O. M. Saether, P. de Caritat

Geochemical Processes, Weathering and Groundwater Recharge in Catchments (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Geochemical Processes, Weathering and Groundwater Recharge in Catchments is a specialist book concerned with the natural processes taking place where water interacts with minerals and organic matter at the earth's surface, in soils or within aquifers. It focuses on the all important interface between the hydrological and geochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, and is thus particularly relevant to understanding the environment. The book is intended primarily as a reference text for graduate students in Earth Sciences, Hydrology or Environmental Sciences, but will be a useful introduction to those studying Chemistry, Biology or Forestry Studies. Geochemical Processes, Weathering and Groundwater Recharge in Catchments presents an overview of the current status of knowledge of catchment studies, with an outline of the challenges of future research.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Taylor & Francis
• Seitenzahl: 400
• Erscheinungstermin: 19. August 2020
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781000099911
• Artikelnr.: 59960215

Autorenporträt

Dr Ola M Saether and Patrice de Caritat are senior research scientists at the Geochemistry and Hydrogeology Section of the Geological Survey of Norway.

Inhaltsangabe

PREFACE
PARTI: CATCHMENT PROCESSES
1 WEATHERING PROCESSES James I. Drever
1.1 Definitions of weathering
1.2 Types of weathering reaction
1.2.1 Congruent dissolution
1.2.2 Incongruent dissolution
1.3 Cation exchange
1.4 Mineral dissolution kinetics
1.4.1 Relative rates
1.4.2 Effects of solution composition on dissolution rates of silicate minerals
1.5 Comparisons between field and laboratory dissolution rates
1.6 Modeling approaches
1.7 Future research directions References
2 COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF NORDIC SOILS Ole K Borggaard
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Soil composition
2.2.1 Soil air
2.2.2 Soil water
2.2.3 Soil organic matter (SOM)
2.2.4 Soil minerals
2.3 Soil properties
2.3.1 Physical properties
2.3.2 Chemical properties
2.4 Soil development processes
2.4.1 Decalcification
2.4.2 Gleization
2.4.3 Lessivage (clay migration)
2.4.4 Podzolization
2.5 Summary with conclusions
2.6 Future research directions
Appendix A: Definition, terminology, horizons and description of soil
Appendix B: Classification
Acknowledgement
References
3 CATCHMENT HYDROLOGY Allan Rodhe & Anund Killingtveit
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The catchment
3.3 Water balance
3.4 Runoff processes in the catchment
3.5 Soil water storage and flow processes
3.6 Mathematical modelling of soil water movement
3.6.1 Soil water potential
3.6.2 Water flow
Darcy's law
3.6.3 Drainage equilibrium
3.7 Groundwater storage and flow
3.7.1 Aquifers and aquitards
3.7.2 Storage coefficient
3.7.3 Groundwater flow
3.7.4 Flow velocity
3.7.5 Preferential flowpaths
macropore flow
3.8 Streamflow generation
3.8.1 Hortonian overland flow
3.8.2 Variable source area
3.8.3 Recharge and discharge areas
3.8.4 Groundwater contribution in discharge areas
3.9 The role of topography
3.10 The HBV
model: A precipitation /runoff
model
3.10.1 The snow routine
3.10.2 The soil moisture routine
3.10.3 The runoff response routine
3.11 Model calibration and use
3.12 Components of the water budget in the Nordic countries References
4 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE David N Lemer
4.1 What is recharge?
4.1.1 Recharge and related concepts
4.1.2 Recharge in the hydrological cycle
4.1.3 Objectives of chapter
4.2 Hydrogeological environments
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Permo
Triassic sandstone of the UK
4.2.3 Scandinavian conditions
4.3 Precipitation recharge
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Lysimeters: Direct measurement
4.3.3 Empirical methods
4.3.4 Soil moisture budgeting method
4.3.5 Darcian approaches
4.3.6 Tracer techniques
4.3.7 Variability of recharge across catchments
4.3.8 Localised recharge
4.4 Recharge from rivers
4.4.1 River types
4.4.2 Rivers in contact with the water table
4.4.3 River recharge estimation methods
4.4.4 Groundwater response under ephemeral rivers
4.4.5 Water balances
4.4.6 Darcian approaches
4.4.7 Tracer techniques for groundwater recharge from river
4.5 Interaquifer flows
4.6 Net recharge over a region
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Water table rise
4.6.3 Hydrograph analysis for groundwater discharge
4.6.4 Inverse techniques
4.6.5 Aquifer
wide tracers
4.7 Concluding remarks
References
PART 2: TECHNIQUES FOR CATCHMENT STUDIES
5 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ROCKS AND SOILS
Magne 0degard
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical development
5.3 Total analysis versus partial analysis
5.4 Analytical methods
5.4.1 X
ray fluorescence (XRF)
5.4.2 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP
AES)
5.4.3 Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)
5.5 Quality control
References
6 COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER SAMPLES John Mather
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Data quality
6.3 Sample collection and analysis
6.3.1 Field parameters
6.3.2 Laboratory measurements
6.3.3 Pore water analysis
6.4 Representation of data
6.5 Water quality standards
Appendix A: Prescribed concentrations or values specified in the UK Water
Supply (Water Quality) regulations 1989
