William F. Egan

Advanced Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

The latest frequency synthesis techniques, including sigma-delta, Diophantine, and all-digital Sigma-delta is a frequency synthesis technique that has risen in popularity over the past decade due to its intensely digital nature and its ability to promote miniaturization. A continuation of the popular Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock, Second Edition, this timely resource provides a broad introduction to sigma-delta by pairing practical simulation results with cutting-edge research. Advanced Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock discusses both sigma-delta and fractional-n--the still-in-use forerunner to sigma-delta--employing Simulink® models and detailed simulations of results to promote a deeper understanding. After a brief introduction, the book shows how spurs are produced at the synthesizer output by the basic process and different methods for overcoming them. It investigates how various defects in sigma-delta synthesis contribute to spurs or noise in the synthesized signal. Synthesizer configurations are analyzed, and it is revealed how to trade off the various noise sources by choosing loop parameters. Other sigma-delta synthesis architectures are then reviewed. The Simulink simulation models that provided data for the preceding discussions are described, providing guidance in making use of such models for further exploration. Next, another method for achieving wide loop bandwidth simultaneously with fine resolution--the Diophantine Frequency Synthesizer--is introduced. Operation at extreme bandwidths is also covered, further describing the analysis of synthesizers that push their bandwidths close to the sampling-frequency limit. Lastly, the book reviews a newly important technology that is poised to become widely used in high-production consumer electronics--all-digital frequency synthesis. Detailed appendices provide in-depth discussion on various stages of development, and many related resources are available for download, including Simulink models, MATLAB® scripts, spreadsheets, and executable programs. All these features make this authoritative reference ideal for electrical engineers who want to achieve an understanding of sigma-delta frequency synthesis and an awareness of the latest developments in the field.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 320
• Erscheinungstermin: 7. Oktober 2011
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118171158
• Artikelnr.: 37485566

Autorenporträt

WILLIAM F. EGAN, PHD, is a lecturer in electrical engineering at Santa Clara University, California. Formerly, he was a principal engineer at TRW ESL and a senior technologist at GTE Government Systems.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface. Symbols List and Glossary. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Phase-Locked
Synthesizer. 1.2 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesis. 1.3 Representing a
Change in Divide Number. 1.4 Units. 1.5 Representing Phase Noise. 1.6 Phase
Noise at the Synthesizer Output. 1.7 Observing the Output Spectrum. 2
Fractional-N and Basic EA Synthesizers. 2.1 First-Order Fractional-N. 2.2
Second-Order Fractional-N. 2.3 Higher-Order Fractional-N. 2.4 Spectrums
with Constant Sampling Rate. 2.5 Summary of Spectrums. 2.6 Summary. 3 Other
Spurious Reduction Techniques. 3.1 LSB Dither. 3.2 Maximum Sequence Length.
3.3 Shortened Accumulators and Lower Primes. 3.4 Long Sequence. 3.5
Summary. 4 Defects in EA Synthesis. 4.1 Noise Models. 4.2 Levels of Other
Noise in EA Synthesizers. 4.3 Noise Sources, Equivalent Input Noise. 4.4
Discrete Sidebands. 4.5 Summary. 5 Other EA Architectures. 5.1 Stability.
5.2 Feedback. 5.3 Feed-forward. 5.4 Quantizer Offset. 5.5 MASH-n1n2n3. 5.6
Cancellation of Quantization Noise in the General Modulator. 5.7 Fractional
Swallows. 5.8 Hardware Reduction. 6 Simulation. 6.1 SandH.mdl. 6.2
SandHreverse.mdl. 6.3 CPandI.mdl. 6.4 Dither.mdl. 6.5 HandK.mdl. 6.6
SimplePD.mdl. 6.7 CPandIplus.mdl. 6.8 CPandITrunc.mdl. 6.9 Adapting a
Model. 6.10 EFeedback.mdl. 6.11 FeedForward.mdl. 6.12 MASH modulator
scripts. 6.13 SYnStep__.mdl. 6.14 Other Methods. 7 Diophantine Synthesizer.
7.1 Two-Loop Synthesizer. 7.2 Multi-Loop Synthesizers. 7.3 MATLAB Scripts.
7.4 Signal Mixing. 7.5 Reference-Frequency Coupling. 7.6 Center
Frequencies. 8 Operation at Extreme Bandwidths. 8.1 Determining the Effects
of Sampling. 8.2 A Particular Case. 8.3 When Are Sampling Effects
Important? 8.4 Computer Program. 8.5 Sampling Effects in S? Synthesizers. 9
All-Digital Frequency Synthesizers. 9.1 The Flying Adder Synthesizer. 9.2
The ADPLL Synthesizer. Appendix A All Digital. A.1 Flying Adder Circuits.
A.2 ADPLL Synthesizer. Appendix C Fractional Cancellation. C.1 Modulator
Details. C.2 First Accumulator. C.3 Second Accumulator. C.4 Additional
Accumulators. C.5 Accumulator Without Input Register. Appendix E Excess
PPSD. E.1 Development of Eq. E.2 Approximating kp. E.3 Approximation in Eq.
Appendix F References to FS2. Appendix G Using Gsmp1. G.1 Open-Loop
Transfer Function. G.2 Close-Loop Responses. G.3 Saving Results. G.4
Version Number. G.5 Example Session. G.6 Generating Analysis Plots. G.7
Verification of Gardner's Stability Limits. G.8 The Nyquist Plot. Appendix
H Sample and Hold Circuit. H.1 Transient Performance. H.2 Filter Capacitor
Before Sampler. Appendix L Loop Response. L.1 Primary Loop. L.2 Damped
Loop. Appendix M MASH PSD. M.1 MASH Modulator, First Stage. M.2 MASH
Modulator, Second-Order. M.3 MASH Modulator, Higher Order. M.4 Variances.
M.5 Some Parameters of Sf. M.6 Previous Development. M.7 Some MASH
Modulator Characteristics. M.8 Characteristics of MATLAB Scripts mashone
and mashall_. Appendix N Sampled Noise. N.1 Case 1, Wn fref. N.2 Case 2,
1/T >> Wn >> fref. N.3 Case 3, Wn >> 1/T >> fref. N.4 Variance of Sampled
Noise (1/T >> fref). N.5 Convolution of PSDs. N.6 Representing Squared
PSDs. Appendix O Oscillator Spectrums. Appendix P Phase Detectors. Appendix
Q Quantization PPSD. Q.1 Development of Eq. Q.2 Superposition. Q.3 New
Synthesized Frequency. Q.4 Loop Response. Q.5 Verification of the Effect of
Sampling on the Loop. Appendix R Reference-Frequency Spurs. R.1 Leakage
Current. R.2 Pulse Offset. R.3 EA Modulation. R.4 Effect of EA Modulation
on Pulse Offset Spurs. R.5 Effect of EA Modulation on Leakage Spurs. R.6
Effects of Resampling. Appendix S Spectrum Analysis. S.1 Spectrums. S.2 The
Spectrum Analyzer. S.3 The Window Function. S.4 Density and Discrete Spurs.
S.5 Control Parameters. S.6 Frequency Conversion in an Analyzer. S.7
Displaying L, FPSD, and PPSD. S.8 Spectral Overlaps. S.9 Anomalous Spurs.
Appendix T Toolboxes. Appendix U Noise Produced by Charge-Pump Current
Unbalance (Mismatch). Appendix W Getting Files from the Wiley Internet
Site. Appendix X Some Tables. X.1 Accumulator Shortening. X.2 Sequence
Lengths. Endnotes. References. Index.