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For a number of years it has been a General Motors Research Laboratories custom to hold a symposium on a subject which is new and emerging, and to invite the best people in the world in that subject to come together to talk to each other. Initially, I had some difficulty in regarding foundry processes as a new and emerging subject. Copper alloys have been in foundry practice for about six thousand years. Foundrymen working with those alloys have been recognized, as such, for nearly all that time. Iron has a much shorter history, probably only three or four thousand years. So what's new? What…mehr
For a number of years it has been a General Motors Research Laboratories custom to hold a symposium on a subject which is new and emerging, and to invite the best people in the world in that subject to come together to talk to each other. Initially, I had some difficulty in regarding foundry processes as a new and emerging subject. Copper alloys have been in foundry practice for about six thousand years. Foundrymen working with those alloys have been recognized, as such, for nearly all that time. Iron has a much shorter history, probably only three or four thousand years. So what's new? What is new is that a subject which has always been so complex and so difficult that it could only be a craft skill, with bits and pieces of knowledge and bits and pieces of insight, has begun to yield to new abilities to solve very complex problems. We do this now because we can handle great amounts of data by computational means, using new and more complicated theoretical treatments than we could deal with before. In fact, we have a new technology with which we can attack these terribly difficult problems. Thus, foundry processing is becoming a new subject because new things can be done with it.
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Session I: Fundamentals.- Paper 1 A Critical Overview of Liquids Metal Processing in the Foundry.- Paper 2 Physicochemical Phenomena of Mechanisms and Rates of Reactions in Melting, Refining, and Casting of Foundry Irons.- Paper 3 The Capacities and Refining Capabilities of Metallurgical Slags.- Paper 4 Partition of Alloying Elements in Freezing Cast Irons and its Effect on Graphitization and Nitrogen Blow Hole Formation.- Session 2: Production of Liquid Metals.- Paper 5 Chemical Processes and Heat Loss in Cupolas.- Paper 6 The Modelling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in Foundry Operations.- Paper 7 Electrochemical Sensing of Carbon, Oxygen, and Silicon in Iron Melts.- Paper 7a Possible Uses of Sensors in the Aluminum Foundry Industry.- Paper 8 Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Paper 8a Two Phase Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Session 3: Purification of Liquid Metals.- Paper 9 The Principles of Gas and Powder Injection for Iron Refining.- Paper 10 Physico-chemical Aspects of Ladle Desulfurization of Iron and Steel.- Paper 11 Thermodynamic Aspects of Removing Impurity Elements from Carbon-Saturated Iron.- Paper 11a The Effect of Bismuth in Gray Cast Iron and the Chemistry of its Neutralization with Rare Earth Metals.- Paper 12 Chemical Inpurities in Aluminum.- Session 4: Casting Defects.- Paper 13 The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gas Dissolution and Evolution from Iron Alloys.- Paper 14 Formation of Porosity During Solidification of Cast Metals.- Paper 15 On the Detection, Behavior and Control of Inclusions in Liquid Metals.- Paper 16 Metal Refining by Filtration.- Paper 16a Filtration of Irons and Steels.- Symposium Participants.
Session I: Fundamentals.- Paper 1 A Critical Overview of Liquids Metal Processing in the Foundry.- Paper 2 Physicochemical Phenomena of Mechanisms and Rates of Reactions in Melting, Refining, and Casting of Foundry Irons.- Paper 3 The Capacities and Refining Capabilities of Metallurgical Slags.- Paper 4 Partition of Alloying Elements in Freezing Cast Irons and its Effect on Graphitization and Nitrogen Blow Hole Formation.- Session 2: Production of Liquid Metals.- Paper 5 Chemical Processes and Heat Loss in Cupolas.- Paper 6 The Modelling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in Foundry Operations.- Paper 7 Electrochemical Sensing of Carbon, Oxygen, and Silicon in Iron Melts.- Paper 7a Possible Uses of Sensors in the Aluminum Foundry Industry.- Paper 8 Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Paper 8a Two Phase Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Session 3: Purification of Liquid Metals.- Paper 9 The Principles of Gas and Powder Injection for Iron Refining.- Paper 10 Physico-chemical Aspects of Ladle Desulfurization of Iron and Steel.- Paper 11 Thermodynamic Aspects of Removing Impurity Elements from Carbon-Saturated Iron.- Paper 11a The Effect of Bismuth in Gray Cast Iron and the Chemistry of its Neutralization with Rare Earth Metals.- Paper 12 Chemical Inpurities in Aluminum.- Session 4: Casting Defects.- Paper 13 The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gas Dissolution and Evolution from Iron Alloys.- Paper 14 Formation of Porosity During Solidification of Cast Metals.- Paper 15 On the Detection, Behavior and Control of Inclusions in Liquid Metals.- Paper 16 Metal Refining by Filtration.- Paper 16a Filtration of Irons and Steels.- Symposium Participants.
