Neil Packer, Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Conventional and Alternative Power Generation (eBook, ePUB)

Thermodynamics, Mitigation and Sustainability

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

A much-needed, up-to-date guide on conventional and alternative power generation This book goes beyond the traditional methods of power generation. It introduces the many recent innovations on the production of electricity and the way they play a major role in combating global warming and improving the efficiency of generation. It contains a strong analytical approach to underpin the theory of power plants--for those using conventional fuels, as well as those using renewable fuels--and looks at the problems from a unique environmental engineering perspective. The book also includes numerous worked examples and case studies to demonstrate the working principles of these systems. Conventional and Alternative Power Generation: Thermodynamics, Mitigation and Sustainability is divided into 8 chapters that comprehensively cover: thermodynamic systems; vapor power cycles, gas power cycles, combustion; control of particulates; carbon capture and storage; air pollution dispersal; and renewable energy and power plants. * Features an abundance of worked examples and tutorials * Examines the problems of generating power from an environmental engineering perspective * Includes all of the latest information, technology, theories, and principles on power generation Conventional and Alternative Power Generation: Thermodynamics, Mitigation and Sustainability is an ideal text for courses on mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 296
• Erscheinungstermin: 22. Juni 2018
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119479406
• Artikelnr.: 53057473

Autorenporträt

NEIL PACKER is a Chartered engineer and Senior lecturer in Mechanical Engineering at Staffordshire University, UK. He has been teaching thermo-fluid and environmental engineering for over 20 years and has acted as an energy consultant in the UK, mainland Europe, and North Africa. TARIK AL-SHEMMERI, PHD, is Professor of Renewable Energy Technology at Staffordshire University, UK. He has lectured and researched extensively in the area of thermo-fluids, renewable energy, and power generation.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi Structure of the Book xiii Notation xvii 1 Thermodynamic Systems
1 1.1 Overview 1 Learning Outcomes 1 1.2 Thermodynamic System Definitions 1
1.3 Thermodynamic Properties 1 1.4 Thermodynamic Processes 3 1.5 Formation
of Steam and the State Diagrams 4 1.5.1 Property Tables and Charts for
Vapours 6 1.6 Ideal Gas Behaviour in Closed and Open Systems and Processes
7 1.7 First Law ofThermodynamics 9 1.7.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
Applied to Open Systems 10 1.7.2 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to
Closed Systems 10 1.8 Worked Examples 11 1.9 Tutorial Problems 17 2 Vapour
Power Cycles 19 2.1 Overview 19 Learning Outcomes 19 2.2 Steam Power Plants
19 2.3 Vapour Power Cycles 20 2.3.1 The Carnot Cycle 21 2.3.2 The Simple
Rankine Cycle 22 2.3.3 The Rankine Superheat Cycle 22 2.3.4 The Rankine
Reheat Cycle 23 2.3.4.1 Analysis of the Rankine Reheat Cycle 24 2.3.5 Real
Steam Processes 25 2.3.6 Regenerative Cycles 25 2.3.6.1 Single Feed Heater
26 2.3.6.2 Multiple Feed Heaters 27 2.3.7 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORc) 29
2.3.7.1 Choice of theWorking Fluid for ORc 29 2.4 Combined Heat and Power
30 2.4.1 Scenario One: Power Only 30 2.4.2 Scenario Two: Heat Only 31 2.4.3
ScenarioThree: Heat and Power 32 2.4.4 Cogeneration, Trigeneration and Quad
Generation 33 2.5 Steam Generation Hardware 33 2.5.1 Steam Boiler
Components 34 2.5.2 Types of Boiler 35 2.5.3 Fuel Preparation System 35
