James G. Speight
Handbook of Hydraulic Fracturing (eBook, PDF)
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James G. Speight
Handbook of Hydraulic Fracturing (eBook, PDF)
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Presents an up-to-date description of current and new hydraulic fracturing processes * Details Emerging Technologies such as Fracture Treatment Design, Open Hole Fracturing, Screenless Completions, Sand Control, Fracturing Completions and Productivity * Covers Environmental Impact issues including Geological Disturbance; Chemicals used in Fracturing; General Chemicals; Toxic Chemicals; and Air, Water, Land, and Health impacts * Provides many process diagrams as well as tables of feedstocks and their respective products
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- mit Kopierschutz
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- Größe: 10.95MB
Presents an up-to-date description of current and new hydraulic fracturing processes * Details Emerging Technologies such as Fracture Treatment Design, Open Hole Fracturing, Screenless Completions, Sand Control, Fracturing Completions and Productivity * Covers Environmental Impact issues including Geological Disturbance; Chemicals used in Fracturing; General Chemicals; Toxic Chemicals; and Air, Water, Land, and Health impacts * Provides many process diagrams as well as tables of feedstocks and their respective products
Dieser Download kann aus rechtlichen Gründen nur mit Rechnungsadresse in A, B, BG, CY, CZ, D, DK, EW, E, FIN, F, GR, HR, H, IRL, I, LT, L, LR, M, NL, PL, P, R, S, SLO, SK ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 304
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. März 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119225096
- Artikelnr.: 44870707
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 304
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. März 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119225096
- Artikelnr.: 44870707
James G. Speight PhD, DSc is a senior fuel and environmental consultant. He is recognized internationally as an expert in the characterization, properties, and processing of conventional fuels, synthetic fuels, and biofuels. He has more than 40 years of experience in the process industries, is the author of numerous books and papers, is the senior editor of three journals, and has won numerous awards and distinctions.
Preface vii 1 Definitions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions 3 1.2.1
Petroleum 5 1.2.2 Oil and Gas from Tight Formations 8 1.2.3 Opportunity
Crudes 13 1.2.4 High-Acid Crude Oil 14 1.2.5 Foamy Oil 15 1.2.6 Heavy Oil
15 1.2.7 Extra Heavy Oil 16 1.2.8 Tar Sand Bitumen 16 1.2.9 Natural Gas 17
1.2.10 Shale Gas 19 1.2.11 Coalbed Methane (CBM) 21 1.2.12 Other Sources of
Gas 22 1.3 Unconventional Oil 23 References 23 2 Reservoirs and Reservoir
Fluids 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Sedimentary Rocks 30 2.2.1 Types 30 2.2.2
Characteristics 31 2.3 Reservoir Evaluation 32 2.3.1 Structural Types 35
2.3.2 Heterogeneity 36 2.3.3 Porosity and Permeability 37 2.4 Tight
Formations 40 2.5 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids 42 2.5.1 Sampling Methods
46 2.5.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC 49 References 51 3 Oil and Gas
Production 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Well Completion and Production 57
3.2.1 Well Completion 57 3.2.2 Production Methods 63 3.2.3 Fracturing
Methods 73 3.3 Bitumen Recovery From Tar Sand Deposits 77 3.3.1 Mining
