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The impact of natural disasters has become an important and ever-growing preoccupation for modern societies. Volcanic eruptions are particularly feared due to their devastating local, regional or global effects. Relevant scientific expertise that aims to evaluate the hazards of volcanic activity and monitor and predict eruptions has progressively developed since the start of the 20th century. The further development of fundamental knowledge and technological advances over this period have allowed scientific capabilities in this field to evolve. Hazards and Monitoring of Volcanic Activity…mehr
The impact of natural disasters has become an important and ever-growing preoccupation for modern societies. Volcanic eruptions are particularly feared due to their devastating local, regional or global effects. Relevant scientific expertise that aims to evaluate the hazards of volcanic activity and monitor and predict eruptions has progressively developed since the start of the 20th century. The further development of fundamental knowledge and technological advances over this period have allowed scientific capabilities in this field to evolve. Hazards and Monitoring of Volcanic Activity groups a number of available techniques and approaches to render them easily accessible to teachers, researchers and students. This volume is dedicated to geological and historical approaches. The assessment of hazards and monitoring strategies is based primarily on knowledge of a volcano's past behavior or that of similar volcanoes. The book presents the different types of volcanic hazards and various approaches to their mapping before providing a history of monitoring techniques.
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Jean-François Lénat is Emeritus Professor at the Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans at the University of Clermont-Ferrand, France, and was the first scientific director of the volcano observatory at Piton de la Fournaise. He has studied many volcanoes, focusing particularly on the volcanism of the island of La Réunion.
Inhaltsangabe
Contents
Foreword .
Claude JAUPart
Preface xiii
Jean-François LÉNAT
List of Abbreviations .
Chapter 1 Understanding the Geological History of Volcanoes: An Essential Prerequisite to Their Monitoring 1
Patrick BACHÈLERY
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Historical volcanology at the crossroads of various disciplines: the example of the Samalas eruption in 1257 3
1.1.2 Hazard characterization, geological analysis and future eruptive scenarios 6
1.1.3 Mount St Helens, May 18, 1980 6
1.1.4 Lessons learned from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens 9
1.1.5 The diversity of eruptive regimes 12
1.2 Relative and absolute dating and the importance of timescales: chronology of eruptions 14
ix
xv
1.3 Frequency of eruptions, eruptive cycles and future eruption scenarios 19
1.4 Historical activity through texts, iconography and archeology 24
1.5 The work of the pioneers 26
1.5.1 Alfred Lacroix 26
1.5.2 Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent 28
1.5.3 William Hamilton 33
1.6 The contribution of old maps 34
1.7 Volcanic archeology 36
1.8 Eruptive dynamics, types of eruptions, structural evolution: the use of volcanic "archives" through geological field interpretation 38
1.9 Structural framework and evolution 43
1.10 The use of distant archives 45
1.10.1 The record of large eruptions in marine and lake sediments 45
1.10.2 The recording of large eruptions in ice cores 50
1.11 From the knowledge of a volcano's past to the identification of an operational monitoring strategy and the assessment of volcanic risks 53