References
7 ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES AS TRACERS IN CATCHMENTS Sylvi Haldorsen, Gunnhild Riise, Berit Swensen & Ronald S. Sletten
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Environmental isotopes
7.1.2 The use of environmental isotopes in small catchments
7.2 Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes
7.2.1 Stable isotopes: 180 and 2H(D)
7.2.2 Application of 8180 and 8D in catchment studies
7.2.3 Tritium
7.3 Carbon isotopes
7.3.1 The 14C isotope
7.3.2 The 13C isotope
7.4 Nitrogen isotopes
7.4.1 Nitrogen isotope variations in precipitation
7.4.2 S15N of NO3 in the pedosphere and groundwater
7.4.3 Pollution studies in catchments and groundwater aquifers
7.5 Sulphur isotopes
7.5.1 Some examples of sulphur isotopes studies
7.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References
8 FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
Anund Killingtveit, Knut Sand & Nils Roar Scelthun
8.1 Streamflow measurements
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Measurement of stage
8.1.3 Discharge measurement methods
8.1.4 Stage
discharge relation
8.1.5 Practical considerations
8.2 Automatic data acquisition systems in hydrology
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Main structure and system components
9 CATCHMENT MASS BALANCE James I. Drever
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Terms in the mass balance equation
9.2.1 Solutes in outflow
9.2.2 Solutes from the atmosphere
9.2.3 Changes in the exchange pool
9.2.4 Changes in the biomass
9.2.5 Chemical weathering
9.3 Mass balance and mineral weathering
9.3.1 The Sierra Nevada, California, USA
9.3.2 Absaroka mountains, Wyoming, USA
9.3.3 Adirondack mountains, New York, USA
9.3.4 Sogndal, Norway
9.4 The problem of excess calcium
9.4.1 South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA
9.4.2 Loch Vale, Colorado, USA
9.4.3 Discussion
9.5 Conclusions
9.6 Future directions in research References
10 NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER IN CATCHMENTS James F. Ranville & Donald L. Macalady
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The nature and origin of natural organic matter
10.2.1 Nature of natural organic matter
10.2.2 Origin of natural organic matter
10.3 Geochemical reactions of natural organic matter
10.3.1 Weathering and natural organic matter in catchments
10.3.2 Development of natural organic matter profiles in catchments
10.3.3 Hydrological controls on the transport of natural organic matter
10.3.4 Redox chemistry of metal
organic complexes
10.3.5 Natural organic matter and metal ion transport
10.4 Interactions between natural organic matter and anthropogenic chemicals
10.4.1 Transport of pollutant metals as dissolved natural organic matter complexes
10.4.2 Effects of sorption /partitioning to natural organic matter on the transport of organic chemicals
10.4.3 Effects of natural organic matter on hydrolytic reactions
10.4.4 Oxidation /reduction reactions facilitated by natural organic matter
10.4.5 Colloidal natural organic matter and facilitated transport
10.4.6 Natural organic matter... sink for pollutants or facilitator of transport? Mysteries and research questions
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 Future research directions
References
11 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROCK, SOIL AND GROUNDWATER COMPOSITIONS John Mather
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The source term
11.3 Factors affecting groundwater chemistry
11.4 Reactions in the unsaturated zone
11.4.1 Gas dissolution and redistribution
11.4.2 Carbonate and silicate dissolution
11.4.3 Sulphide oxidation
11.4.4 Gypsum precipitation and dissolution
11.4.5 Cation exchange
11.4.6 Organic reactions
11.5 Reactions in the saturated zone
11.5.1 Carbonate and silicate dissolution
11.5.2 Dissolution of soluble salts
11.5.3 Redox reactions
11.5.4 Cation exchange
11.6 Saline groundwaters
11.7 Groundwater compositions
11.8 Anthropogenic influences
11.8.1 Agricultural pollution
11.8.2 Industrial pollution
11.8.3 Acid rain
11.9 Conclusions
11.10 Future research
References
12 TOWARDS COUPLING HYDROLOGICAL, SOIL AND WEATHERING PROCESSES WITHIN A MODELLING PERSPECTIVE Colin Nealy Alice J. Robson & Nils Christophersen
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 General
12.2 A case study from Wales
12.2.1 Description of the study area
12.2.2 Hydrochemistry
12.3 Sources contributing to stream flow
12.3.1 Rationale
12.3.2 Hydrograph separation
12.3.3 Hydrograph separation using continuous data
12.3.4 Conclusions concerning water mixing relationships
12.4 Chemical mixing, speciation and solubility controls for aluminium
12.4.1 Rationale
12.4.2 Modelling chemical speciation
12.4.3 Mixing model results
12.5 Modelling studies
12.5.1 Modelling background
12.5.2 Short term modelling studies
12.5.3 Long term modelling studies
12.6 Towards integrated models
12.6.1 Developing a cation exchange model accounting for soil heterogeneity
12.6.2 Summary of findings
12.7 Discussions
12.8 Recommendations
12.9 Conclusions
12.10 Future research directions
References
13 CHEMICAL CHANGES ATTENDING WATER CYCLING THROUGH
A CATCHMENT
AN OVERVIEW
Patrice de Caritat & Ola M. Saether
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The geochemical cycle
13.3 The water cycle
13.4 Every drop of rain
13.5 Soil searching
13.6 The water table
13.7 Discharge!
13.8 All the rivers run
Acknowledgements
A non
comprehensive list of useful references
LIST OF AUTHORS
INDEX.