Green Energetic Materials (eBook, ePUB)

Redaktion: Brinck, Tore

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

This comprehensive book presents a detailed account of research and recent developments in the field of green energetic materials, including pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants. This area is attracting increasing interest in the community as it undergoes a transition from using traditional processes, to more environmentally-friendly procedures. The book covers the entire line of research from the initial theoretical modelling and design of new materials, to the development of sustainable manufacturing processes. It also addresses materials that have already reached the production line, as well as considering future developments in this evolving field.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 304
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. Januar 2014
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118676462
• Artikelnr.: 40376029

Autorenporträt

Professor Tore Brinck, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Sweden Tore Brinck received his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1993 from the University of New Orleans. He was appointed full Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in 2006. His research has focused on theoretical and experimental characterization of novel high energy materials. He is the author of more than 80 scientific articles.

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Green Energetic
Materials 1 Tore Brinck 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Green Chemistry and
Energetic Materials 2 1.3 Green Propellants in Civil Space Travel 5 1.3.1
Green Oxidizers to Replace Ammonium Perchlorate 6 1.3.2 Green Liquid
Propellants to Replace Hydrazine 8 1.3.3 Electric Propulsion 10 1.4
Conclusions 10 References 11 2 Theoretical Design of Green Energetic
Materials: Predicting Stability, Detection, and Synthesis and Performance
15 Tore Brinck and Martin Rahm 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Computational
Methods 17 2.3 Green Propellant Components 20 2.3.1 Trinitramide 20 2.3.2
Energetic Anions Rich in Oxygen and Nitrogen 24 2.3.3 The Pentazolate Anion
and its Oxy-Derivatives 27 2.3.4 Tetrahedral N4 33 2.4 Conclusions 38
References 39 3 Some Perspectives on Sensitivity to Initiation of
Detonation 45 Peter Politzer and Jane S. Murray 3.1 Energetic Materials and
Green Chemistry 45 3.2 Sensitivity: Some Background 46 3.3 Sensitivity
Relationships 47 3.4 Sensitivity: Some Relevant Factors 48 3.4.1 Amino
Substituents 48 3.4.2 Layered (Graphite-Like) Crystal Lattice 49 3.4.3 Free
Space in the Crystal Lattice 50 3.4.4 Weak Trigger Bonds 50 3.4.5 Molecular
Electrostatic Potentials 51 3.5 Summary 56 Acknowledgments 56 References 57
4 Advances Toward the Development of "Green" Pyrotechnics 63 Jesse J.
Sabatini 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 The Foundation of "Green" Pyrotechnics 65
4.3 Development of Perchlorate-Free Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.1 Perchlorate-Free
Illuminating Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.2 Perchlorate-Free Simulators 72 4.4
Removal of Heavy Metals from Pyrotechnic Formulations 75 4.4.1 Barium-Free
Green-Light Emitting Illuminants 76 4.4.2 Barium-Free Incendiary
Compositions 78 4.4.3 Lead-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 80 4.4.4
Chromium-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 82 4.5 Removal of Chlorinated
Organic Compounds from Pyrotechnic Formulations 83 4.5.1 Chlorine-Free
Illuminating Compositions 83 4.6 Environmentally Friendly Smoke
Compositions 84 4.6.1 Environmentally Friendly Colored Smoke Compositions
