Bethany D. Hinga

Earth's Natural Hazards and Disasters (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Natural hazards are present in every part of planet Earth. Sometimes a natural event - such as extreme weather, a volcanic eruption, earthquake or disease outbreak - turns into a disaster for humans, the environment, and the economy. Earth's Natural Hazards and Disasters is a textbook for undergraduates that challenges students to think critically about disasters. It explains the science behind natural events and explores how to understand risk and prepare for disasters. About this volume: * Covers hazards in the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere * Explains the science of hazards in accessible terms * Detailed case studies of specific disasters for each type of natural event * Explores data-based risk mitigation strategies * Discusses the roles of scientists, public officials, and the general public in hazard management The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 544
• Erscheinungstermin: 2. April 2024
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119217787
• Artikelnr.: 70315054

Autorenporträt

Bethany D. Hinga, University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA.

Inhaltsangabe

Contributors xiii
 
Preface xv
 
Glossary xvii
 
Acknowledgments xlv
 
1 Introduction to Natural Disasters 1
Bethany D. Hinga
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.2 The Earth System 4
 
1.3 Natural Disasters 7
 
1.3.1 Types of Disasters 7
 
1.4 Definitions 8
 
1.5 Disasters Are Predictable 9
 
1.6 The Human Factor 13
 
1.7 Increasing Risk 14
 
1.8 Calculated Risks 16
 
1.9 The Role of Government in Vulnerability and Preparing for Disasters 18
 
1.10 Disasters and Social Change 21
 
1.11 Community Response 21
 
1.12 Chapter in Review 25
 
Part I Geologic Events as Hazards
 
2 Plate Tectonics 31
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2.1 Introduction 31
 
2.2 Continental Drift 31
 
2.3 New Data: Magnetism 35
 
2.4 Seafloor Spreading 38
 
2.5 Plate Tectonics 38
 
2.6 Earth Structure 38
 
2.7 Plate Boundaries 40
 
2.8 Subduction Zones 45
 
2.9 Collision Zones 48
 
2.10 Transform Boundaries 49
 
2.11 Hotspots 51
 
2.12 Conclusion 54
 
2.13 Chapter in Review 54
 
3 Volcanoes 57
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3.1 A Lengthy Eruption With an Unexpected End 57
 
3.2 Magma Generation 64
 
3.3 Volcano Behavior 70
 
3.4 Types of Volcanoes 72
 
3.5 The Case of Mount St. Helens 83
 
3.6 Hazards of Composite Volcanoes 90
 
3.7 Mitigation 96
 
3.8 Chapter in Review 97
 
4 Earthquakes 101
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4.1 Introduction 101
 
4.2 What Is an Earthquake? 107
 
4.3 Seismic Waves 111
 
4.4 How Do Earthquakes Work? 123
 
4.5 Earthquake Hazards 129
 
4.6 Prince William Sound Earthquake 138
 
4.7 Mitigation Strategies 139
 
4.8 Conclusion 142
 
4.9 Chapter in Review 142
 
5 Tsunamis 145
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5.1 Introduction 145
 
5.2 Unimak Island Earthquake and Tsunami, 1946 145
 
5.3 Wave Creation 149
 
5.4 Wave Characteristics 150
 
5.5 Wave Parameters 152
 
5.6 Case Studies 153
 
5.7 Landslide-Generated Tsunami 161
 
5.8 Mega-Tsunamis 161
 
5.9 Volcano-Generated Tsunamis 161
 
5.10 Mitigation of Tsunami Hazards 164
 
5.11 Conclusion 166
 
5.12 Chapter in Review 166
 
6 Earth Movements 169
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6.1 The Role of Gravity in Shaping the Earth 169
 
6.2 Venezuela, 1999 169
 
6.3 Types of Earth Movements 172
 
6.4 Mass-Wasting Triggers 188
 
6.5 Mitigation of Hazards 188
 
6.6 Conclusion 192
 
6.7 Chapter in Review 193
 
Part II Weather and Climate as Hazards
 
7 Atmosphere and Weather 197
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7.1 Introduction 197
 
7.2 The Earth's Atmosphere 197
 
7.3 Solar Radiation 199
 
7.4 Weather 202
 
7.5 Air Masses and Fronts 212
 
7.6 High and Low Pressure Systems 214
 
7.7 Conclusion 217
 
7.8 Chapter in Review 217
 
8 Severe Weather 221
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8.1 Blizzard on the Plains 221
 
8.2 Severe Weather Events 225
 
8.3 Conclusion 251
 
8.4 Chapter in Review 252
 
9 Floods 255
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9.1 Introduction 255
 
9.2 Central China Flood 255
 
9.3 The Nature of Streams 258
 
9.4 Types of Floods 265
 
9.5 Flood Mitigation 274
 
9.6 Chapter in Review 278
 
10 Hurricanes 281
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10.1 Introduction 281
 
10.2 Hurricane Maria, 2017 281
 
10.3 Tropical Cyclones 287
 
10.4 Hurricane Hazards 295
 
10.5 Mitigation 304
 
10.6 Conclusion 304
 
10.7 Chapter in Review 305
 
11 Climate Change 307
Jillian Gregg and John Helms
 
11.1 Slushballs and Greenhouses: What the Geologic Record Says About
Paleoclimate Compared to the Current Stable Climate That Has Supported
Human Civilization Over the Past 10,000 Years 307
 
11.2 Climate Change Basics 310
 
11.3 Natural Hazards Caused Directly and Indirectly by Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Climate Change 334
 
11.4 Ocean Impacts 351
 
11.5 Mitigation of Hazards 356
 
11.6 Geoengineering 361
 
11.7 Adaptation 363
 
11.8 Chapter in Review 365
 
12 Wildland Fires 369
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12.1 Introduction 369
 
12.2 Fire Basics 372
 
12.3 Fire Behavior 375
 
12.4 Firefighting in Public Lands 382
 
12.5 Mitigation of Fire Hazards 386
 
12.6 Conclusion 387
 
12.7 Chapter in Review 387
 
Part III Other Hazards
 
13 Biological Hazards With COVID-19 Case Study 393
Anni Moore and Austin Nuxoll
 
13.1 Biological Disasters 393
 
13.2 Introduction to Microbes 397
 
13.3 Types of Microbes 398
 
13.4 Microbes and the Earth System 411
 
13.5 Factors That Put Populations at Risk 415
 
13.6 Diseases in the Food Supply 422
 
13.7 Mitigation of Hazards 423
 
13.8 Conclusion 428
 
13.9 Chapter in Review 429
 
14 Hazards From Space 433
Kelli Wakefield and Joel Berrier
 
14.1 Space Hazards 433
 
14.2 Introduction 434
 
14.3 A History of Catastrophe 434
 
14.4 Measuring Risk 445
 
14.5 What Can We Do? 456
 
14.6 Solar Events 459
 
14.7 Earth's Future 463
 
14.8 Chapter in Review 463
 
Bibliography 467
 
Index 483