Alloys. 5.3 Benefits of New
Alloys for BGAs and CSPs. 5.4 Technical Concerns . 5.5 Management of New
Alloys. 5.6 Future Work. 5.7 Summary and Conclusions. 5.8 Acknowledgements.
5.9 References. 6 Growth Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Tin
Whisker Growth (Peng Su). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Role of stress in whisker
growth. 6.3 Understanding standard acceleration tests. 6.4 Plating process
optimization and other mitigation strategies. 6.5 Whisker growth on
board-mounted components. 6.6 Summary. 6.7 References. 7. Testability of
Lead-Free Printed Circuit Assemblies (Rosa D.Reinosa and Aileen M. Allen).
7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Contact Repeatability of Lead-Free Boards. 7.3 Probe
Wear and Contamination. 7.4 Board Flexure. 7.5 Conclusions. 7.6
Acknowledgments. 7.7 References. 8. Board-Level Solder Joint Reliability of
High Performance Computers under Mechanical Loading (Keith Newman). 8.1
Introduction. 8.2 Establishing PWB Strain Limits for Manufacturing. 8.3.
SMT Component Fracture Strength Characterization. 8.4 PWB Fracture Strength
Characterization. 8.5 PWB Strain Characterization. 8.6. Solder Joint
Fracture Prediction - Modeling. 8.7. Fracture Strength Optimization. 8.8
Conclusions. 8.9 Acknowledgments. 8.10 References. 9. Lead-Free Reliability
in Aerospace/Military Environments (Thomas A. Woodrow and Jasbir Bath). 9.1
Introduction. 9.2 Aerospace/Military Consortia. 9.3 Lead-Free Control Plans
for Aerospace/Military Electronics. 9.4 Aerospace/Military Lead-Free
Reliability Concerns. 9.5 Summary and Conclusions. 9.6 References. 10.
Lead-Free Reliability in Automotive Environments (Richard D. Parke). 10.1
Introduction to Electronics in Automotive Environments. 10.2 Performance
Risks and Issues. 10.3 Legislation Driving Lead-Free Automotive
Electronics. 10.4 Reliability Requirements for Automotive Environments.
10.5 Failure Modes of Lead-free Joints. 10.6 Impact to Lead-free Component
Procurement and Management. 10.7 Change versus Risks. 10.8 Summary and
Conclusions. References. Index.