Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Energy Systems (eBook, PDF)

Advances in Materials Synthesis and Device Applications
Redaktion: Lu, Wen; Dai, Liming; Baek, Jong-Beom

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

With the proliferation of electronic devices, the world will need to double its energy supply by 2050. This book addresses this challenge and discusses synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. * Addresses one of the leading challenges facing society today as we steer away from dwindling supplies of fossil fuels and a rising need for electric power due to the proliferation of electronic products * Promotes the use of carbon nanomaterials for energy applications * Systematic coverage: synthesis, characterization, and a wide array of carbon nanomaterials are described * Detailed descriptions of solar cells, electrodes, thermoelectrics, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion-based storage * Discusses special architecture required for energy storage including hydrogen, methane, etc.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 472
• Erscheinungstermin: 28. September 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118981023
• Artikelnr.: 43973154

Autorenporträt

Wen Lu, PhD, obtained his BSc and MSc from Yunnan University in China and his PhD at the University of Wollongong in Australia. He has been a Senior Research Scientist and Group Leader leading research in multiple research companies in USA. His research activities have been focused on the applications of electrochemistry and advanced materials to the development of a range of electrochemical devices, including energy conversion and storage devices. Jong-Beom Baek, PhD, is a Professor of the School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Director of Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center (LCMC) in Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST, Korea). He obtained PhD in Polymer Science from the University of Akron (USA). Dr. Baek's current research interests focus on the defect-selective functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials for application-specific purposes, including energy-related applications. Liming Dai, PhD, is Case Western Reserve University's Kent Hale Smith Professor in the Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering. He is also director of the Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon). Dr. Dai received a BSc degree from Zhejiang University, and a PhD from the Australian National University.

