Martin Bernal

Black Athena (eBook, ePUB)

The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization Volume One:The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785-1985

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Classical civilisation, Martin Bernal argues, has deep roots in Afro-Asiatic cultures. But these Afro-Asiatic influences have been systematically ignored, denied, or suppressed since the eighteenth century - chiefly for racist reasons.

The popular view is that Greek civilisation was the result of the conquest of a sophisticated but weak native population by vigorous Indo-European speakers--or Aryans--from the North. But the Classical Greeks, Bernal argues, knew nothing of this "Aryan model." They did not see their political institutions, science, philosophy, or religion as original, but rather as derived from the East in general, and Egypt in particular.

Black Athena is a three-volume work. Volume 1 concentrates on the crucial period between 1785 and 1850, which saw the Romantic and racist reaction to the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the consolidation of Northern expansion into other continents.

In an unprecedented tour de force, Bernal makes meaningful links between a wide range of areas and disciplines--drama poetry, myth, theological controversy, esoteric religion, philosophy, biography, language, historical narrative, and the emergence of "modern scholarship."

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Random House UK Ltd
• Erscheinungstermin: 31. Dezember 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781448138159
• Artikelnr.: 37884491

Autorenporträt

Martin Bernal is Professor Emeritus of Government Studies at Cornell University, specialising in ancient African civilisations and origins of Western civilisations. He was educated at Darrington and King's College, Cambridge, where he was a research fellow and tutor. He has published widely on modern Chinese history.

