Krzysztof J. Ptasinski

Efficiency of Biomass Energy (eBook, PDF)

An Exergy Approach to Biofuels, Power, and Biorefineries

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Details energy and exergy efficiencies of all major aspects of bioenergy systems * Covers all major bioenergy processes starting from photosynthesis and cultivation of biomass feedstocks and ending with final bioenergy products, like power, biofuels, and chemicals * Each chapter includes historical developments, chemistry, major technologies, applications as well as energy, environmental and economic aspects in order to serve as an introduction to biomass and bioenergy * A separate chapter introduces a beginner in easy accessible way to exergy analysis and the similarities and differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are underlined * Includes case studies and illustrative examples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biofuels production, power and heat generation (thermal plants, fuel cells, boilers), and biorefineries * Traditional fossil fuels-based technologies are also described in order to compare with the corresponding bioenergy systems

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 784
• Erscheinungstermin: 30. August 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119118152
• Artikelnr.: 45959329

Autorenporträt

Krzysztof J. Ptasinski, Ph.D., D.Sc., has over 40 years of experience in academic teaching and research in chemical engineering and energy technology. He has held appointments at the Eindhoven University of Technology and the University of Twente (the Netherlands) as well as the Warsaw University of Technology and as visiting professor at the Silesian University of Technology (Poland). His pioneering research on application of exergy analysis to biomass and bioenergy is internationally acclaimed. He is the author and co-author of more than 200 publications, including 19 book chapters and 75 research papers. Currently he serves as an Executive Editor Biomass and Bioenergy - Energy, The International Journal.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi PART I Background and
Outline Chapter 1 Bioenergy Systems: An Overview 3 1.1 Energy and the
Environment 3 1.2 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source 13 1.3 Biomass
Conversion Processes 22 1.4 Utilization of Biomass 27 1.5 Closing Remarks
34 References 34 Chapter 2 Exergy Analysis 37 2.1 Sustainability and
Efficiency 37 2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes 42 2.3 Exergy Concept
52 2.4 Exergetic Evaluation of Processes and Technologies 67 2.5
Renewability of Biofuels 81 2.6 Closing Remarks 86 References 86 PART II
Biomass Production and Conversion Chapter 3 Photosynthesis 93 3.1
Photosynthesis: An Overview 93 3.2 Exergy of Thermal Radiation 99 3.3
Exergy Analysis of Photosynthesis 106 3.4 Global Photosynthesis 116 3.5
Closing Remarks 120 References 120 Chapter 4 Biomass Production 123 4.1
Overview 123 4.2 Efficiency of Solar Energy Capture 133 4.3 Fossil Inputs
for Biomass Cultivation and Harvesting 140 4.4 Fossil Inputs for Biomass
Logistics 146 4.5 Closing Remarks 150 References 150 Chapter 5
Thermochemical Conversion: Gasification 153 5.1 Gasification: An Overview
153 5.2 Gasification of Carbon 171 5.3 Gasification of Biomass 183 5.4
Gasification of Typical Fuels 191 5.5 Closing Remarks 198 References 198
Chapter 6 Gasification: Parametric Studies and Gasification Systems 203
6.1 Effect of Fuel Chemical Composition on Gasification Performance 203 6.2
Effect of Biomass Moisture Content, Gasification Pressure, and Heat
Addition on Gasification Performance 211 6.3 Improvement of Gasification
Exergetic Efficiency 215 6.4 Gasification Efficiency Using Equilibrium
versus Nonequilibrium Models 230 6.4.1 Quasi-Equilibrium Thermodynamic
Models 231 6.4.2 Comparison of Gasification Efficiency 231 6.5 Performance
of Typical Gasifiers 233 6.5.1 Comparison of FICFB and Viking Gasifiers 233
6.5.2 Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers for the Production of H2-Rich Syngas 238
6.5.3 Downdraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 241 6.5.4 Updraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 242
6.6 Plasma Gasification 244 6.6.1 Plasma Gasification Technology 244 6.6.2
Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge 244 6.7 Thermochemical Conversion in
Sub- and Supercritical Water 246 6.7.1 Conversion of Wet Biomass in Hot
Compressed Water 246 6.7.2 Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) 247
6.7.3 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) under Subcritical Water Conditions 251
6.8 Closing Remarks 253 References 253 PART III Biofuels First-Generation
Biofuels Chapter 7 Biodiesel 261 7.1 Biodiesel: An Overview 261 7.1.1
Introduction 261 7.1.2 Historical Development 262 7.1.3 Chemistry 263 7.1.4
Feedstocks 265 7.1.5 Production Process 266 7.1.6 Biodiesel as Transport
Fuel 268 7.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 269 7.2
Biodiesel from Plant Oils 272 7.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification
272 7.2.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 275 7.3 Biodiesel
from Used Cooking Oil 278 7.3.1 Exergy Analysis of Biodiesel Production 278
7.3.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 281 7.4 Biodiesel from
Microalgae 281 7.4.1 Introduction 281 7.4.2 Exergy Analysis of
Transesterification of Algal Oil 282 7.4.3 Exergy Analysis of Overall
Production Chain of Algal Biodiesel 284 7.5 Closing Remarks 286 References
286 Chapter 8 Bioethanol 289 8.1 Bioethanol: An Overview 289 8.1.1
Introduction 289 8.1.2 Historical Development 290 8.1.3 Ethanol as
Transport Fuel 291 8.1.4 Chemistry 293 8.1.5 Bioethanol Production Methods
295 8.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 302 8.2 Exergy
Analysis of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 305 8.2.1 Introduction 305 8.2.2
Ethanol from Sugarcane 306 8.2.3 Exergetic Performance of Sugarcane Ethanol
Plants for Various Cogeneration Configurations 310 8.2.4 Ethanol from Sugar
Beets 313 8.2.5 Renewability of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 315 8.3 Exergy
Analysis of Ethanol from Starchy Crops 317 8.3.1 Introduction 317 8.3.2
Corn Ethanol: Exergy Analysis 317 8.3.3 Corn Ethanol: Cumulative Exergy
Consumption (CExC) and Renewability 319 8.3.4 Wheat Ethanol 322 8.4 Exergy
Analysis of Lignocellulosic Ethanol (Second Generation) 323 8.4.1
Introduction 323 8.4.2 Ethanol from Wood (NREL Process) 324 8.4.3 Impact of
Biomass Pretreatment and Process Configuration 328 8.4.4 Comparison of
Exergetic Efficiency 330 8.4.5 Renewability of Lignocellulosic Ethanol from
Tropical Tree Plantations 331 8.5 Alternative Ethanol Processes 332 8.5.1
Fossil Ethanol from Mineral Oil 332 8.5.2 Ethanol via Water Electrolysis
333 8.6 Closing Remarks 334 References 334 Second-Generation Liquid
Biofuels Chapter 9 Fischer-Tropsch Fuels 341 9.1 Fischer-Tropsch
Synthesis: An Overview 341 9.1.1 Introduction 341 9.1.2 Historical
Development 342 9.1.3 Process Chemistry 343 9.1.4 Comparison of F-T Fuels
to Conventional Transport Fuels 345 9.1.5 Process Design 346 9.1.6 Process
Performance 348 9.2 Exergy Analysis of Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Process 351
9.2.1 Description of CTL Process 351 9.2.2 Mass Balance and Energy Analysis
353 9.2.3 Exergy Analysis 354 9.3 Exergy Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL)
Processes 355 9.3.1 GTL Process with Tail Gas Recycling: Internal and
External 356 9.3.2 Impact of Reformer Temperature on GTL Efficiency:
External Tail Gas Recycling 361 9.4 Exergy Analysis of Biomass-to-Liquid
(BTL) Processes 365 9.4.1 Introduction 365 9.4.2 Once-Through F-T Process
366 9.4.3 Impact of Biomass Feedstock on Process Efficiency 373 9.4.4
Reforming and Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas 377 9.4.5 Recycling of F-T
Reactor Tail Gas to Biomass Gasifier 382 9.5 Closing Remarks 383 References
383 Chapter 10 Methanol 387 10.1 Methanol: An Overview 387 10.1.1
Introduction 387 10.1.2 Historical Development 388 10.1.3 Chemistry 389
10.1.4 Methanol as Transport Fuel 390 10.1.5 Process Design 392 10.1.6
Process Performance 393 10.2 Methanol from Fossil Fuels 396 10.2.1 Methanol
from Natural Gas 396 10.2.2 Methanol from Coal 400 10.3 Methanol from
Biomass 405 10.3.1 Methanol from Waste Biomass (Sewage Sludge) 405 10.3.2
Other Biomass-Based Methanol Processes 413 10.4 Closing Remarks 414
References 415 Chapter 11 Thermochemical Ethanol 419 11.1 Thermochemical
