Fluids, Colloids and Soft Materials (eBook, ePUB)

An Introduction to Soft Matter Physics
Redaktion: Fernandez-Nieves, Alberto; Puertas, Antonio Manuel

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

This book presents a compilation of self-contained chapters covering a wide range of topics within the broad field of soft condensed matter. Each chapter starts with basic definitions to bring the reader up-to-date on the topic at hand, describing how to use fluid flows to generate soft materials of high value either for applications or for basic research. Coverage includes topics related to colloidal suspensions and soft materials and how they differ in behavior, along with a roadmap for researchers on how to use soft materials to study relevant physics questions related to geometrical frustration.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 432
• Erscheinungstermin: 27. April 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119220534
• Artikelnr.: 44972932

Autorenporträt

Alberto Fernandez-Nieves received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Granada and is Assistant Professor of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Before joining GeorgiaTech, he was Lecturer of Physics at the University of Almeria and studies the physics of soft materials with a focus on the connection between microscopic order and macroscopic properties.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv List of Contributors xvii SECTION I FLUID FLOWS 1 1 Drop Generation in Controlled Fluid Flows 3 Elena Castro Hernandez
Josefa Guerrero
Alberto Fernandez-Nieves
& Jose M. Gordillo 1.1 Introduction
3 1.2 Coflow
4 1.2.1 Problem and Dimensionless Numbers
4 1.2.2 Dripping and Jetting
5 1.2.3 Narrowing Jets
6 1.2.4 Unified Scaling of the Drop Size in Both Narrowing and Widening Regimes
7 1.2.5 Convective Versus Absolute Instabilities
9 1.3 Flow Focusing
12 1.4 Summary and Outlook
15 References
15 2 Electric Field Effects 19 Francisco J. Higuera 2.1 Introduction
19 2.2 Mathematical Formulation and Estimates
20 2.2.1 Conical Meniscus
22 2.2.2 Cone-to-Jet Transition Region and Beyond
23 2.2.3 Very Viscous Liquids
24 2.3 Applications and Extensions
24 2.3.1 Multiplexing
24 2.3.2 Coaxial Jet Electrosprays
25 2.3.3 Electrodispersion in Dielectric Liquid Baths
26 2.4 Conclusions
27 References
27 3 Fluid Flows for Engineering Complex Materials 29 Ignacio G. Loscertales 3.1 Introduction
29 3.2 Single Fluid Micro- or Nanoparticles
30 3.2.1 Flows Through Micron-Sized Apertures
31 3.2.2 Microflows Driven by Hydrodynamic Focusing
33 3.2.3 Micro- and Nanoflows Driven by Electric Forces
34 3.3 Steady-state Complex Capillary Flows for Particles with Complex Structure
36 3.3.1 Hydrodynamic Focusing
36 3.3.2 Electrified Coaxial Jet
38 3.4 Summary
39 Acknowledgments
41 References
41 SECTION II COLLOIDS IN EXTERNAL FIELDS 43 4 Fluctuations in Particle Sedimentation 45 P.N. Segrè 4.1 Introduction
45 4.2 Mean Sedimentation Rate
45 4.2.1 Brownian Sedimentation
46 4.2.2 Non-Brownian Sedimentation
47 4.3 Velocity Fluctuations
48 4.3.1 Introduction
48 Caflisch and Luke Divergence Paradox
48 4.3.2 Thin Cells and Quasi Steady-State Sedimentation
49 Hydrodynamic Diffusion
51 4.3.3 Thick Cells
Time-Dependent Sedimentation
and Stratification
