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Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium: Conventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal contains information on current and developing processes for the production of titanium. The methods for producing Ti metal are grouped into two categories, including the reduction of TiCl4 and the reduction of TiO2, with their processes classified as either electrochemical or thermochemical. Descriptions of each method or process include both the fundamental principles of the method and the engineering challenges in their practice. In addition, a review of the chemical and…mehr
Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium: Conventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal contains information on current and developing processes for the production of titanium. The methods for producing Ti metal are grouped into two categories, including the reduction of TiCl4 and the reduction of TiO2, with their processes classified as either electrochemical or thermochemical. Descriptions of each method or process include both the fundamental principles of the method and the engineering challenges in their practice. In addition, a review of the chemical and physical characteristics of the product produced by each method is included.
Sections cover the purity of titanium metal produced based on ASTM and other industry standards, energy consumption, cost and the potential environmental impacts of the processes.
Provides information on new and developing low cost, high integrity methods for titanium metal production
Discusses new markets for titanium due to the decreased cost of newly developed processes
Covers specific information on new methods, including the chemical and physical characteristics produced
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Dr Zhigang Zak Fang is a Professor in the Powder Metallurgy Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Metallurgical Engineering at the University of Utah, USA.Francis H Froes, Ph.D. has been involved in the Titanium field with an emphasis on Powder Metallurgy (P/M) for more than 40 years. He was employed by a primary Titanium producer-Crucible Steel Company-where he was leader of the Titanium group. He was the program manager on a multi-million dollar US Air Force (USAF) contract on Titanium P/M. He then spent time at the USAF Materials Lab where he was supervisor of the Light Metals group (which included Titanium). This was followed by 17 years at the University of Idaho where he was a Director and Department Head of the Materials Science and Engineering Department. He has over 800 publications, in excess of 60 patents, and has edited almost 30 books-the majority on various aspects of Titanium again with an emphasis on P/M. He gave the key-note presentation at the first TDA (ITA) Conference. In recent years he has co-sponsored four TMS Symposia on Cost Effective Titanium featuring numerous papers on P/M. He is a Fellow of ASM, is a mem
ber of the Russian Academy of Science, and was awarded the Service to Powder Metallurgy by the Metal Powder Association. Recently he has been a co-author of three comprehensive papers on the Additive Manufacturing of Titanium.
Inhaltsangabe
Contents
Contributors xi
1. Introduction to the development of processes for primary
Ti metal production 1
Zhigang Zak Fang, Hyrum D. Lefler, F.H. Froes, and Ying Zhang
References 8
Part 1 Extractive chemical metallurgy processes 11
2. A brief introduction to production of titanium dioxide
and titanium tetrachloride 13
Michael L. Free
1. Background 13
2. Ore sources 13
3. Processing methods 14
References 17
3. Minerals, slags, and other feedstock for the production
of titanium metal 19
Dimitrios Filippou and Guillaume Hudon
1. Introduction 19
2. Ilmenite, rutile, and other natural titanium minerals 21
3. Ilmenite smelting to titania slag 26
4. Ilmenite conversion to synthetic rutile 32
5. Titania slag upgrading to UGS 36
6. Production of titanium carbide feedstock 37
7. Conclusions 38
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
4. Chemical processes for the production of titanium tetrachloride
as precursor of titanium metal 47
Guillaume Hudon and Dimitrios Filippou
1. Introduction 47
2. Titanium tetrachloride 47
3. Production of titanium tetrachloride 49
4. Titanium tetrachloride purification 55
5. Production of pure titanium dioxide 56
6. Other precursors 59
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
Part 2 Thermochemical reduction of TiCl4 63
5. Fundamentals of thermochemical reduction of TiCl4 65
Toru H. Okabe and Osamu Takeda
1. Historical developments in titanium metal production 65
2. Kroll process 66
3. Hunter process 71
4. Fundamentals of titanium reduction process 75
5. Electrochemical reactions during thermochemical reduction 78
6. Reduction mechanism of TiCl4 during the Kroll process 81
7. Past research for new titanium production processes 83
8. Summary 90
References 92
6. The Kroll process and production of titanium sponge 97
Matthew R. Earlam
1. Introduction 97
2. Source of ore 99
3. Production of TiCl4 100
4. Purification of TiCl4 101
5. The Hunter process 102
6. Armstrong process 103
7. Kroll process 103
8. Magnesium reduced acid leach (MRAL) (no longer practiced) 104
9. Vacuum distillation process TOHO timet 107
10. Preparation for melting 110
References 111
7. A modified Kroll process via production of TiH2 - thermochemical
reductions of TiCl4 using hydrogen and Mg 113
Mykhailo Matviychuk, Andrey Klevtsov, and Vladimir S. Moxson
1. Introduction 113
2. Process description 114
3. Experimental results 120
4. Role of hydrogen for ADMA process 122
References 127
Further reading 128
Part 3 Thermochemical reduction of TiO2 129
8. Metallothermic reduction of TiO2 131
Toru H. Okabe
1. Introduction 131
2. Studies on reduction of titanium oxide before 2000 134
3. Studies on reduction of titanium oxide after 2000 143
4. Future prospects of metallothermic reduction processes for direct
production of titanium from oxides 155
5. Summary 159
References 160
9. Hydrogen assisted magnesiothermic reduction (HAMR) of
TiO2 to produce titanium metal powder 165
Yang Xia, Hyrum D. Lefler, Ying Zhang, Pei Sun, and Zhigang Zak Fang
1. Introduction 165
2. Fundamentals of the HAMR process 167
3. HAMR process description 172
4. HAMR product characterization 173
5. Summary 176
Acknowledgments 176
References 177
10. Deoxygenation of Ti metal 181
Ying Zhang, Zhigang Zak Fang, Pei Sun, Yang Xia, Hyrum D. Lefler,
and Shili Zheng
1. Introduction 181
2. Thermodynamic properties of the TieO solid solutions 182