Ethanol: An Overview 419 11.1.1 Introduction 419 11.1.2 Process Chemistry
420 11.1.3 Catalysts for Ethanol Synthesis 422 11.1.4 Process Design 423
11.1.5 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 426 11.2 Exergy Analysis
427 11.2.1 Process Description 428 11.2.2 Mass and Energy Balances
(Rh-Based Catalyst) 431 11.2.3 Exergy Analysis (Rh-Based Catalyst) 433
11.2.4 Impact of Ethanol Synthesis Catalyst (MoS2-Based Target Catalyst)
435 11.2.5 Impact of Gasification Temperature 438 11.3 Closing Remarks 439
References 440 Chapter 12 Dimethyl Ether (DME) 445 12.1 Dimethyl Ether:
An Overview 445 12.1.1 Introduction 445 12.1.2 Historical Development 446
12.1.3 Process Chemistry 447 12.1.4 DME as Energy Carrier 448 12.1.5
Production Technology 449 12.1.6 Energy, Environmental, and Economic
Aspects 451 12.2 Dimethyl Ether from Fossil Fuels 452 12.2.1 DME from
Natural Gas 452 12.2.2 DME from Coal 458 12.2.3 DME from Co-Feed of Natural
Gas and Coal 462 12.3 Dimethyl Ether from Biomass 462 12.3.1 DME via
Indirect Steam Gasification 462 12.3.2 Influence of Syngas Preparation
Method on Process Efficiency 468 12.4 Closing Remarks 472 References 472
Chapter 13 Hydrogen 475 13.1 Hydrogen: An Overview 475 13.1.1
Introduction 475 13.1.2 History: from Discovery to Hydrogen Economy 476
13.1.3 Chemistry of Hydrogen Production 477 13.1.4 Hydrogen Use 479 13.1.5
Hydrogen Storage 480 13.1.6 Production Methods 481 13.1.7 Energy,
Environmental, and Economic Performance 482 13.2 Exergy Analysis of
Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 485 13.2.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas 485 13.2.2
Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Natural Gas Processes 489 13.2.3
Hydrogen-from-Coal Gasification 490 13.2.4 Comparison of Efficiency for
Hydrogen-from-Coal Processes 493 13.3 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from
Water Electrolysis 494 13.3.1 Process Description 494 13.3.2 Mass and
Energy Balances 495 13.3.3 Exergy Analysis 495 13.4 Exergy Analysis of
Future Hydrogen Production Processes 496 13.4.1 Thermochemical Cycles 497
13.4.2 Geothermal Energy 499 13.4.3 Solar Energy 500 13.5 Exergy Analysis
of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification 501 13.5.1 Exergy Analysis
of Hydrogen from Wood 501 13.5.2 Influence of Biomass Feedstocks on
Exergetic Efficiency 506 13.5.3 Influence of Gasification System
Configurations on Exergetic Efficiency 507 13.5.4 Comparison of Efficiency
for Hydrogen-from-Biomass Gasification 511 13.6 Exergy Analysis of
Biological Hydrogen Production 512 13.6.1 Process Description 512 13.6.2
Mass and Energy Balances 514 13.6.3 Exergy Analysis 515 13.7 Closing
Remarks 517 References 517 Chapter 14 Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) 523
14.1 Substitute Natural Gas: An Overview 523 14.1.1 Introduction 523 14.1.2
Historical Development 524 14.1.3 Chemistry of Methanation 526 14.1.4
Natural Gas as Energy Carrier 527 14.1.5 SNG Production Technology 529
14.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 530 14.2 SNG from Coal
533 14.2.1 Description of Coal-to-SNG Process 533 14.2.2 Process Modeling
537 14.2.3 Mass and Energy Balances 537 14.2.4 Exergy Analysis 538 14.2.5
Overview of Coal-to-SNG Processes 540 14.3 SNG from Biomass Gasification
540 14.3.1 SNG via Wood Gasification 540 14.3.2 Comparison of SNG
Production from Various Biomass Feedstocks 550 14.3.3 Overview of
Biomass-to-SNG Processes 555 14.4 Closing Remarks 555 References 556 PART
IV Bioenergy Systems Chapter 15 Thermal Power Plants, Heat Engines, and
Heat Production 561 15.1 Biomass-Based Power and Heat Generation: An
Overview 561 15.1.1 Introduction 561 15.1.2 Historical Development 563
15.1.3 Technologies for Power Generation from Biomass 564 15.1.4 Biofuels
in Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 567 15.1.5 Biomass Heating
Systems 568 15.1.6 Performance and Cost of Power Generation Systems 569
15.1.7 Environmental Aspects 571 15.2 Biomass Combustion Power Systems 571
15.2.1 Introduction 571 15.2.2 Biomass Steam Cogeneration Plant 572 15.2.3
Externally Fired Gas Turbine-Combined Cycle 575 15.2.4 Biomass-Fired
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) 580 15.3 Biomass Gasification Power Systems 584