52 Time-Dependent Sedimentation
52 Stratification Scaling Model
54 4.3.4 Stratification Model in a Fluidized Bed
55 4.4 Summary
56 References
57 5 Particles in Electric Fields 59 Todd M. Squires 5.1 Electrostatics in Electrolytes
60 5.1.1 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation
61 5.1.2 Assumptions Underlying the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation
62 5.1.3 Alternate Approach: The Electrochemical Potential
63 5.1.4 Electrokinetics
64 5.2 The Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Stokes Equations
65 5.3 Electro-Osmotic Flows
66 5.3.1 Alternate Approach: The Electrochemical Potential
67 5.4 Electrophoresis
68 5.4.1 Electrophoresis in the Thick Double-Layer Limit
69 5.4.2 Electrophoresis in the Thin Double-Layer Limit
69 5.4.3 Electrophoresis for Arbitrary Charge and Screening Length
71 5.4.4 Concentration Polarization
72 5.5 Nonlinear Electrokinetic Effects
75 5.5.1 Induced-Charge Electrokinetics
75 5.5.2 Dielectrophoresis
76 5.5.3 Particle Interactions and Electrorheological Fluids
77 5.6 Conclusions
77 References
78 6 Colloidal Dispersions in Shear Flow 81 Minne P. Lettinga 6.1 Introduction
81 6.2 Basic Concepts of Rheology
82 6.2.1 Definition of Shear Flow
82 6.2.2 Scaling the Shear Rate
83 6.2.3 Flow Instabilities
84 6.3 Effect of Shear Flow on Crystallization of Colloidal Spheres
86 6.3.1 Equilibrium Phase Behavior
87 6.3.2 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior
87 6.3.3 The Effect on Flow Behavior
91 6.4 Effect of Shear Flow on Gas-Liquid Phase Separating Colloidal Spheres
92 6.4.1 Equilibrium Phase Behavior
92 6.4.2 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior
95 6.4.3 The Effect on Flow Behavior
98 6.5 Effect of Shear Flow on the Isotropic-Nematic Phase Transition of Colloidal Rods
99 6.5.1 Equilibrium Phase Behavior: Isotropic-Nematic Phase Transition from a Dynamical Viewpoint
100 6.5.2 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior of Sheared Rods: Theory
102 6.5.3 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior of Sheared Rods: Experiment
104 6.5.4 The Effect of the Isotropic-Nematic Transition on the Flow Behavior
107 6.6 Concluding Remarks
108 References
109 7 Colloidal Interactions with Optical Fields: Optical Tweezers 111 David McGloin
Craig McDonald
& Yuri Belotti 7.1 Introduction
111 7.2 Theory
112 7.3 Experimental Systems
114 7.3.1 Optical Tweezers
114 7.3.2 Force Measuring Techniques
116 7.3.3 Radiation Pressure Traps
120 7.3.4 Beam Shaping Techniques
121 7.4 Applications
122 7.4.1 Colloidal Science
122 7.4.2 Nanoparticles
123 7.4.3 Colloidal Aerosols
123 7.5 Conclusions
125 References
125 SECTION III EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 131 8 Scattering Techniques 133 Luca Cipelletti
Véronique Trappe
& David J. Pine 8.1 Introduction
133 8.2 Light and Other Scattering Techniques
134 8.3 Static Light Scattering
135 8.3.1 Static Structure Factor
136 8.3.2 Form Factor
137 8.4 Dynamic Light Scattering
138 8.4.1 Conventional Dynamic Light Scattering
138 8.4.2 Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy
139 8.4.3 Dynamic Light Scattering from Nonergodic Media
142 8.4.4 Multispeckle Methods
143 8.4.5 Time-Resolved Correlation
143 8.5 Imaging and Scattering
145 8.5.1 Photon Correlation Imaging
145 8.5.2 Near Field Scattering