Session I: Fundamentals.- Paper 1 A Critical Overview of Liquids Metal Processing in the Foundry.- Paper 2 Physicochemical Phenomena of Mechanisms and Rates of Reactions in Melting, Refining, and Casting of Foundry Irons.- Paper 3 The Capacities and Refining Capabilities of Metallurgical Slags.- Paper 4 Partition of Alloying Elements in Freezing Cast Irons and its Effect on Graphitization and Nitrogen Blow Hole Formation.- Session 2: Production of Liquid Metals.- Paper 5 Chemical Processes and Heat Loss in Cupolas.- Paper 6 The Modelling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in Foundry Operations.- Paper 7 Electrochemical Sensing of Carbon, Oxygen, and Silicon in Iron Melts.- Paper 7a Possible Uses of Sensors in the Aluminum Foundry Industry.- Paper 8 Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Paper 8a Two Phase Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Session 3: Purification of Liquid Metals.- Paper 9 The Principles of Gas and Powder Injection for Iron Refining.- Paper 10 Physico-chemical Aspects of Ladle Desulfurization of Iron and Steel.- Paper 11 Thermodynamic Aspects of Removing Impurity Elements from Carbon-Saturated Iron.- Paper 11a The Effect of Bismuth in Gray Cast Iron and the Chemistry of its Neutralization with Rare Earth Metals.- Paper 12 Chemical Inpurities in Aluminum.- Session 4: Casting Defects.- Paper 13 The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gas Dissolution and Evolution from Iron Alloys.- Paper 14 Formation of Porosity During Solidification of Cast Metals.- Paper 15 On the Detection, Behavior and Control of Inclusions in Liquid Metals.- Paper 16 Metal Refining by Filtration.- Paper 16a Filtration of Irons and Steels.- Symposium Participants.
Session I: Fundamentals.- Paper 1 A Critical Overview of Liquids Metal Processing in the Foundry.- Paper 2 Physicochemical Phenomena of Mechanisms and Rates of Reactions in Melting, Refining, and Casting of Foundry Irons.- Paper 3 The Capacities and Refining Capabilities of Metallurgical Slags.- Paper 4 Partition of Alloying Elements in Freezing Cast Irons and its Effect on Graphitization and Nitrogen Blow Hole Formation.- Session 2: Production of Liquid Metals.- Paper 5 Chemical Processes and Heat Loss in Cupolas.- Paper 6 The Modelling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in Foundry Operations.- Paper 7 Electrochemical Sensing of Carbon, Oxygen, and Silicon in Iron Melts.- Paper 7a Possible Uses of Sensors in the Aluminum Foundry Industry.- Paper 8 Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Paper 8a Two Phase Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles.- Session 3: Purification of Liquid Metals.- Paper 9 The Principles of Gas and Powder Injection for Iron Refining.- Paper 10 Physico-chemical Aspects of Ladle Desulfurization of Iron and Steel.- Paper 11 Thermodynamic Aspects of Removing Impurity Elements from Carbon-Saturated Iron.- Paper 11a The Effect of Bismuth in Gray Cast Iron and the Chemistry of its Neutralization with Rare Earth Metals.- Paper 12 Chemical Inpurities in Aluminum.- Session 4: Casting Defects.- Paper 13 The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gas Dissolution and Evolution from Iron Alloys.- Paper 14 Formation of Porosity During Solidification of Cast Metals.- Paper 15 On the Detection, Behavior and Control of Inclusions in Liquid Metals.- Paper 16 Metal Refining by Filtration.- Paper 16a Filtration of Irons and Steels.- Symposium Participants.
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