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors xiii Preface xvii PART I Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials 1 1 Fullerenes
Higher Fullerenes
and their Hybrids: Synthesis
Characterization
and Environmental Considerations 3 1.1 Introduction
3 1.2 Fullerene
Higher Fullerenes
and Nanohybrids: Structures and Historical Perspective
5 1.2.1 C60 Fullerene
5 1.2.2 Higher Fullerenes
6 1.2.3 Fullerene?-Based Nanohybrids
7 1.3 Synthesis and Characterization
7 1.3.1 Fullerenes and Higher Fullerenes
7 1.3.1.1 Carbon Soot Synthesis
7 1.3.1.2 Extraction
Separation
and Purification
10 1.3.1.3 Chemical Synthesis Processes
11 1.3.1.4 Fullerene?-Based Nanohybrids
12 1.3.2 Characterization
12 1.3.2.1 Mass Spectroscopy
12 1.3.2.2 NMR
13 1.3.2.3 Optical Spectroscopy
13 1.3.2.4 HPLC
14 1.3.2.5 Electron Microscopy
14 1.3.2.6 Static and Dynamic Light Scattering
14 1.4 Energy Applications
17 1.4.1 Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Materials
17 1.4.2 Hydrogen Storage Materials
19 1.4.3 Electronic Components (Batteries
Capacitors
and Open?]Circuit Voltage Applications)
20 1.4.4 Superconductivity
Electrical
and Electronic Properties Relevant to Energy Applications
20 1.4.5 Photochemical and Photophysical Properties Pertinent for Energy Applications
21 1.5 Environmental Considerations for Fullerene Synthesis and Processing
21 1.5.1 Existing Environmental Literature for C60
22 1.5.2 Environmental Literature Status for Higher Fullerenes and NHs
24 1.5.3 Environmental Considerations
24 1.5.3.1 Consideration for Solvents
26 1.5.3.2 Considerations for Derivatization
26 1.5.3.3 Consideration for Coatings
27 References
28 2 Carbon Nanotubes 47 2.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
47 2.1.1 Introduction and Structure of Carbon Nanotube
47 2.1.2 Arc Discharge and Laser Ablation
49 2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
50 2.1.4 Aligned Growth
52 2.1.5 Selective Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
57 2.1.6 Summary
63 2.2 Characterization of Nanotubes
63 2.2.1 Introduction
63 2.2.2 Spectroscopy
63 2.2.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy
63 2.2.2.2 Optical Absorption (UV?]Vis?]NIR)
66 2.2.2.3 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
68 2.2.3 Microscopy
70 2.2.3.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy
70 2.3 Summary
73 References
73 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene 85 3.1 Introduction
85 3.2 Overview of Graphene Synthesis Methodologies
87 3.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
90 3.2.2 Chemical Exfoliation
93 3.2.3 Chemical Synthesis: Graphene from Reduced Graphene Oxide
97 3.2.4 Direct Chemical Synthesis
102 3.2.5 CVD Process
102 3.2.5.1 Graphene Synthesis by CVD Process
103 3.2.5.2 Graphene Synthesis by Plasma CVD Process
109 3.2.5.3 Grain and GBs in CVD Graphene
110 3.2.6 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on SiC Surface
111 3.3 Graphene Characterizations
113 3.3.1 Optical Microscopy
114 3.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy
116 3.3.3 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
118 3.3.4 Scanning Probe Microscopy
119 3.4 Summary and Outlook
121 References
122 4 Doping Carbon Nanomaterials with Heteroatoms 133 4.1 Introduction
133 4.2 Local Bonding of the Dopants
135 4.3 Synthesis of Heterodoped Nanocarbons
137 4.4 Characterization of Heterodoped Nanotubes and Graphene
139 4.5 Potential Applications
146 4.6 Summary and Outlook
152 References
152 Part II Carbon Na nomaterials For Energy Conversion 163 5 High?-Performance Polymer Solar Cells Containing Carbon Nanomaterials 165 5.1 Introduction
165 5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials as Transparent Electrodes
167 5.2.1 CNT Electrode
168 5.2.2 Graphene Electrode
169 5.2.3 Graphene/CNT Hybrid Electrode
171 5.3 Carbon Nanomaterials as Charge Extraction Layers
171 5.4 Carbon Nanomaterials in the Active Layer
178 5.4.1 Carbon Nanomaterials as an Electron Acceptor
178 5.4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials as Additives
180 5.4.3 Donor/Acceptor Functionalized with Carbon Nanomaterials
183 5.5 Concluding Remarks
185 Acknowledgments
185 References
185 6 Graphene for Energy Solutions and Its Printable Applications 191 6.1 Introduction to Graphene
191 6.2 Energy Harvesting from Solar Cells
192 6.2.1 DSSCs
193 6.2.2 Graphene and DSSCs
195 6.2.2.1 Counter Electrode
195 6.2.2.2 Photoanode
198 6.2.2.3 Transparent Conducting Oxide
199 6.2.2.4 Electrolyte
200 6.3 Opv Devices
200 6.3.1 Graphene and OPVs
201 6.3.1.1 Transparent Conducting Oxide
201 6.3.1.2 BHJ
203 6.3.1.3 Hole Transport Layer
204 6.4 Lithium?-Ion Batteries
204 6.4.1 Graphene and Lithium?-Ion Batteries
205 6.4.1.1 Anode Material
205 6.4.1.2 Cathode Material
209 6.4.2 Li-S and Li-O2 Batteries
211 6.5 Supercapacitors
212 6.5.1 Graphene and Supercapacitors