146 8.5.3 Differential Dynamic Microscopy
147 References
148 9 Rheology of Soft Materials 149 Hans M. Wyss 9.1 Introduction
149 9.2 Deformation and Flow: Basic Concepts
150 9.2.1 Importance of Timescales
150 9.3 Stress Relaxation Test: Time-Dependent Response
151 9.3.1 The Linear Response Function G(t)
152 9.4 Oscillatory Rheology: Frequency-Dependent Response
153 9.4.1 Storage Modulus G' and Loss Modulus G''
153 9.4.2 Relation Between Frequency- and Time-Dependent Measurements
154 9.5 Steady Shear Rheology
154 9.6 Nonlinear Rheology
155 9.6.1 Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) Measurements
155 9.6.2 Lissajous Curves and Geometrical Interpretation of LAOS Data
155 9.6.3 Fourier Transform Rheology
157 9.7 Examples of Typical Rheological Behavior for Different Soft Materials
157 9.7.1 Soft Glassy Materials
157 9.7.2 Gel Networks
159 9.7.3 Biopolymer Networks: Strain-Stiffening Behavior
160 9.8 Rheometers
160 9.8.1 Rotational Rheometers
160 9.8.2 Measuring Geometries
160 9.8.3 Stress- and Strain-Controlled Rheometers
161 9.9 Conclusions
162 References
162 10 Optical Microscopy of Soft Matter Systems 165 Taewoo Lee
Bohdan Senyuk
Rahul P. Trivedi
& Ivan I. Smalyukh 10.1 Introduction
165 10.2 Basics of Optical Microscopy
166 10.3 Bright Field and Dark Field Microscopy
167 10.4 Polarizing Microscopy
169 10.5 Differential Interference Contrast and Phase Contrast Microscopies
170 10.6 Fluorescence Microscopy
171 10.7 Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy
172 10.8 Fluorescence Confocal Polarizing Microscopy
174 10.9 Nonlinear Optical Microscopy
176 10.9.1 Multiphoton Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy
176 10.9.2 Multiharmonic Generation Microscopy
177 10.9.3 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy
178 10.9.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Polarizing Microscopy
179 10.9.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy
180 10.10 Three-Dimensional Localization Using Engineered Point Spread Functions
181 10.11 Integrating Three-Dimensional Imaging Systems With Optical Tweezers
182 10.12 Outlook and Perspectives
183 References
184 SECTION IV COLLOIDAL PHASES 187 11 Colloidal Fluids 189 José Luis Arauz-Lara 11.1 Introduction
189 11.2 Quasi-Two-Dimensional Colloidal Fluids
190 11.3 Static Structure
190 11.4 Model Pair Potential
193 11.5 The Ornstein-Zernike Equation
195 11.6 Static Structure Factor
196 11.7 Self-Diffusion
197 11.8 Dynamic Structure
198 11.9 Conclusions
200 Acknowledgments
200 References
200 12 Colloidal Crystallization 203 Zhengdong Cheng 12.1 Crystallization and Close Packing
203 12.1.1 van der Waals Equation of State and Hard Spheres as Model for Simple Fluids
204 12.1.2 The Realization of Colloidal Hard Spheres
205 12.2 Crystallization of Hard Spheres
208 12.2.1 Phase Behavior
208 12.2.2 Equation of State of Hard Spheres
210 12.2.3 Crystal Structures
215 12.2.4 Crystallization Kinetics
218 12.3 Crystallization of Charged Spheres
229 12.3.1 Phase Behavior
229 12.3.2 Crystallization Kinetics
235 12.4 Crystallization of Microgel Particles
237 12.4.1 Phase Behavior
238 12.4.2 Crystallization and Melting Kinetics
238 12.5 Conclusions and New Directions
241 Acknowledgments
242 References
242 13 The Glass Transition 249 Johan Mattsson 13.1 Introduction