15.3.1 Introduction 584 15.3.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification Gas
Turbine-Combined Cycle (BIG/GT-CC) 585 15.3.3 Improving Efficiency
BIG/GT-CC Plants 588 15.3.4 Biomass Integrated Gasification Internal
Combustion Engine-Combined Cycle (BIG/ICE-CC) 589 15.4 Comparison of
Various Biomass-Fueled Power Plants 591 15.4.1 Internally and Externally
Fired Gas Turbine Simple Cogeneration Cycles 592 15.4.2 Internally and
Externally Fired Gas Turbine: Simple and Combined Cycles 597 15.4.3
Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification CHP Plants 602 15.5
Biomass-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 608 15.5.1
Ethanol-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines 609 15.5.2 Biodiesel-Fueled
Compression-Ignition Engines 610 15.5.3 Biofuel-Fired Gas Turbines 612 15.6
Polygeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Chemicals 615 15.6.1 Introduction
615 15.6.2 Methanol Synthesis 615 15.6.3 Ethanol Production 621 15.7
Biomass Boilers and Heating Systems 624 15.7.1 Introduction 624 15.7.2
Biomass Boilers 625 15.7.3 Energy Utilization in Buildings 627 15.8 Closing
Remarks 628 References 628 Chapter 16 Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems 633
16.1 Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems: An Overview 633 16.1.1 Introduction
633 16.1.2 Historical Development 634 16.1.3 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 635
16.1.4 Fuel Cell Types 636 16.1.5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 638 16.1.6
Overview of Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Configurations 640 16.1.7 Energy
Efficiency, Cost, and Environmental Impact 642 16.2 Biomass Integrated
Gasification-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (BIG/SOFC) Systems 642 16.2.1 Central
Power Production Using BIG/SOFC/GT Systems 643 16.2.2 Other Central Power
Production Studies Using BIG/SOFC Systems 647 16.2.3 Distributed Power
Production Using BIG/SOFC Systems 648 16.2.4 Integration of Supercritical
Water Gasification (SCWG) with SOFC/GT Hybrid System 650 16.3 Biomass
Integrated Gasification-Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (BIG/PEMFC)
Systems 652 16.3.1 Distributed Combined Heat and Power Generation Based on
Central Hydrogen Production 652 16.3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Quality on
Efficiency of Distributed CHP Systems 659 16.4 Fuel Cell Systems Fed with
Liquid Biofuels 660 16.4.1 Introduction 660 16.4.2 Maximum Electricity
Obtainable from Various Fuels 661 16.4.3 Integrated Fuel Processor-Fuel
Cell (FP-FC) System 663 16.4.4 Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Systems 668 16.5
Closing Remarks 669 References 669 Chapter 17 Biorefineries 673 17.1
Biorefineries: An Overview 673 17.1.1 Introduction 673 17.1.2 Historical
Development 674 17.1.3 Chemical Value of Biomass 675 17.1.4 Biorefinery
Systems 677 17.1.5 Biorefinery Technology 679 17.2 Comparison of Various
Biomass Utilization Routes 681 17.2.1 Biomass Utilization Routes 681 17.2.2
Power Generation 682 17.2.3 Biofuels Production 683 17.2.4 Chemical
Biorefinery 683 17.3 Exergy Inputs to Basic Biorefinery Steps 684 17.3.1
Biorefinery Model 684 17.3.2 Processing Simple Carbohydrates into
Fermentable Sugars 686 17.3.3 Processing Complex Carbohydrates into
Fermentable Sugars 686 17.3.4 Processing Fermentable Sugars into Ethanol
688 17.3.5 Processing Ethanol into Ethylene 689 17.3.6 Fatty Acids
Processing 690 17.3.7 Amino Acids Processing 692 17.3.8 Lignin Processing
695 17.3.9 Ash and Residuals Processing 695 17.4 Optimal Biomass Crops as
Biorefinery Feedstock 696 17.4.1 Biomass versus Petrochemical Route for the
Production of Bulk Chemicals 696 17.4.2 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption
in the Biomass Route 697 17.4.3 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the
Petrochemical Route 698 17.4.4 Fossil Fuel Savings 699 17.4.5 Optimal Crops
for Biorefineries 699 17.5 Closing Remarks 702 References 702 Postface 707
Appendixes Appendix A - Conversion Factors 709 Appendix B - Constants 711
Appendix C - SI Prefixes 713 Glossary of Selected Terms 715 Notation 721
Acknowledgments for Permission to Reproduce Copyrighted Material 729 Author
Index 733 Subject Index 745