Yang Xia

Essential Concepts in MRI (eBook, PDF)

Physics, Instrumentation, Spectroscopy and Imaging

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS IN MRI A concise and complete introductory treatment of NMR and MRI Essential Concepts in MRI delivers the first comprehensive look at magnetic resonance imaging with a practical focus on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy applications. The book includes the essential components of MRI and NMR and is written for anyone new to the field of MRI who seeks to gain a complete understanding of all four essential components of MRI: physics theory, instrumentation, spectroscopy, and imaging. Highly visual and including numerous full color figures that provide crucial graphical descriptions of key concepts discussed in the book, Essential Concepts in MRI includes discussions of quantitative and creative MRI, as well as spatial mapping in MRI and the effects of the field gradient and k-space imaging. The book also covers: * A thorough introduction to essential concepts in nuclear magnetic resonance, including classical descriptions of NMR and quantum mechanical descriptions of NMR * Comprehensive explorations of essential concepts in NMR instrumentation, including magnets, radio-frequency coils, transmitters, and receivers * Practical discussions of essential concepts in NMR spectroscopy, including simple 1D spectroscopy, double resonance, and dipolar interactions in two-spin systems * In-depth examinations of essential concepts in MRI, including the design of MRI pulse sequences and the elements of MRI instrumentation, with a special focus on quantitative MRI Essential Concepts in MRI is a must-read reference for upper-level undergraduate and postgraduate students in the physical and medical sciences, especially radiology, MRI, and imaging courses. It is also essential for students and researchers in the biomedical sciences and engineering.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 368
• Erscheinungstermin: 23. Mai 2022
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119798231
• Artikelnr.: 64096821

Autorenporträt

Yang Xia, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics at Oakland University, USA. Dr. Xia is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Major Steps in an NMR or MRI Experiment, and Two Conventions in Direction 2

1.3 Major Milestones in the History of NMR and MRI 4

1.4 The Organization for a One-semester Course 6

Part I Essential Concepts in NMR 9

Chapter 2 Classical Description of Magnetic Resonance 11

2.1 Fundamental Assumptions 11

2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Moment 12

2.3 The Time Evolution of Nuclear Magnetic Moment 15

2.4 Macroscopic Magnetization 16

2.5 Rotating Reference Frame 18

2.6 Spin Relaxation Processes 22

2.7 Bloch Equation 24

2.8 Fourier Transform and Spectral Line Shapes 25

2.9 CW NMR 28

2.10 Radio-frequency Pulses in NMR 29

2.11 FT NMR 30

2.12 Signal Detection in NMR 32

2.13 Phases of the NMR Signal 33

Chapter 3 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetic Resonance 37

3.1 Nuclear Magnetism 37

3.2 Energy Difference 39

3.3 Macroscopic Magnetization 40

3.4 Measurement of the X Component of Angular Momentum 41

3.5 Macroscopic Magnetization for Spin 1/2 42

3.6 Resonant Excitation 43

3.7 Mechanisms of Spin Relaxation 43

Chapter 4 Nuclear Interactions 51

4.1 Dipolar Interaction 51

4.2 Chemical Shift Interaction 54

4.3 Scalar Interaction 57

4.4 Quadrupole Interaction 61

4.5 Summary of Nuclear Interactions 61

Part II Essential Concepts in NMR Instrumentation 65

Chapter 5 Instrumentation 67

5.1 Magnets 67

5.2 Radio-frequency Coil, Its Resonant Circuitry, and the Probe 72

5.3 Frequency Management 75

5.4 Transmitter 76

5.5 Receiver 78

5.6 Pulse Programmer and Computer 78

5.7 Other Components 78

Chapter 6 NMR Experimental 81

6.1 Shimming 81

6.2 Preparing Samples 82

6.3 Pulse Sequences and FID 83

6.4 Digitization Rate and Digital Resolution 85

6.5 Dynamic Range 87

6.6 Phase Cycling 89

6.7 Data Accumulation 91

6.8 Pre-FFT Processing Techniques 92

6.9 Fast Fourier Transform 95

6.10 Post-FFT Processing 95

6.11 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 97

Chapter 7 Spin Manipulations by Pulse Sequences 101

7.1 Single Pulse: 90¯Ú X , 90¯Ú Y , 90¯Ú -x , 90¯Ú -y 101

7.2 Inversion Recovery Sequence, Saturation Recovery Sequence, and T1 Relaxation 103

7.3 Spin-Echo Sequence (Hahn Echo) and T2 Relaxation 106

7.4 CPMG Echo Train 110

7.5 Stimulated Echo Sequence 111

7.6 Spin-locking and T 1rho Relaxation 112

7.7 How to Select the Delays in Relaxation Measurement 113

Part III Essential Concepts in NMR Spectroscopy 117

Chapter 8 First-order 1D Spectroscopy 119

8.1 Nomenclature of the Spin System 119

8.2 Peak Shift - the Effect of Chemical Shift 120

8.3 Peak Area - Reflecting the Number of Protons 122

8.4 Peak Splitting - the Consequence of J Coupling 122

8.5 Examples of 1D Spectra 128

Chapter 9 Advanced Topics in Spectroscopy 137

9.1 Double Resonance 137

9.2 Dipolar Interaction in a Two-spin System 141

9.3 Magic Angle 142

9.4 Chemical Exchange 143

9.5 Magnetization Transfer 144

9.6 Selective Polarization Inversion/ Transfer 146

9.7 Radiation Damping 147

Chapter 10 2D NMR Spectroscopy 151

10.1 Essence of 2D NMR Spectro