249 13.2 Basics of Glass Formation
250 13.2.1 Basics of Glass Formation in Molecular Systems
250 13.2.2 Basics of Glass Formation in Colloidal Systems
252 13.3 Structure of Molecular or Colloidal Glass-Forming Systems
252 13.4 Dynamics of Glass-Forming Molecular Systems
254 13.4.1 Relaxation Dynamics as Manifested in the Time Domain
254 13.4.2 Relaxation Dynamics as Manifested in the Frequency Domain
256 13.4.3 The Structural Relaxation Time
258 13.4.4 The Stretching of the Structural Relaxation
259 13.4.5 The Dynamic Crossover
259 13.5 Dynamics of Glass-Forming Colloidal Systems
262 13.5.1 General Behavior
262 13.5.2 The Structural Relaxation
263 13.5.3 The Dynamic Crossover
264 13.5.4 "Fragility" in Colloidal Systems
265 13.5.5 Glassy "Secondary" Relaxations
266 13.6 Further Comparisons Between Molecular and Colloidal Glass Formation
267 13.6.1 Dynamic Heterogeneity
267 13.6.2 Decoupling of Translational and Rotational Diffusion
269 13.6.3 The Vibrational Properties and the Boson Peak
270 13.7 Theoretical Approaches to Understand Glass Formation
271 13.7.1 Above the Dynamic Crossover: Mode Coupling Theory
271 13.7.2 Below the Dynamic Crossover: Activated Dynamics
273 13.8 Conclusions
275 References
276 14 Colloidal Gelation 279 Emanuela Del Gado
Davide Fiocco
Giuseppe Foffi
Suliana Manley
Veronique Trappe
& Alessio Zaccone 14.1 Introduction: What Is a Gel? 279 14.1.1 An Experimental Summary: How Is a Gel Made? 280 14.2 Colloid Interactions: Two Important Cases
280 14.2.1 "Strong" Interactions: van der Waals Forces
280 14.2.2 "Weak" Interactions: Depletion Interactions
282 14.2.3 Putting It All Together
285 14.3 Routes to Gelation
285 14.3.1 Dynamic Scaling
285 14.3.2 Fractal Aggregation
287 14.4 Elasticity of Colloidal Gels
288 14.4.1 Elasticity of Fractal Gels
288 14.4.2 Deformations and Connectivity
289 14.5 Conclusions
290 References
290 SECTION V OTHER SOFT MATERIALS 293 15 Emulsions 295 Sudeep K. Dutta
Elizabeth Knowlton
& Daniel L. Blair 15.1 Introduction
295 15.1.1 Background
295 15.2 Processing and Purification
296 15.2.1 Creation and Stability
296 15.2.2 Destabilization and Aggregation
298 15.2.3 Coarsening
298 15.2.4 Purification: Creaming and Depletion
299 15.3 Emulsion Science
300 15.3.1 Microfluidics: Emulsions on a Chip
300 15.3.2 Dense Emulsions and Jamming
300 15.3.3 The Jammed State
301 15.3.4 The Flowing State
304 15.4 Conclusions
305 References
305 16 An Introduction to the Physics of Liquid Crystals 307 Jan P. F. Lagerwall 16.1 Overview of This Chapter
307 16.2 Liquid Crystal Classes and Phases
308 16.2.1 The Foundations: Long-Range Order
the Nematic Phase
and the Director Concept
308 16.2.2 Thermotropics and Lyotropics: The Two Liquid Crystal Classes
308 16.2.3 The Smectic and Lamellar Phases
311 16.2.4 The Columnar Phases
313 16.2.5 Chiral Liquid Crystal Phases
314 16.2.6 Liquid Crystal Polymorphism
316 16.3 The Anisotropic Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals
317 16.3.1 The Orientational Order Parameter
317 16.3.2 Optical Anisotropy
318 16.3.3 Dielectric
Conductive
and Magnetic Anisotropy and the Response to Electric and Magnetic Fields
321 16.3.4 The Viscous Properties of Liquid Crystals
323 16.4 Deformations and Singularities in The Director Field
325 16.4.1 Liquid Crystal Elasticity
