Nemai Chandra Karmakar, Emran Md Amin, Jhantu Kumar Saha

Chipless RFID Sensors (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

A systematic treatment of the design and fabrication of chipless RFID sensors This book presents various sensing techniques incorporated into chipless RFID systems. The book is divided into five main sections: Introduction to Chipless RFID Sensors; RFID Sensor Design; Smart Materials; Fabrication, Integration and Testing; and Applications of Chipless RFID Sensors. After a comprehensive review of conventional RFID sensors, the book presents various passive microwave circuit designs to achieve compact, high data density and highly sensitive tag sensors for a number of real-world ubiquitous sensing applications. The book reviews the application of smart materials for microwave sensing and provides an overview of various micro- and nano-fabrication techniques with the potential to be used in the development of chipless RFID sensors. The authors also explore a chipless RFID reader design capable of reading data ID and sensory information from the chipless RFID sensors presented in the book. The unique features of the book are: * Evaluating new chipless RFID sensor design that allow non-invasive PD detection and localization, real-time environment monitoring, and temperature threshold detection and humidity * Providing a classification of smart materials based on sensing physical parameters (i.e. humidity, temperature, pH, gas, strain, light, etc.) * Discussing innovative micro- and nano-fabrication processes including printing suitable for chipless RFID sensors * Presenting a detailed case study on various real-world applications including retail, pharmaceutical, logistics, power, and construction industries Chipless RFID Sensors is primarily written for researchers in the field of RF sensors but can serve as supplementary reading for graduate students and professors in electrical engineering and wireless communications.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 272
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. März 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119078111
• Artikelnr.: 44863409

Autorenporträt

Dr. Nemai Karmakar obtained his PhD in ITEE from the University of Queensland, Australia, in February 1999. In 2004, Dr. Karmakar formed the RFID and Antenna Research Group at Monash University, Australia. Dr. Karmakar is a pioneer in fully printable chipless RFID tags, readers, signal processing, and smart antennas. He has published extensively in the field, authoring and co-authoring more than 350 scientific journal and conference articles, 8 books, 35 book chapters, and 9 patent applications. Dr. Emran Md Amin obtained his PhD from the Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department of Monash University in May 2015. He was a visiting researcher at the Auto-ID Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His research areas include chipless RFID sensors using electromagnetic metamaterial structures, smart materials for RF sensing, and thin film sensing for biomedical applications. Dr. Jhantu Kumar Saha obtained his PhD from the Saitama University, Japan, in March 2008. Before joining Monash University, he completed his post-doctoral research in the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toronto, Canada, and Swinburne University of Technology, Australia. His research areas include thin-film growth methods and characterization techniques, and nano-fabrication techniques of solar cells and sensors.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxiii Symbols xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Tracking ID Technology
1 1.1.1 Barcoding
1 1.1.2 Radio-Frequency Identification
3 1.1.3 Chipless RFID
4 1.1.4 Chipless RFID Sensors
4 1.2 Chipless RFID Sensor System
6 1.3 Proposed Chipless RFID Sensor
7 1.4 Chapter Overview
7 1.4.1 Chapter 1: Introduction