Methods 78 3.3.2 Nonmining Methods 79 3.4 Sand Control 82 3.4.1 Methods 82
3.4.2 Guidelines for Process Selection 85 References 85 4 Analysis and
Properties of Fluids 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Crude Oil 93 4.2.1 Sampling
94 4.2.2 Physical Properties 96 4.2.3 Thermal Properties 102 4.2.4
Fractionation 108 4.2.5 Molecular Weight 110 4.3 Natural Gas 112 4.3.1
Sampling 114 4.3.2 Test Methods 115 References 118 5 Hydraulic Fracturing
125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Formation Evaluation 133 5.2.1 Geologic
Evaluation 137 5.2.2 Geotechnical Evaluation 137 5.2.3 Formation Integrity
140 5.2.4 Permeability 140 5.2.5 Porosity 141 5.2.6 Saturation 141 5.2.7
Capillary Pressure 141 5.2.8 Logging Analysis 142 5.2.9 Mechanical
Properties 143 5.3 The Fracturing Process 143 5.3.1 Equipment 144 5.3.2
Fracture Patterns 148 5.3.3 Well Development 150 5.3.4 Pneumatic Fracturing
151 5.4 Fractures 152 5.4.1 Fracture Geometry 155 5.4.2 Fracture
Optimization 157 5.5 Fracture Monitoring 157 5.5.1 Monitoring 158 5.5.2
Aids in Production 160 References 160 6 Fracturing Fluids 165 6.1
Introduction 165 6.2 Properties 169 6.3 Types of Fluids 174 6.3.1
Water-Based Fluids 175 6.3.2 Foam-Based Fluids 178 6.3.3 Oil-Based Fluids
178 6.3.4 Acid-Based Fluids 179 6.3.5 Alcohol-Based Fluids 179 6.3.6
Emulsion-Based Fluids 180 6.3.7 Cryogenic Fluids 180 6.4 Additives 181
6.4.1 Fluid-Loss Additives 183 6.4.2 Clay Stabilizers 183 6.4.3 Gel
Breakers 184 6.4.4 Bactericides/Biocides 185 6.4.5 pH Control 186 6.4.6
Friction Reducers 186 6.4.7 Acid Corrosion Inhibitors 186 6.4.8 Viscosity
Stabilizers 187 6.5 Acidizing 187 6.5.1 Formation Type 188 6.5.2 Formation
Permeability 189 6.5.3 Operational Considerations 189 6.5.4 Environmental
Management 191 References 191 7 Proppants 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2
Types 197 7.2.1 Silica Sand 197 7.2.2 Resin-Coated Proppant 198 7.2.3
Manufactured Ceramic Materials 199 7.2.4 Other Types 200 7.3 Properties 200
7.3.1 Downhole Scaling 201 7.3.2 Embedment 202 7.3.3 Flowback 203 7.3.4
Fracture Conductivity 204 7.3.5 Pack Rearrangement 205 7.3.6 Permeability
205 7.3.7 Production and Migration of Fines 206 7.3.8 Shape, Size, and
Concentration 207 7.3.9 Stress 208 7.4 Proppant Selection and Transport 209
7.4.1 Selection 210 7.4.2 Transport 212 References 213 8 Environmental
Impact 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Geological Disturbance 221 8.3
Chemicals Used in Fracturing 224 8.4 Environmental Effects 227 8.4.1 Air
230 8.4.2 Water 230 8.4.3 Surface Effects 234 8.4.4 Health Effects 239
8.4.5 Seismic Effects 239 8.5 The Future 240 8.5.1 The Process 240 8.5.2
The Environment 241 References 244 Glossary 249 Conversion Factors 283
Index 285
Petroleum 5 1.2.2 Oil and Gas from Tight Formations 8 1.2.3 Opportunity
Crudes 13 1.2.4 High-Acid Crude Oil 14 1.2.5 Foamy Oil 15 1.2.6 Heavy Oil
15 1.2.7 Extra Heavy Oil 16 1.2.8 Tar Sand Bitumen 16 1.2.9 Natural Gas 17
1.2.10 Shale Gas 19 1.2.11 Coalbed Methane (CBM) 21 1.2.12 Other Sources of
Gas 22 1.3 Unconventional Oil 23 References 23 2 Reservoirs and Reservoir
Fluids 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Sedimentary Rocks 30 2.2.1 Types 30 2.2.2
Characteristics 31 2.3 Reservoir Evaluation 32 2.3.1 Structural Types 35
2.3.2 Heterogeneity 36 2.3.3 Porosity and Permeability 37 2.4 Tight
Formations 40 2.5 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids 42 2.5.1 Sampling Methods
46 2.5.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC 49 References 51 3 Oil and Gas