213 6.6 Graphene Inks
216 6.7 Conclusions
219 References
220 7 Quantum Dot and Heterojunction Solar Cells Containing Carbon Nanomaterials 237 7.1 Introduction
237 7.2 QD Solar Cells Containing Carbon Nanomaterials
238 7.2.1 CNTs and Graphene as TCE in QD Solar Cells
238 7.2.1.1 CNTs as TCE Material in QD Solar Cells
239 7.2.1.2 Graphene as TCE Material in QD Solar Cells
240 7.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials and QD Composites in Solar Cells
241 7.2.2.1 C60 and QD Composites
241 7.2.2.2 CNTs and QD Composites
244 7.2.2.3 Graphene and QD Composites
245 7.2.3 Graphene QDs Solar Cells
247 7.2.3.1 Physical Properties of GQDs
247 7.2.3.2 Synthesis of GQDs
247 7.2.3.3 PV Devices of GQDs
247 7.3 Carbon Nanomaterial/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
249 7.3.1 Principle of Carbon/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
249 7.3.2 a?-C/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
250 7.3.3 CNT/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
252 7.3.4 Graphene/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
253 7.4 Summary
261 References
261 8 Fuel Cell Catalysts Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 267 8.1 Introduction
267 8.2 Nanocarbon?-Supported Catalysts
268 8.2.1 CNT?-Supported Catalysts
268 8.2.2 Graphene?-Supported Catalysts
271 8.3 Interface Interaction between Pt Clusters and Graphitic Surface
276 8.4 Carbon Catalyst
281 8.4.1 Catalytic Activity for ORR
281 8.4.2 Effect of N?-Dope on O2 Adsorption
283 8.4.3 Effect of N?-Dope on the Local Electronic Structure for Pyridinic?-N and Graphitic?-N
285 8.4.3.1 Pyridinic?-N
287 8.4.3.2 Graphitic?-N
288 8.4.4 Summary of Active Sites for ORR
290 References
291 PART III Carbon nanomaterials for energy storage 295 9 Supercapacitors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 297 9.1 Introduction
297 9.2 Supercapacitor Technology and Performance
298 9.3 Nanoporous Carbon
304 9.3.1 Supercapacitors with Nonaqueous Electrolytes
304 9.3.2 Supercapacitors with Aqueous Electrolytes
311 9.4 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes
321 9.5 Nanostructured Carbon Composites
326 9.6 Other Composites with Carbon Nanomaterials
327 9.7 Conclusions
329 References
330 10 Lithium?-Ion Batteries Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 339 10.1 Introduction
339 10.2 Improving Li?-Ion Battery Energy Density
344 10.3 Improvements to Lithium?-Ion Batteries Using Carbon Nanomaterials
345 10.3.1 Carbon Nanomaterials as Active Materials
345 10.4 Carbon Nanomaterials as Conductive Additives
346 10.4.1 Current and SOA Conductive Additives
346 10.5 Swcnt Additives to Increase Energy Density
348 10.6 Carbon Nanomaterials as Current Collectors
351 10.6.1 Current Collector Options
351 10.7 Implementation of Carbon Nanomaterial Current Collectors for Standard Electrode Composites
354 10.7.1 Anode: MCMB Active Material
354 10.7.2 Cathode: NCA Active Material
356 10.8 Implementation of Carbon Nanomaterial Current Collectors for Alloying Active Materials
356 10.9 Ultrasonic Bonding for Pouch Cell Development
358 10.10 Conclusion
359 References
362 11 Lithium/Sulfur Batteries Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 365 11.1 Introduction
365 11.2 Fundamentals of Lithium/Sulfur Cells
366 11.2.1 Operating Principles
366 11.2.2 Scientific Problems
368 11.2.2.1 Dissolution and Shuttle Effect of Lithium Polysulfides
369 11.2.2.2 Insulating Nature of Sulfur and Li2S
369 11.2.2.3 Volume Change of the Sulfur Electrode during Cycling
369 11.2.3 Research Strategy
369 11.3 Nanostructure Carbon-Sulfur
370 11.3.1 Porous Carbon-Sulfur Composite
371 11.3.2 One?-Dimensional Carbon-Sulfur Composite
373 11.3.3 Two?-Dimensional Carbon (Graphene)-Sulfur
375 11.3.4 Three?-Dimensional Carbon Paper-Sulfur
377 11.3.5 Preparation Method of Sulfur-Carbon Composite
377 11.4 Carbon Layer as a Polysulfide Separator
380 11.5 Opportunities and Perspectives
381 References
382 12 Lithium-air Batteries Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 385 12.1 Metal-Air Batteries
385 12.2 Li-Air Chemistry
387 12.2.1 Aqueous Electrolyte Cell
387 12.2.2 Nonaqueous Aprotic Electrolyte Cell
389 12.2.3 Mixed Aqueous/Aprotic Electrolyte Cell
391 12.2.4 All Solid?-State Cell
391 12.3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Li-Air Cells Cathode
393 12.4 Amorphous Carbons
393 12.4.1 Porous Carbons
393 12.5 Graphitic Carbons
395 12.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes
395 12.5.2 Graphene
398 12.5.3 Composite Air Electrodes
400 12.6 Conclusions
403 References
403 13 Carbon?-Based Nanomaterials for H2 Storage 407 13.1 Introduction
407 13.2 Hydrogen Storage in Fullerenes
408 13.3 Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes
414 13.4 Hydrogen Storage in Graphene?-Based Materials
419 13.5 Conclusions
427 Acknowledgments
428 References
428 Index 439