2.5.4 Methods of Superheat Control 36 2.5.5 Performance of Steam Boilers 36
2.5.5.1 Boiler Efficiency 36 2.5.5.2 Boiler Rating 37 2.5.5.3 Equivalent
Evaporation 38 2.5.6 Steam Condensers 38 2.5.6.1 Condenser Calculations 38
2.5.7 Cooling Towers 39 2.5.8 Power-station Pumps 39 2.5.8.1 Pump
Applications 39 2.5.9 Steam Turbines 41 2.6 Worked Examples 41 2.7 Tutorial
Problems 54 3 Gas Power Cycles 57 3.1 Overview 57 Learning Outcomes 57 3.2
Introduction to Gas Turbines 57 3.3 Gas Turbine Cycle 57 3.3.1
Irreversibilities in Gas Turbine Processes 58 3.3.2 The Compressor Unit 58
3.3.3 The Combustion Chamber 59 3.3.4 The Turbine Unit 60 3.3.5 Overall
Performance of Gas Turbine Plants 60 3.4 Modifications to the Simple Gas
Turbine Cycle 61 3.4.1 Heat Exchanger 61 3.4.2 Intercooling 61 3.4.3
Reheating 62 3.4.4 Compound System 63 3.4.5 Combined Gas Turbine/Steam
Turbine Cycle 65 3.5 Gas Engines 68 3.5.1 Internal Combustion Engines 68
3.5.2 The Otto Cycle 68 3.5.2.1 Analysis of the Otto Cycle 69 3.5.3 The
Diesel Cycle 69 3.5.3.1 Analysis of the Diesel Cycle 70 3.5.4 The Dual
Combustion Cycle 71 3.5.4.1 Analysis of the Dual Cycle 72 3.5.5 Diesel
Engine Power Plants 72 3.5.6 External Combustion Engines -The Stirling
Engine 72 3.6 Worked Examples 75 3.7 Tutorial Problems 84 4 Combustion 87
4.1 Overview 87 Learning Outcomes 87 4.2 Mass and Matter 87 4.2.1 Chemical
Quantities 88 4.2.2 Chemical Reactions 88 4.2.3 Physical Quantities 88 4.3
Balancing Chemical Equations 89 4.3.1 Combustion Equations 90 4.4
Combustion Terminology 90 4.4.1 Oxidizer Provision 90 4.4.2 Combustion
Product Analyses 91 4.4.3 Fuel mixtures 92 4.5 Energy Changes During
Combustion 92 4.6 First Law ofThermodynamics Applied to Combustion 93 4.6.1
Steady-flow Systems (SFEE) [Applicable to Boilers, Furnaces] 93 4.6.2
Closed Systems (NFEE) [Applicable to Engines] 93 4.6.3 Flame Temperature 94
4.7 Oxidation of Nitrogen and Sulphur 94 4.7.1 Nitrogen and Sulphur 95
4.7.2 Formation of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 95 4.7.3 NOx Control 97 4.7.3.1
Modify the Combustion Process 97 4.7.3.2 Post-flame Treatment 97 4.7.4
Formation of Sulphur Oxides (SOx) 98 4.7.5 SOx Control 98 4.7.5.1 Flue Gas
Sulphur Compounds from Fossil-fuel Consumption 98 4.7.5.2 Sulphur Compounds
from Petroleum and Natural Gas Streams 100 4.7.6 Acid Rain 100 4.8 Worked
Examples 101 4.9 Tutorial Problems 111 5 Control of Particulates 115 5.1
Overview 115 Learning Outcomes 115 5.2 Some Particle Dynamics 115 5.2.1
Nature of Particulates 115 5.2.2 Stokes's Law and Terminal Velocity 116 5.3
Principles of Collection 119 5.3.1 Collection Surfaces 119 5.3.2 Collection
Devices 119 5.3.3 Fractional Collection Efficiency 121 5.4 Control
Technologies 121 5.4.1 Gravity Settlers 121 5.4.1.1 Model 1: Unmixed Flow
Model 122 5.4.1.2 Model 2:Well-mixed Flow Model 123 5.4.2 Centrifugal
Separators or Cyclones 124 5.4.3 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) 128
5.4.4 Fabric Filters 132 5.4.5 Spray Chambers and Scrubbers 135 5.5 Worked
Examples 137 5.6 Tutorial Problems 140 6 Carbon Capture and Storage 145 6.1
Overview 145 Learning Outcomes 145 6.2 Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 146
6.2.1 General Properties 146 6.2.2 Equations of State 148 6.2.2.1 The Ideal
or Perfect Gas Law 148 6.2.2.2 The Compressibility Factor 148 6.2.2.3 Van
derWaal Equation of State 148 6.2.2.4 Beattie-Bridgeman Equation (1928) 149
6.2.2.5 Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation (1940) 150 6.2.2.6 Peng-Robinson
Equation of State (1976) 150 6.3 Gas Mixtures 150 6.3.1 Fundamental Mixture
Laws 151 6.3.2 PVT Behaviour of Gas Mixtures 151 6.3.2.1 Dalton's Law 152
6.3.2.2 Amagat's Law 152 6.3.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures 153