Production 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Well Completion and Production 57
3.2.1 Well Completion 57 3.2.2 Production Methods 63 3.2.3 Fracturing
Methods 73 3.3 Bitumen Recovery From Tar Sand Deposits 77 3.3.1 Mining
Methods 78 3.3.2 Nonmining Methods 79 3.4 Sand Control 82 3.4.1 Methods 82
3.4.2 Guidelines for Process Selection 85 References 85 4 Analysis and
Properties of Fluids 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Crude Oil 93 4.2.1 Sampling
94 4.2.2 Physical Properties 96 4.2.3 Thermal Properties 102 4.2.4
Fractionation 108 4.2.5 Molecular Weight 110 4.3 Natural Gas 112 4.3.1
Sampling 114 4.3.2 Test Methods 115 References 118 5 Hydraulic Fracturing
125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Formation Evaluation 133 5.2.1 Geologic
Evaluation 137 5.2.2 Geotechnical Evaluation 137 5.2.3 Formation Integrity
140 5.2.4 Permeability 140 5.2.5 Porosity 141 5.2.6 Saturation 141 5.2.7
Capillary Pressure 141 5.2.8 Logging Analysis 142 5.2.9 Mechanical
Properties 143 5.3 The Fracturing Process 143 5.3.1 Equipment 144 5.3.2
Fracture Patterns 148 5.3.3 Well Development 150 5.3.4 Pneumatic Fracturing
151 5.4 Fractures 152 5.4.1 Fracture Geometry 155 5.4.2 Fracture
Optimization 157 5.5 Fracture Monitoring 157 5.5.1 Monitoring 158 5.5.2
Aids in Production 160 References 160 6 Fracturing Fluids 165 6.1
Introduction 165 6.2 Properties 169 6.3 Types of Fluids 174 6.3.1
Water-Based Fluids 175 6.3.2 Foam-Based Fluids 178 6.3.3 Oil-Based Fluids
178 6.3.4 Acid-Based Fluids 179 6.3.5 Alcohol-Based Fluids 179 6.3.6
Emulsion-Based Fluids 180 6.3.7 Cryogenic Fluids 180 6.4 Additives 181
6.4.1 Fluid-Loss Additives 183 6.4.2 Clay Stabilizers 183 6.4.3 Gel
Breakers 184 6.4.4 Bactericides/Biocides 185 6.4.5 pH Control 186 6.4.6
Friction Reducers 186 6.4.7 Acid Corrosion Inhibitors 186 6.4.8 Viscosity
Stabilizers 187 6.5 Acidizing 187 6.5.1 Formation Type 188 6.5.2 Formation
Permeability 189 6.5.3 Operational Considerations 189 6.5.4 Environmental
Management 191 References 191 7 Proppants 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2
Types 197 7.2.1 Silica Sand 197 7.2.2 Resin-Coated Proppant 198 7.2.3
Manufactured Ceramic Materials 199 7.2.4 Other Types 200 7.3 Properties 200
7.3.1 Downhole Scaling 201 7.3.2 Embedment 202 7.3.3 Flowback 203 7.3.4
Fracture Conductivity 204 7.3.5 Pack Rearrangement 205 7.3.6 Permeability
205 7.3.7 Production and Migration of Fines 206 7.3.8 Shape, Size, and
Concentration 207 7.3.9 Stress 208 7.4 Proppant Selection and Transport 209
7.4.1 Selection 210 7.4.2 Transport 212 References 213 8 Environmental
Impact 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Geological Disturbance 221 8.3
Chemicals Used in Fracturing 224 8.4 Environmental Effects 227 8.4.1 Air
230 8.4.2 Water 230 8.4.3 Surface Effects 234 8.4.4 Health Effects 239
8.4.5 Seismic Effects 239 8.5 The Future 240 8.5.1 The Process 240 8.5.2
The Environment 241 References 244 Glossary 249 Conversion Factors 283
Index 285
Preface vii 1 Definitions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions 3 1.2.1
Petroleum 5 1.2.2 Oil and Gas from Tight Formations 8 1.2.3 Opportunity
Crudes 13 1.2.4 High-Acid Crude Oil 14 1.2.5 Foamy Oil 15 1.2.6 Heavy Oil
15 1.2.7 Extra Heavy Oil 16 1.2.8 Tar Sand Bitumen 16 1.2.9 Natural Gas 17
1.2.10 Shale Gas 19 1.2.11 Coalbed Methane (CBM) 21 1.2.12 Other Sources of
Gas 22 1.3 Unconventional Oil 23 References 23 2 Reservoirs and Reservoir
Fluids 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Sedimentary Rocks 30 2.2.1 Types 30 2.2.2
