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In recent years, air pollution has become a major worldwide concern. Air pollutants can affect metabolic activity, impede healthy development, and exhibit carcinogenic and toxic properties in humans. Over the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy focusses on these biotechnological alternatives looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of…mehr
In recent years, air pollution has become a major worldwide concern. Air pollutants can affect metabolic activity, impede healthy development, and exhibit carcinogenic and toxic properties in humans. Over the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy focusses on these biotechnological alternatives looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels. Structured in five parts, the book covers: Fundamentals and microbiological aspects Biofilters, bioscrubbers and other end-of-pipe treatment technologies Specific applications of bioreactors Biofuels production from pollutants and renewable resources (including biogas, biohydrogen, biodiesel and bioethanol) and its environmental impacts Case studies of applications including biotrickling filtration of waste gases, industrial bioscrubbers applied in different industries and biogas upgrading Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Primarily intended for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology and applied microbiology, the book will also be of interest to industrial and governmental researchers.
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Christian Kennes is the editor of Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy, published by Wiley. Maria C. Veiga is the editor of Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy, published by Wiley.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xix Preface xxi I FUNDAMENTALS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS 1 1 Introduction to Air Pollution 3 Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Types and sources of air pollutants 3 1.3 Air pollution control technologies 11 1.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 2 Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Volatile Pollutants 19 Christian Kennes, Haris N. Abubackar and Maria C. Veiga 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Biodegradation of volatile compounds 20 2.3 Mass balance calculations 24 2.4 Bioconversion of volatile compounds 25 2.5 Conclusions 27 References 27 3 Identification and Characterization of Microbial Communities in Bioreactors 31 Luc Malhautier, L. Cabrol, S. Bayle and J.-L. Fanlo 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Molecular techniques to characterize the microbial communities in bioreactors 32 3.3 The link of microbial community structure with ecological function in engineered ecosystems 42 References 47 II BIOREACTORS FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 57 4 Biofilters 59 Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Historical perspective of biofilters 59 4.3 Process fundamentals 60 4.4 Operation parameters of biofilters 62 4.5 Design considerations 64 4.6 Start-up of biofilters 68 4.7 Parameters affecting biofilter performance 70 4.8 Role of microorganisms and fungal growth in biofilters 87 4.9 Dynamic loading pattern and starvation conditions in biofilters 89 4.10 On-line monitoring and control (intelligent) systems for biofilters 93 4.11 Mathematical expressions for biofilters 95 4.12 Artificial neural network-based models 97 4.13 Fuzzy logic-based models 105 4.14 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-based models for biofilters 108 4.15 Conclusions 111 References 111 5 Biotrickling Filters 121 Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Main characteristics of BTFs 122 5.3 Pressure drop and clogging 130 5.4 Full-scale applications and scaling up 134 5.5 Conclusions 135 References 135 6 Bioscrubbers 139 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 General approach of bioscrubbers 140 6.3 Operating conditions 141 6.4 Removing families of pollutants 143 6.5 Treatment of by-products generated by bioscrubbers 148 6.6 Conclusions and trends 148 References 149 7 Membrane Bioreactors 155 Raquel Lebrero, Rä ul Mu~ noz, Amit Kumar and Herman Van Langenhove 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Membrane basics 156 7.3 Reactor configurations 163 7.4 Microbiology 166 7.5 Performance of membrane bioreactors 168 7.6 Membrane bioreactor modeling 170 7.7 Applications of membrane bioreactors in biological waste-gas treatment 172 7.8 New applications: CO2-NOx sequestration 173 7.9 Future needs 177 References 178 8 Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactors 185 Hala Fam and Andrew J. Daugulis 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Features of the sequestering phase - selection criteria 186 8.3 Liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) 187 8.4 Solids as the partitioning phase 197 References 200 9 Rotating Biological Contactors 207 R. Ravi, K. Sarayu, S. Sandhya and T. Swaminathan 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 The rotating biological contactor 209 9.3 Studies