84 4.6.2 Environmentally Friendly White Smoke Compositions 88 4.7
Conclusions 93 Acknowledgments 94 Abbreviations 95 References 97 5 Green
Primary Explosives 103 Karl D. Oyler 5.1 Introduction 103 5.1.1 What is a
Primary Explosive? 104 5.1.2 The Case for Green Primary Explosives 107
5.1.3 Legacy Primary Explosives 108 5.2 Green Primary Explosive Candidates
110 5.2.1 Inorganic Compounds 111 5.2.2 Organic-Based Compounds 116 5.3
Conclusions 125 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 6 Energetic Tetrazole
N-oxides 133 Thomas M. KlapEURotke and JEURorg Stierstorfer 6.1
Introduction 133 6.2 Rationale for the Investigation of Tetrazole N-oxides
133 6.3 Synthetic Strategies for the Formation of Tetrazole N-oxides 136
6.3.1 HOF CH3CN 136 6.3.2 Oxone1 137 6.3.3 CF3COOH/H2O2 138 6.3.4
Cyclization of Azido-Oximes 139 6.4 Recent Examples of Energetic Tetrazole
N-oxides 139 6.4.1 Tetrazole N-oxides 140 6.4.2 Bis(tetrazole-N-oxides) 150
6.4.3 5,50-Azoxytetrazolates 164 6.4.4 Bis(tetrazole)dihydrotetrazine and
bis(tetrazole)tetrazine N-oxides 170 6.5 Conclusion 173 Acknowledgments 174
References 174 7 Green Propellants Based on Dinitramide Salts: Mastering
Stability and Chemical Compatibility Issues 179 Martin Rahm and Tore Brinck
7.1 The Promises and Problems of Dinitramide Salts 179 7.2 Understanding
Dinitramide Decomposition 181 7.2.1 The Dinitramide Anion 182 7.2.2
Dinitraminic Acid 184 7.2.3 Dinitramide Salts 185 7.3 Vibrational
Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy of ADN and KDN 189 7.4 Anomalous Solid-State
Decomposition 192 7.5 Dinitramide Chemistry 194 7.5.1 Compatibility and
Reactivity of ADN 194 7.5.2 Dinitramides in Synthesis 196 7.6 Dinitramide
Stabilization 198 7.7 Conclusions 200 References 201 8 Binder Materials for
Green Propellants 205 Carina EldsEURater and Eva MalmstrEURom 8.1 Binder
Properties 209 8.2 Inert Polymers for Binders 210 8.2.1 Polybutadiene 210
8.2.2 Polyethers 212 8.2.3 Polyesters and Polycarbonates 213 8.3 Energetic
Polymers 215 8.3.1 Nitrocellulose 215 8.3.2 Poly(glycidyl azide) 216 8.3.3
Poly(3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane) 220 8.3.4 Poly(glycidyl nitrate) 221
8.3.5 Poly[3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetane] 222 8.4 Energetic Plasticisers 223
8.5 Outlook for Design of New Green Binder Systems 223 8.5.1 Architecture
of the Binder Polymer 224 8.5.2 Chemical Composition and Crosslinking
Chemistries 225 References 226 9 The Development of Environmentally
Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies for Energetic Materials 235 David E.
Chavez 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Explosives 236 9.2.1 Sustainable
Manufacturing of Explosives 236 9.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Materials
for Initiation 240 9.2.3 Synthesis of Explosive Precursors 244 9.3
Pyrotechnics 246 9.3.1 Commercial Pyrotechnics Manufacturing 246 9.3.2
Military Pyrotechnics 248 9.4 Propellants 249 9.4.1 The "Green Missile"
Program 249 9.4.2 Other Rocket Propellant Efforts 250 9.4.3 Gun Propellants
251 9.5 Formulation 253 9.6 Conclusions 254 Acknowledgments 254
Abbreviations and Acronyms 255 References 256 10 Electrochemical Methods
for Synthesis of Energetic Materials and Remediation of Waste Water 259
Lynne Wallace 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Practical Aspects 260 10.3
Electrosynthesis 262 10.3.1 Electrosynthesis of EM and EM Precursors 262
10.3.2 Electrosynthesis of Useful Reagents 265 10.4 Electrochemical
Remediation 266 10.4.1 Direct Electrolysis 267 10.4.2 Indirect Electrolytic
Methods 269 10.4.3 Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils 272 10.4.4
Electrodialysis 273 10.5 Current Developments and Future Directions 273
References 275 Index 281