Characteristics 31 2.3 Reservoir Evaluation 32 2.3.1 Structural Types 35
2.3.2 Heterogeneity 36 2.3.3 Porosity and Permeability 37 2.4 Tight
Formations 40 2.5 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids 42 2.5.1 Sampling Methods
46 2.5.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC 49 References 51 3 Oil and Gas
Production 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Well Completion and Production 57
3.2.1 Well Completion 57 3.2.2 Production Methods 63 3.2.3 Fracturing
Methods 73 3.3 Bitumen Recovery From Tar Sand Deposits 77 3.3.1 Mining
Methods 78 3.3.2 Nonmining Methods 79 3.4 Sand Control 82 3.4.1 Methods 82
3.4.2 Guidelines for Process Selection 85 References 85 4 Analysis and
Properties of Fluids 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Crude Oil 93 4.2.1 Sampling
94 4.2.2 Physical Properties 96 4.2.3 Thermal Properties 102 4.2.4
Fractionation 108 4.2.5 Molecular Weight 110 4.3 Natural Gas 112 4.3.1
Sampling 114 4.3.2 Test Methods 115 References 118 5 Hydraulic Fracturing
125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Formation Evaluation 133 5.2.1 Geologic
Evaluation 137 5.2.2 Geotechnical Evaluation 137 5.2.3 Formation Integrity
140 5.2.4 Permeability 140 5.2.5 Porosity 141 5.2.6 Saturation 141 5.2.7
Capillary Pressure 141 5.2.8 Logging Analysis 142 5.2.9 Mechanical
Properties 143 5.3 The Fracturing Process 143 5.3.1 Equipment 144 5.3.2
Fracture Patterns 148 5.3.3 Well Development 150 5.3.4 Pneumatic Fracturing
151 5.4 Fractures 152 5.4.1 Fracture Geometry 155 5.4.2 Fracture
Optimization 157 5.5 Fracture Monitoring 157 5.5.1 Monitoring 158 5.5.2
Aids in Production 160 References 160 6 Fracturing Fluids 165 6.1
Introduction 165 6.2 Properties 169 6.3 Types of Fluids 174 6.3.1
Water-Based Fluids 175 6.3.2 Foam-Based Fluids 178 6.3.3 Oil-Based Fluids
178 6.3.4 Acid-Based Fluids 179 6.3.5 Alcohol-Based Fluids 179 6.3.6
Emulsion-Based Fluids 180 6.3.7 Cryogenic Fluids 180 6.4 Additives 181
6.4.1 Fluid-Loss Additives 183 6.4.2 Clay Stabilizers 183 6.4.3 Gel
Breakers 184 6.4.4 Bactericides/Biocides 185 6.4.5 pH Control 186 6.4.6
Friction Reducers 186 6.4.7 Acid Corrosion Inhibitors 186 6.4.8 Viscosity
Stabilizers 187 6.5 Acidizing 187 6.5.1 Formation Type 188 6.5.2 Formation
Permeability 189 6.5.3 Operational Considerations 189 6.5.4 Environmental
Management 191 References 191 7 Proppants 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2
Types 197 7.2.1 Silica Sand 197 7.2.2 Resin-Coated Proppant 198 7.2.3
Manufactured Ceramic Materials 199 7.2.4 Other Types 200 7.3 Properties 200
7.3.1 Downhole Scaling 201 7.3.2 Embedment 202 7.3.3 Flowback 203 7.3.4
Fracture Conductivity 204 7.3.5 Pack Rearrangement 205 7.3.6 Permeability
205 7.3.7 Production and Migration of Fines 206 7.3.8 Shape, Size, and
Concentration 207 7.3.9 Stress 208 7.4 Proppant Selection and Transport 209
7.4.1 Selection 210 7.4.2 Transport 212 References 213 8 Environmental
Impact 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Geological Disturbance 221 8.3
Chemicals Used in Fracturing 224 8.4 Environmental Effects 227 8.4.1 Air
230 8.4.2 Water 230 8.4.3 Surface Effects 234 8.4.4 Health Effects 239
8.4.5 Seismic Effects 239 8.5 The Future 240 8.5.1 The Process 240 8.5.2
The Environment 241 References 244 Glossary 249 Conversion Factors 283
Index 285
Petroleum 5 1.2.2 Oil and Gas from Tight Formations 8 1.2.3 Opportunity
Crudes 13 1.2.4 High-Acid Crude Oil 14 1.2.5 Foamy Oil 15 1.2.6 Heavy Oil
15 1.2.7 Extra Heavy Oil 16 1.2.8 Tar Sand Bitumen 16 1.2.9 Natural Gas 17