Inhaltsangabe

\Preface and Acknowledgements                                                                                   Transcription and Phonetics                                                                                          Chronological Tables                                                                                                     Introduction                                                                                                                   Intrinsic reasons for preferring the Revised Ancient Model to the Aryan one             Some theoretical considerations                                                                                    A summary of the argument                                                                                          Chapter I Crete before the palaces, 7000–2100 bc                                                        The ‘diffusionist’ and ‘isolationist’ debate                                                                   Crete before the 21st century bc                                                                                    Cretan religion in the Early Bronze Age                                                                       Conclusion                                                                                                                     Chapter II Egypt’s influence on Boiotia and the peloponnese in the 3rd millennium, I The cultic, mythical and legendary evidence                                                                Semel
and Alkm
n
                                                                                                     Athena and Athens in Boiotia: The cults of Athena It
nia and Athena Alalkomena                                                                                      N
it, the controller of water                                                                                          The battles between N
it and Seth, Athena and Poseidon                                            Poseidon / Seth                                                                                                              N
it / Athena and Nephthys / Erinys                                                                             Herakles                                                                                                                         Conclusion                                                                                                                     Chapter III Egypt’s influence on Boiotia and the peloponnese in the 3rd millennium, II The archaeological evidence                                                                                         Spartan archaeology: the tomb of Alkm
n
                                                                  The tomb of Amphion and Z
thos                                                                                The draining of the Kopais                                                                                            Granaries                                                                                                                        Irrigation and settlement in the Argolid                                                                        Drainage and irrigation in Arkadia                                                                                Parallels between Boiotian and Arkadian place names                                                 Social and political structures in Early Helladic Greece                                               Other archaeological traces of Old Kingdom Egypt in the Aegean                                                                                                                     The end of Early Bronze Age ‘high’ civilization                                                           Conclusion                                                                                                                     Chapter IV The Old Palace Period in Crete and the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, 2100 to 1730 bc                                                                Early Minoan III – the Prepalatial Period                                                                     Lead and spirals                                                                                                             The Cretan palaces                                                                                                         Crètan writing systems                                                                                                  Cultic symbols in Early Palatial Crete                                                                          Possible Anatolian origins of the bull cult                                                                    Thunder and sex: Min, Pan and Bwäzä                                                                          Min and Minos                                                                                                               The case against Egyptian influence                                                                             Mont and Rhadamanthys                                                                                               The survival of the bull cult — Cretan conservatism                                                    Conclusion                                                                                                                     Chapter V Ses
stris, I The archaeological and documentary evidence for the Greek accounts of his conquest                                                                                     The discovery of the Mit Rahina inscription                                                                 The significance of the inscription as evidence for an Egyptian empire in Asia during the Middle Kingdom                                                  Senwosre and Ses
stris                                                                                                  The real and the fantastic in the Ses
stris stories                                           Middle Kingdom Egypt’s military capability                                                                The background                                                                                                             Archaeological evidence for the campaigns                                                                  Was Ses
stris the destroyer?                                                                                         Ses
stris in Thrace and Scythia?                                                                                   Ses
stris in Colchis?                                                                                                      The evidence for Ses
stris’ ‘conquests’ from the Mit Rahina inscription                    Conclusion                                                                                                                     Chapter VI Ses
stris, II The cultic, mythical and legendary evidence                                                                The Egyptian tradition                                                                                                   The traditions of the Levant and Anatolia Thrace and Scythia Colchis: an Egyptian colony? Mesopotamia and Iran The Greek legends of Memn
n and his conquests of Anatolia                                     The case for an Egyptian conquest of Troy c. 1900 bc                                                 Ses
stris / Senwosre and Amenem
’s conquests: a summary of the evidence                                                                                            Chapter VII The Thera eruption: from the Aegean to China                                        The controversy over dating                                                                                          The eruption re-dated                                                                                                    The implications of the re-dating                                                                                  Thera and Kalliste                                                                                                          Volcanic allusions in the Exodus story                                                                         Membliaros and the pall of darkness                                                                             The myth of Atlantis                                                                                                      The Hekla eruption in Iceland                                                                                       China: the historiographical impact                                                                               The world-wide impact of the Thera eruption                                                               Conclusion                                                                                                                     Chapter VIII The Hyksos                                                                                              The chronology of the 13th Dynasty: chaos in Egypt                                                   The chronology of the 15th Dynasty: the beginnings of Hyksos rule                           The Hyksos capital at Tell el Daba’a The 400-year stela and the Temple of Seth A chronological summary Who were the Hyksos? Different views on the origin and the arrival of the Hyksos The Hyksos as a multinational corporation Horses and chariots: Hurrians and Aryans Hurrians and Hyksos Hyksos material culture                                                                                                 The Hyksos and the biblical captivity or sojourn in Egypt                                           Conclusion                                                                                                                     Chapter IX Crete, Thera and the birth of Mycenaean culture in the i8th and 17th centuries bc A Hyksos invasion? The Cretan new palaces The weapons of Crete in MMIII The flying gallop, the sphinx and the griffin Was there a Hyksos invasion of Crete c. 1730 bc? The Hyksos in Thera? The origins of Mycenaean civilization The Aryanist Model of invasion                                                                                    Between Aryan and Ancient: Frank Stubbings Conclusion: a revision of the Ancient Model Chapter X Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Levantine contacts with the Aegean The documentary evidence Egyptian place names referring to the Aegean The etymology of Danaan Documentary evidence for Egyptian relations with the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age Accuracy and hybridism in Egyptian inscriptions and tomb paintings Why did Cretan princes bring tribute to Egypt?                                                           Dating the Mycenaean domination of Crete                                                                  Crete and Mycenaean missions to Egypt                                                                      The statue base of Amen
phis III Contacts between Egypt and the Aegean in the late 18th and 19th Dynasties A summary of the evidence from Egyptian documents and paintings Mesopotamian and Ugaritic documents Aegean documents Conclusion Chapter XI Egyptian and Levantine contacts with the Aegean, 1550–1250 bc The archaeological evidence Late Mycenaean Greece The relative isolation of the Aegean 1550–1470 bc Egyptian expansion from c. 1520 to 1420 Pelops and the Achaians: evidence from Anatolia Pelops ‘the crown prince’? The Achaians and the Danaans Archaeological traces of the Achaians Mycenaeans and Hittites Ugarit and Cyprus Mycenaean expansion and the conquests of Tuthm
sis III The merchants of the Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age? The Kä shipwreck: the sailors The Egyptian Thebes and Mycenae, 1420–1370 bc The foundation deposit plaques The vocabulary of trade The decline of Egyptian influence on the Aegean 1370–1220 bc Phi and Psi figurines and smiting gods Canaanite jars Ivory Conclusion Chapter XII The heroic end to the heroic age The fall of Thebes, Troy and Mycenae 1250–1150 bc Cylinder seals The Boiotian Thebes and the Phoenicians’ arrival Ancient chronographies Kadmos and the alphabet Kadmos and Danaos: Hyksos rulers Problems in the writing of Linear B The treasure of the Kadmeion                                                                                       The Kassite connection                                                                                                  The destruction of Thebes                                                                                              A brief survey of Trojan history                                                                                    The date of the Trojan War                                                                                            Thebes and Troy                                                                                                            The collapse of Mycenaean civilization                                                                        Conclusion                                                                                                                     Conclusion                                                                                                                     Maps and Charts                                                                                                            Notes                                                                                                                              Glossary                                                                                                                         Bibliography                                                                                                                  Index