7 1.4.2 Chapter 2: Literature Review
7 1.4.3 Chapter 3: Passive Microwave Designs
8 1.4.4 Chapter 4: Smart Materials for Chipless RFID Sensors
9 1.4.5 Chapter 5: Characterization of Smart Materials
9 1.4.6 Chapter 6: Chipless RFID Sensor for Noninvasive PD Detection and Localization
9 1.4.7 Chapter 7: Chipless RFID Sensor for Real-Time Environment Monitoring
10 1.4.8 Chapter 8: Chipless RFID Temperature Memory and Multiparameter Sensor
10 1.4.9 Chapter 9: Nanofabrication Techniques for Chipless RFID Sensor
10 1.4.10 Chapter 10: Chipless RFID Reader Architecture
10 1.4.11 Chapter 11: Case Studies
11 References
11 2 Literature Review 13 2.1 Introduction
13 2.2 Traditional RFID Sensors
14 2.2.1 Active RFID Sensors
14 2.2.2 Passive RFID Sensors
15 2.2.3 Low-Cost Chipless RFID Sensors
16 2.3 Challenges and Limitations of Current Chipless RFID Sensors
21 2.3.1 Fully Printable
21 2.3.2 Smart Sensing Materials
22 2.3.3 Multiple Parameter Sensing
22 2.3.4 Chipless RFID Sensor Systems
22 2.3.5 Applications
22 2.4 Motivation for a Novel Chipless RFID Sensor
23 2.5 Proposed Chipless RFID Sensor
23 2.5.1 Noninvasive PD Detection and Localization
23 2.5.2 Real-Time Environment Monitoring
24 2.5.3 Nonvolatile Memory Sensor for Event Detection
24 2.5.4 Single-Node Multiparameter Chipless RFID Sensor
24 2.6 Conclusion
24 References
25 3 Passive Microwave Design 29 3.1 Introduction
29 3.2 Chapter Overview
29 3.3 Theory
31 3.3.1 Passive Microwave Components
31 3.3.2 Integrated Chipless RFID Sensor
39 3.4 Design
40 3.4.1 Tri-Step SIR
40 3.4.2 Semicircular Patch Antenna
43 3.4.3 Cascaded Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID Sensor
43 3.4.4 Multislot Patch Resonator
44 3.4.5 ELC Resonator for RF Sensing
48 3.4.6 Backscatterer-Based Chipless RFID Tag Sensor
49 3.5 Simulation and Measured Results
54 3.5.1 Tri-Step SIR
54 3.5.2 Semicircular Patch Antenna
55 3.5.3 Cascaded Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID Sensor
56 3.5.4 Multislot Patch Resonator
56 3.5.5 ELC Resonator
62 3.5.6 Backscatterer-Based Chipless RFID Tag Sensor
62 3.6 Conclusion
65 References
67 4 Smart Materials for Chipless RFID Sensors 69 4.1 Introduction
69 4.2 Sensing Materials
70 4.2.1 Smart Materials
71 4.2.2 Classification of Smart Materials for RF Sensing
72 4.3 Temperature Sensing Materials
73 4.3.1 Phenanthrene
73 4.3.2 Ionic Plastic Crystal
73 4.3.3 Nanostructured Metal Oxide
76 4.4 Humidity Sensing Materials
77 4.4.1 Kapton
77 4.4.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol
78 4.5 pH Sensing Materials
78 4.6 Gas Sensing Materials
79 4.7 Strain and Crack Sensing Materials
80 4.8 Light Sensing Materials
80 4.8.1 SIR Loaded with CdS Photoresistor
81 4.9 Other Potentials Smart Materials for RF Sensing
82 4.9.1 Graphene
83 4.9.2 Nanowires
85 4.9.3 Nanoparticles
85 4.9.4 Nanocomposites
86 4.10 Discussion
88 4.11 Conclusion
93 References
94 5 Characterization of Smart Materials 99 5.1 Introduction
99 5.2 Characterization of Materials for Microwave Sensing
101 5.3 X-Ray Diffraction
101 5.4 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
102 5.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer
103 5.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy
104 5.7 Scanning Electron Microscope
104 5.8 Atomic Force Microscopy
105 5.9 Infrared Spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection)
106 5.10 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
106 5.10.1 Basic Steps for a Model-Based Analysis
111 5.10.2 Layered Optical Model
111 5.10.3 Optical Model for Surface Roughness
112 5.10.4 Approximation of Surface Roughness As an Oxide Layer
112 5.10.5 Optical Model for Index Gradients
112 5.10.6 Procedure for an Ellipsometric Modeling
113 5.10.7 Regression
113 5.10.8 Dielectric Film
114 5.10.9 Mixed or Composite Materials
114 5.10.10 Accuracy and Precision of SE Experiments
114 5.11 UV-Visible Spectrophotometers