1.2.10 Shale Gas 19 1.2.11 Coalbed Methane (CBM) 21 1.2.12 Other Sources of
Gas 22 1.3 Unconventional Oil 23 References 23 2 Reservoirs and Reservoir
Fluids 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Sedimentary Rocks 30 2.2.1 Types 30 2.2.2
Characteristics 31 2.3 Reservoir Evaluation 32 2.3.1 Structural Types 35
2.3.2 Heterogeneity 36 2.3.3 Porosity and Permeability 37 2.4 Tight
Formations 40 2.5 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids 42 2.5.1 Sampling Methods
46 2.5.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC 49 References 51 3 Oil and Gas
Production 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Well Completion and Production 57
3.2.1 Well Completion 57 3.2.2 Production Methods 63 3.2.3 Fracturing
Methods 73 3.3 Bitumen Recovery From Tar Sand Deposits 77 3.3.1 Mining
Methods 78 3.3.2 Nonmining Methods 79 3.4 Sand Control 82 3.4.1 Methods 82
3.4.2 Guidelines for Process Selection 85 References 85 4 Analysis and
Properties of Fluids 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Crude Oil 93 4.2.1 Sampling
94 4.2.2 Physical Properties 96 4.2.3 Thermal Properties 102 4.2.4
Fractionation 108 4.2.5 Molecular Weight 110 4.3 Natural Gas 112 4.3.1
Sampling 114 4.3.2 Test Methods 115 References 118 5 Hydraulic Fracturing
125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Formation Evaluation 133 5.2.1 Geologic
Evaluation 137 5.2.2 Geotechnical Evaluation 137 5.2.3 Formation Integrity
140 5.2.4 Permeability 140 5.2.5 Porosity 141 5.2.6 Saturation 141 5.2.7
Capillary Pressure 141 5.2.8 Logging Analysis 142 5.2.9 Mechanical
Properties 143 5.3 The Fracturing Process 143 5.3.1 Equipment 144 5.3.2
Fracture Patterns 148 5.3.3 Well Development 150 5.3.4 Pneumatic Fracturing
151 5.4 Fractures 152 5.4.1 Fracture Geometry 155 5.4.2 Fracture
Optimization 157 5.5 Fracture Monitoring 157 5.5.1 Monitoring 158 5.5.2
Aids in Production 160 References 160 6 Fracturing Fluids 165 6.1
Introduction 165 6.2 Properties 169 6.3 Types of Fluids 174 6.3.1
Water-Based Fluids 175 6.3.2 Foam-Based Fluids 178 6.3.3 Oil-Based Fluids
178 6.3.4 Acid-Based Fluids 179 6.3.5 Alcohol-Based Fluids 179 6.3.6
Emulsion-Based Fluids 180 6.3.7 Cryogenic Fluids 180 6.4 Additives 181
6.4.1 Fluid-Loss Additives 183 6.4.2 Clay Stabilizers 183 6.4.3 Gel
Breakers 184 6.4.4 Bactericides/Biocides 185 6.4.5 pH Control 186 6.4.6
Friction Reducers 186 6.4.7 Acid Corrosion Inhibitors 186 6.4.8 Viscosity
Stabilizers 187 6.5 Acidizing 187 6.5.1 Formation Type 188 6.5.2 Formation
Permeability 189 6.5.3 Operational Considerations 189 6.5.4 Environmental
Management 191 References 191 7 Proppants 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2
Types 197 7.2.1 Silica Sand 197 7.2.2 Resin-Coated Proppant 198 7.2.3
Manufactured Ceramic Materials 199 7.2.4 Other Types 200 7.3 Properties 200
7.3.1 Downhole Scaling 201 7.3.2 Embedment 202 7.3.3 Flowback 203 7.3.4
Fracture Conductivity 204 7.3.5 Pack Rearrangement 205 7.3.6 Permeability
205 7.3.7 Production and Migration of Fines 206 7.3.8 Shape, Size, and
Concentration 207 7.3.9 Stress 208 7.4 Proppant Selection and Transport 209
7.4.1 Selection 210 7.4.2 Transport 212 References 213 8 Environmental
Impact 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Geological Disturbance 221 8.3
Chemicals Used in Fracturing 224 8.4 Environmental Effects 227 8.4.1 Air
230 8.4.2 Water 230 8.4.3 Surface Effects 234 8.4.4 Health Effects 239
8.4.5 Seismic Effects 239 8.5 The Future 240 8.5.1 The Process 240 8.5.2
The Environment 241 References 244 Glossary 249 Conversion Factors 283
Index 285