on removal of dichloromethane in modified RBCs 213 References 219 10 Innovative Bioreactors and Two-Stage Systems 221 Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Innovative bioreactor configurations 222 10.3 Two-stage systems for waste-gas treatment 235 10.4 Conclusions 242 References 243 III BIOPROCESSES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 247 11 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Gas Streams 249 Albert Janssen, Pim L.F. van den Bosch, Robert Cornelis van Leerdam, and Marco de Graaff 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Toxicity of VOSCs to animals and humans 250 11.3 Biological formation of VOSCs 251 11.4 VOSC-producing and VOSC-emitting industries 252 11.5 Microbial degradation of VOSCs 253 11.6 Treatment technologies for gas streams containing volatile sulfur compounds 256 11.7 Operating experience from biological gas treatment systems 261 11.8 Future developments 266 References 266 12 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 275 Yaomin Jin, Lin Guo, Osvaldo D. Frutos, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 NOx emission at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 276 12.3 Recent developments in bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides 279 12.4 Challenges in NOx treatment technologies 287 12.5 Conclusions 288 References 288 13 Biogas Upgrading 293 M. Estefanía López, Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Biotechnologies for biogas desulphurization 294 13.3 Removal of mercaptans 306 13.4 Removal of ammonia and nitrogen compounds 307 13.5 Removal of carbon dioxide 308 13.6 Removal of siloxanes 309 13.7 Comparison between biological and non-biological methods 311 13.8 Conclusions 311 References 315 IV ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BIOENERGY 319 14 Biogas 321 Marta Ben, Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Anaerobic digestion 321 14.3 Substrates 328 14.4 Biogas 334 14.5 Bioreactors 335 14.6 Environmental impact of biogas 338 14.7 Conclusions 339 References 339 15 Biohydrogen 345 Bikram K. Nayak, Soumya Pandit and Debabrata Das 15.1 Introduction 345 15.2 Environmental impacts of biohydrogen production 346 15.3 Properties and production of hydrogen 348 15.4 Potential applications of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel 363 15.5 Policies and economics of hydrogen production 371 15.6 Issues and barriers 373 15.7 Future prospects 374 15.8 Conclusion 375 References 375 16 Catalytic Biodiesel Production 383 Zhenzhong Wen, Xinhai Yu, Shan-Tung Tu and Jinyue Yan 16.1 Introduction 383 16.2 Trends in biodiesel production 384 16.3 Challenges for biodiesel production at industrial scale 393 16.4 Recommendations 394 16.5 Conclusions 395 References 395 17 Microalgal Biodiesel 399 Hugo Pereira, Helena M. Amaro, Nadpi G. Katkam, Luísa Barreira, A. Catarina Guedes, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 Wild versus modified microalgae 402 17.3 Lipid extraction and purification 404 17.4 Lipid transesterification 407 17.5 Economic considerations 412 17.6 Environmental considerations 415 17.7 Final considerations 418 References 420 18 Bioethanol 431 Johan W. van Groenestijn, Haris N. Abubackar, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 18.1 Introduction 431 18.2 Fermentation of lignocellulosic saccharides to ethanol 432 18.3 Syngas conversion to ethanol - biological route 441 18.4 Demonstration projects 450 18.5 Comparison of conventional fuels and bioethanol (corn, cellulosic, syngas) on air pollution 451 18.6 Key problems and future research needs 455 18.7 Conclusions 456 References 456 V CASE STUDIES 465 19 Biotrickling Filtration of Waste Gases from the Viscose Industry 467 Andreas Willers, Christian Dressler and Christian Kennes 19.1 The waste-gas situation in the viscose industry 467 19.2 Biological CS2 and H2S oxidation 471 19.3 Case study of biological waste-gas treatment in the casing industry 472 19.4 Conclusions 484 References 484 20 Biotrickling Filters for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Air in the Coating Sector 485 Carlos Lafita, F. Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, Vicente Martínez-Soria and Josep-Manuel Penya-Roja 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Case study 1: VOC removal in a furniture facility 486 20.3 Case study 2: VOC removal in a plastic coating facility 491 References 496 21 Industrial Bioscrubbers for the Food and Waste Industries 497 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 21.1 Introduction 497 21.2 Food industry emissions 498 21.3 Bioscrubbing treatment of gaseous emissions from waste composting 502 21.4 Conclusions and perspectives 510 References 511 22 Desulfurization of biogas in biotrickling filters 513 David Gabriel, Marc A. Deshusses and Xavier Gamisans 22.1 Introduction 513 22.2 Microbiology and stoichiometry of sulfide oxidation 514 22.3 Case study background and description of biotrickling filter 517 22.4 Operational aspects of the full-scale biotrickling filter 519 22.5 Economic aspects of desulfurizing biotrickling filters 522 References 522 23 Full-Scale Biogas Upgrading 525 J. Langerak, R. Lems and E.H.M. Dirkse 23.1 Introduction 525 23.2 Case 1: Zalaegerszeg, PWS system with car fuelling station 526 23.3 Case 2: Zwolle, PWS system with gas grid injection 529 23.4 Case 3: Wijster, PWS system with gas grid injection 534 23.5 Case 4: Poundbury, MS system with gas grid injection 536 23.6 Configuration overview and evaluation 539 23.7 Capital and operational expenses 540 23.8 Conclusions 542 References 543 Index 545