325 16.4.2 The Characteristic Topological Defects of Liquid Crystals
327 16.5 The Special Physical Properties of Chiral Liquid Crystals
330 16.5.1 Optical Activity and Selective Reflection
330 16.6 Some Examples From Present-Day Liquid Crystal Research
332 16.6.1 Colloid Particles in Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Colloid Particles
333 16.6.2 Biodetection with Liquid Crystals
333 16.6.3 Templating and Nano-/Microstructuring Using Liquid Crystals
334 16.6.4 Liquid Crystals for Photovoltaic and Electromechanical Energy Conversion
334 16.6.5 Lipidomics and the Liquid Crystal Phases of Cell Membranes
336 16.6.6 Active Nematics
336 References
336 17 Entangled Granular Media 341 Nick Gravish & Daniel I. Goldman 17.1 Granular Materials
342 17.1.1 Dry
Convex Particles
342 17.1.2 Cohesion through Fluids
343 17.1.3 Cohesion through Shape
343 17.1.4 Characterize the Rheology of Granular Materials
344 17.2 Experiment
345 17.2.1 Experimental Apparatus
345 17.2.2 Packing Experiments
346 17.2.3 Collapse Experiments
346 17.3 Simulation
348 17.3.1 Random Contact Model of Rods
348 17.3.2 Packing Simulations
350 17.4 Conclusions
352 Acknowledgments
352 References
352 18 Foams 355 Reinhard Hohler & Sylvie Cohen-Addad 18.1 Introduction
355 18.2 Equilibrium Structures
356 18.2.1 Equilibrium Conditions
356 18.2.2 Geometrical and Topological Properties
358 18.2.3 Static Bubble Interactions
358 18.3 Aging
359 18.3.1 Drainage
359 18.3.2 Coarsening
360 18.3.3 Coalescence
361 18.4 Rheology
361 18.4.1 Elastic Response
361 18.4.2 Linear Viscoelasticity
362 18.4.3 Yielding and Plastic Flow
363 18.4.4 Viscous Flow
364 18.4.5 Rheology near the Jamming Transition
365 References
366 SECTION VI ORDERED MATERIALS IN CURVED SPACES 369 19 Crystals and Liquid Crystals Confined to Curved Geometries 371 Vinzenz Koning
& Vincenzo Vitelli 19.1 Introduction
371 19.2 Crystalline Solids and Liquid Crystals
373 19.3 Differential Geometry of Surfaces
373 19.3.1 Preliminaries
373 19.3.2 Curvature
374 19.3.3 Monge Gauge
375 19.4 Elasticity on Curved Surfaces and in Confined Geometries
375 19.4.1 Elasticity of a Two-Dimensional Nematic Liquid Crystal
375 19.4.2 Elasticity of a Two-Dimensional Solid
376 19.4.3 Elasticity of a Three-dimensional Nematic Liquid Crystal
377 19.5 Topological Defects
377 19.5.1 Disclinations in a Nematic
377 19.5.2 Disclinations in a Crystal
378 19.5.3 Dislocations
378 19.6 Interaction Between Curvature and Defects
379 19.6.1 Coupling in Liquid Crystals
379 19.6.2 Coupling in Crystals
379 19.6.3 Screening by Dislocations and Pleats
381 19.6.4 Geometrical Potentials and Forces
381 19.7 Nematics in Spherical Geometries
381 19.7.1 Nematic Order on the Sphere
381 19.7.2 Beyond Two Dimensions: Spherical Nematic Shells
382 19.8 Toroidal Nematics
383 19.9 Concluding Remarks
383 References
383 20 Nematics on Curved Surfaces - Computer Simulations of Nematic Shells 387 Martin Bates 20.1 Introduction
387 20.2 Theory
388 20.3 Experiments on Spherical Shells
389 20.3.1 Nematics
389 20.3.2 Smectics
391 20.4 Computer Simulations - Practicalities
392 20.4.1 Introduction
392 20.4.2 Monte Carlo Simulations
393 20.5 Computer Simulations of Nematic Shells
395 20.5.1 Spherical Shells
395 20.5.2 Nonspherical Shells
397 20.6 Conclusions
399 References
401 Index 403