6.3.4 Thermodynamics of Mixture Separation 155 6.3.4.1 Minimum
SeparationWork 155 6.3.4.2 Separation of a Two-component Mixture 156 6.4
Gas SeparationMethods 157 6.4.1 Chemical Absorption by Liquids 157 6.4.1.1
Aqueous Carbon Dioxide and Alkanolamine Chemistry 158 6.4.1.2 Alternative
Absorber Solutions 159 6.4.2 Physical Absorption by Liquids 160 6.4.3
Oxyfuel, Cryogenics and Chemical Looping 161 6.4.4 Gas Membranes 162
6.4.4.1 Membrane Flux 163 6.4.4.2 Maximizing Flux 163 6.4.4.3 Membrane
Types 163 6.5 Aspects of CO2 Conditioning and Transport 164 6.5.1
Multi-stage Compression 165 6.5.2 Pipework Design 167 6.5.2.1 Pressure Drop
167 6.5.2.2 Materials 167 6.5.2.3 Maintenance and Control 167 6.5.3 Carbon
Dioxide Hazards 168 6.5.3.1 Respiration 168 6.5.3.2 Temperature 168 6.5.3.3
Ventilation 168 6.6 Aspects of CO2 Storage 169 6.6.1 Biological
Sequestration 169 6.6.2 Mineral Carbonation 171 6.6.3 Geological Storage
Media 172 6.6.4 Oceanic Storage 174 6.7 Worked Examples 176 6.8 Tutorial
Problems 182 7 Pollution Dispersal 185 7.1 Overview 185 Learning Outcomes
185 7.2 Atmospheric Behaviour 186 7.2.1 The Atmosphere 186 7.2.2
Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Variation and Air Motion 187 7.3
Atmospheric Stability 189 7.3.1 Stability Classifications 190 7.3.2
Stability and Stack Dispersal 191 7.3.2.1 Non-inversion Conditions 191
7.3.2.2 Inversion Conditions 192 7.3.3 Variation inWind Velocity with
Elevation 192 7.4 Dispersion Modelling 193 7.4.1 Point Source Modelling 193
7.4.2 Plume Rise 198 7.4.3 Effect of Non-uniform Terrain on Dispersal 199
7.5 Alternative Expressions of Concentration 200 7.6 Worked Examples 200
7.7 Tutorial Problems 203 8 Alternative Energy and Power Plants 207 8.1
Overview 207 Learning Outcomes 207 8.2 Nuclear Power Plants 208 8.2.1
Components of a Typical Nuclear Reactor 208 8.2.2 Types of Nuclear Reactor
209 8.2.3 Environmental Impact of Nuclear Reactors 209 8.3 Solar Power
Plants 210 8.3.1 Photovoltaic Power Plants 211 8.3.2 Solar Thermal Power
Plants 215 8.4 Biomass Power Plants 216 8.4.1 Forestry, Agricultural and
Municipal Biomass for Direct Combustion 217 8.4.1.1 Bulk Density (kg/m³)
217 8.4.1.2 Moisture Content (% by Mass) 217 8.4.1.3 Ash Content (% by
Mass) 218 8.4.1.4 Calorific Value (kJ/kg) and Combustion 218 8.4.2
Anaerobic Digestion 220 8.4.3 Biofuels 222 8.4.3.1 Biodiesel 222 8.4.3.2
Bioethanol 222 8.4.4 Gasification and Pyrolysis of Biomass 223 8.5
Geothermal Power Plants 224 8.6 Wind Energy 226 8.6.1 Theory ofWind Energy
227 8.6.1.1 Actual Power Output of the Turbine 229 8.6.2 Wind Turbine Types
and Components 230 8.7 Hydropower 230 8.7.1 Types of Hydraulic Power Plant
231 8.7.1.1 Run-of-river Hydropower 231 8.7.1.2 Storage Hydropower 232
8.7.2 Estimation of Hydropower 233 8.7.3 Types of Hydraulic Turbine 233 8.8
Wave and Tidal (or Marine) Power 233 8.8.1 Characteristics ofWaves 234
8.8.2 Estimation ofWave Energy 235 8.8.3 Types ofWave Power Device 235
8.8.4 Tidal Power 237 8.8.4.1 Tidal Barrage Energy 238 8.8.4.2 Tidal Stream
Energy 239 8.9 Thermoelectric Energy 239 8.9.1 DirectThermal Energy to
Electrical Energy Conversion 240 8.9.2 Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) 241
8.10 Fuel Cells 242 8.10.1 Principles of Simple Fuel Cell Operation 243
8.10.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 243 8.10.3 Fuel Cell Types 244 8.11 Energy
Storage Technologies 244 8.11.1 Energy Storage Characteristics 246 8.11.2
Energy Storage Technologies 246 8.11.2.1 Hydraulic Energy 246 8.11.2.2
Pneumatic Energy 247 8.11.2.3 Ionic Energy 247 8.11.2.4 Rotational Energy
248 8.11.2.5 Electrostatic Energy 249 8.11.2.6 Magnetic Energy 249 8.12
Worked Examples 250 8.13 Tutorial Problems 255 A Properties ofWater and
Steam 257 B Thermodynamic Properties of Fuels and Combustion Products 263
Bibliography 265 Index 267