115 5.12 Electrical Conductivity Measurement
115 5.13 Microwave Characterization (Scattering Parameters--Complex Permittivity
Dielectric Loss
and Reflection Loss) for Sensing Materials
117 5.13.1 Basic Microwave-Material Interaction Aspects
118 5.13.2 Methods of Measurement of Dielectric Properties
119 5.14 Discussion on Characterization of Smart Materials
120 5.15 Conclusion
121 References
123 6 Chipless RFID Sensor for Noninvasive PD Detection and Localization 125 6.1 Introduction
125 6.1.1 Radiometric PD Detection
127 6.2 Theory
128 6.2.1 Proposed PD Sensor
128 6.2.2 PD Sensor System Overview
129 6.2.3 Simultaneous PD Detection
130 6.3 PD Localization Using Cascaded Multiresonator-Based Sensor
133 6.3.1 PD Sensor
133 6.3.2 Experimentation with PD Signal
133 6.3.3 Data Encoding in PD Signal
134 6.4 Simultaneous PD Detection
138 6.4.1 Time-Frequency Analysis
138 6.4.2 Effect of Time and Frequency Resolution
138 6.4.3 Simultaneous PD Detection Incorporating Time Delay
141 6.5 Conclusion
143 References
145 7 Chipless RFID Sensor for Real-Time Environment Monitoring 149 7.1 Introduction
149 7.2 Phase 1. Humidity Sensing Polymer Characterization and Sensitivity Analysis
149 7.2.1 Theory of Dielectric Sensor
149 7.2.2 Characterization of Humidity Sensing Polymers
151 7.2.3 Sensitivity Curve and Comparative Study
156 7.3 Phase 2. Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor
161 7.3.1 Backscatterer-Based Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor
161 7.3.2 Experimentation and Results
162 7.3.3 Calibration Curve for Humidity Sensor
163 7.3.4 Hysteresis Analysis
165 7.4 Conclusion
168 References
169 8 Chipless RFID Temperature Memory and Multiparameter Sensor 171 8.1 Introduction
171 8.2 Phase 1: Chipless RFID Memory Sensor
173 8.2.1 Theory
173 8.2.2 Design of Memory Sensor with ELC Resonator
174 8.2.3 Experimentation for Chipless RFID Memory Sensor
175 8.3 Phase 2: Chipless RFID Multiparameter Sensor
178 8.3.1 Theory
178 8.3.2 Design
179 8.3.3 Experimentation for Multiple Parameter Sensing
180 8.3.4 Practical Challenges of Multiparameter Chipless Sensors
183 8.4 Conclusion
183 References
184 9 Nanofabrication Techniques for Chipless RFID Sensors 187 9.1 Chapter Overview
187 9.2 Fabrication Techniques
188 9.2.1 Introduction
188 9.2.2 Classification of Fabrication Techniques
188 9.3 Electrodeposition
189 9.4 Physical Vapor Deposition
189 9.4.1 Thermal Evaporation
190 9.4.2 Sputtering
190 9.4.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
191 9.5 Wet Chemical Synthesis
192 9.6 Plasma Processing
193 9.7 Etching
194 9.8 Laser Processing
195 9.9 Lithography
196 9.9.1 Photolithography
196 9.9.2 Electron beam lithography
198 9.9.3 Ion beam lithography
200 9.9.4 Nanoimprint lithography (NIL)/Hot Embossing
201 9.9.5 Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography
201 9.9.6 UV-Based Nanoimprint Lithography
202 9.9.7 Reverse Contact UVNIL-RUVNIL
203 9.10 Surface or Bulk Micromachining
203 9.11 Printing Techniques
204 9.11.1 Screen Printing
205 9.11.2 Inkjet Printing
207 9.11.3 Laser Printing
209 9.12 Discussion on Nanofabrication Techniques
209 9.13 Chipless RFID Sensors on Flexible Substrates
213 9.14 Conclusion
213 References
215 10 Chipless RFID Reader Architecture 217 10.1 Introduction
217 10.2 Reader Architecture
217 10.2.1 RF Module
218 10.2.2 Digital Module
219 10.3 Operational Flowchart of a Chipless RFID Reader
221 10.3.1 Reader Calibration
221 10.3.2 Real-Time Sensor Data Decoding
223 10.3.3 Tag ID Decoding
223 10.4 Conclusion
223 References
224 11 Case Studies 225 11.1 Introduction
225 11.2 Food Safety
226 11.3 Health
229 11.4 Emergency Services
232 11.5 Smart Home
234 11.6 Agricultural Industry
234 11.7 Infrastructure Condition Monitoring
236 11.8 Transportation and Logistics
236 11.9 Authentication and Security
236 11.9.1 Solution
237 11.10 Power Industry
238 11.11 Conclusion and Original Contributions
239 References
241 Index 243