List of Contributors xix Preface xxi I FUNDAMENTALS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS 1 1 Introduction to Air Pollution 3 Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Types and sources of air pollutants 3 1.3 Air pollution control technologies 11 1.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 2 Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Volatile Pollutants 19 Christian Kennes, Haris N. Abubackar and Maria C. Veiga 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Biodegradation of volatile compounds 20 2.3 Mass balance calculations 24 2.4 Bioconversion of volatile compounds 25 2.5 Conclusions 27 References 27 3 Identification and Characterization of Microbial Communities in Bioreactors 31 Luc Malhautier, L. Cabrol, S. Bayle and J.-L. Fanlo 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Molecular techniques to characterize the microbial communities in bioreactors 32 3.3 The link of microbial community structure with ecological function in engineered ecosystems 42 References 47 II BIOREACTORS FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 57 4 Biofilters 59 Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Historical perspective of biofilters 59 4.3 Process fundamentals 60 4.4 Operation parameters of biofilters 62 4.5 Design considerations 64 4.6 Start-up of biofilters 68 4.7 Parameters affecting biofilter performance 70 4.8 Role of microorganisms and fungal growth in biofilters 87 4.9 Dynamic loading pattern and starvation conditions in biofilters 89 4.10 On-line monitoring and control (intelligent) systems for biofilters 93 4.11 Mathematical expressions for biofilters 95 4.12 Artificial neural network-based models 97 4.13 Fuzzy logic-based models 105 4.14 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-based models for biofilters 108 4.15 Conclusions 111 References 111 5 Biotrickling Filters 121 Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Main characteristics of BTFs 122 5.3 Pressure drop and clogging 130 5.4 Full-scale applications and scaling up 134 5.5 Conclusions 135 References 135 6 Bioscrubbers 139 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 General approach of bioscrubbers 140 6.3 Operating conditions 141 6.4 Removing families of pollutants 143 6.5 Treatment of by-products generated by bioscrubbers 148 6.6 Conclusions and trends 148 References 149 7 Membrane Bioreactors 155 Raquel Lebrero, Rä ul Mu~ noz, Amit Kumar and Herman Van Langenhove 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Membrane basics 156 7.3 Reactor configurations 163 7.4 Microbiology 166 7.5 Performance of membrane bioreactors 168 7.6 Membrane bioreactor modeling 170 7.7 Applications of membrane bioreactors in biological waste-gas treatment 172 7.8 New applications: CO2-NOx sequestration 173 7.9 Future needs 177 References 178 8 Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactors 185 Hala Fam and Andrew J. Daugulis 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Features of the sequestering phase - selection criteria 186 8.3 Liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) 187 8.4 Solids as the partitioning phase 197 References 200 9 Rotating Biological Contactors 207 R. Ravi, K. Sarayu, S. Sandhya and T. Swaminathan 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 The rotating biological contactor 209 9.3 Studies on removal of dichloromethane in modified RBCs 213 References 219 10 Innovative Bioreactors and Two-Stage Systems 221 Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Innovative bioreactor configurations 222 10.3 Two-stage systems for waste-gas treatment 235 10.4 Conclusions 242 References 243 III BIOPROCESSES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 247 11 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Gas Streams 249 Albert Janssen, Pim L.F. van den Bosch, Robert Cornelis van Leerdam, and Marco de Graaff 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Toxicity of VOSCs to animals and humans 250 11.3 Biological formation of VOSCs 251 11.4 VOSC-producing and VOSC-emitting industries 252 11.5 Microbial degradation of VOSCs 253 11.6 Treatment technologies for gas streams containing volatile sulfur compounds 256 11.7 Operating experience from biological gas treatment systems 261 11.8 Future developments 266 References 266 12 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 275 Yaomin Jin, Lin Guo, Osvaldo D. Frutos, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 NOx emission at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 276 12.3 Recent developments in bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides 279 12.4 Challenges in NOx treatment technologies 287 12.5 Conclusions 288 References 288 13 Biogas Upgrading 293 M. Estefanía López, Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Biotechnologies for biogas desulphurization 294 13.3 Removal of mercaptans 306 13.4 Removal of ammonia and nitrogen compounds 307 13.5 Removal of carbon dioxide 308 13.6 Removal of siloxanes 309 13.7 Comparison between biological and non-biological methods 311 13.8 Conclusions 311 References 315 IV ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BIOENERGY 319 14 Biogas 321 Marta Ben, Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Anaerobic digestion 321 14.3 Substrates 328 14.4 Biogas 334 14.5 Bioreactors 335 14.6 Environmental impact of biogas 338 14.7 Conclusions 339 References 339 15 Biohydrogen 345 Bikram K. Nayak, Soumya Pandit and Debabrata Das 15.1 Introduction 345 15.2 Environmental impacts of biohydrogen production 346 15.3 Properties and production of hydrogen 348 15.4 Potential applications of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel 363 15.5 Policies and economics of hydrogen production 371 15.6 Issues and barriers 373 15.7 Future prospects 374 15.8 Conclusion 375 References 375 16 Catalytic Biodiesel Production 383 Zhenzhong Wen, Xinhai Yu, Shan-Tung Tu and Jinyue Yan 16.1 Introduction 383 16.2 Trends in biodiesel production 384 16.3 Challenges for biodiesel production at industrial scale 393 16.4 Recommendations 394 16.5 Conclusions 395 References 395 17 Microalgal Biodiesel 399 Hugo Pereira, Helena M. Amaro, Nadpi G. Katkam, Luísa Barreira, A. Catarina Guedes, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 Wild versus modified microalgae 402 17.3 Lipid extraction and purification 404 17.4 Lipid transesterification 407 17.5 Economic considerations 412 17.6 Environmental considerations 415 17.7 Final considerations 418 References 420 18 Bioethanol 431 Johan W. van Groenestijn, Haris N. Abubackar, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 18.1 Introduction 431 18.2 Fermentation of lignocellulosic saccharides to ethanol 432 18.3 Syngas conversion to ethanol - biological route 441 18.4 Demonstration projects 450 18.5 Comparison of conventional fuels and bioethanol (corn, cellulosic, syngas) on air pollution 451 18.6 Key problems and future research needs 455 18.7 Conclusions 456 References 456 V CASE STUDIES 465 19 Biotrickling Filtration of Waste Gases from the Viscose Industry 467 Andreas Willers, Christian Dressler and Christian Kennes 19.1 The waste-gas situation in the viscose industry 467 19.2 Biological CS2 and H2S oxidation 471 19.3 Case study of biological waste-gas treatment in the casing industry 472 19.4 Conclusions 484 References 484 20 Biotrickling Filters for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Air in the Coating Sector 485 Carlos Lafita, F. Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, Vicente Martínez-Soria and Josep-Manuel Penya-Roja 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Case study 1: VOC removal in a furniture facility 486 20.3 Case study 2: VOC removal in a plastic coating facility 491 References 496 21 Industrial Bioscrubbers for the Food and Waste Industries 497 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 21.1 Introduction 497 21.2 Food industry emissions 498 21.3 Bioscrubbing treatment of gaseous emissions from waste composting 502 21.4 Conclusions and perspectives 510 References 511 22 Desulfurization of biogas in biotrickling filters 513 David Gabriel, Marc A. Deshusses and Xavier Gamisans 22.1 Introduction 513 22.2 Microbiology and stoichiometry of sulfide oxidation 514 22.3 Case study background and description of biotrickling filter 517 22.4 Operational aspects of the full-scale biotrickling filter 519 22.5 Economic aspects of desulfurizing biotrickling filters 522 References 522 23 Full-Scale Biogas Upgrading 525 J. Langerak, R. Lems and E.H.M. Dirkse 23.1 Introduction 525 23.2 Case 1: Zalaegerszeg, PWS system with car fuelling station 526 23.3 Case 2: Zwolle, PWS system with gas grid injection 529 23.4 Case 3: Wijster, PWS system with gas grid injection 534 23.5 Case 4: Poundbury, MS system with gas grid injection 536 23.6 Configuration overview and evaluation 539 23.7 Capital and operational expenses 540 23.8 Conclusions 542 References 543 Index 545
Rezensionen
"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners." (Choice, 1 February 2014)
"This book is an excellent compilation of engineering and scientific data pertaining to biological systems for both pollution control and energy production, providing real-world scientific information and scholarly research." (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2013)
"I highly recommend the landmark and all encompassing book Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy edited by Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga, to any students, faculty, researchers, in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, business leaders in industries facing air pollution challenges, and government policy makers seeking alternative concepts for air pollution control. This book provides the most proven and widely accepted biotechnological solutions to any air pollutant based problems." (Blog Business World, 10 June 2013)
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